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66-562: The government of Louisville, Kentucky , headquartered at Louisville City Hall in Downtown Louisville , is organized under Chapter 67C of the Kentucky Revised Statutes as a First-Class city in the state of Kentucky . Created after the merger of the governments of Louisville, Kentucky and Jefferson County, Kentucky , the city/county government is organized under a mayor-council system . The Mayor

132-564: A magistrate . The mayor 's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within the Louisville Metropolitan area. Under the Kentucky Revised Statutes, they are responsible for the appointment and removal of all unelected officers and shall "broadly exercise all executive and administrative powers" vested in

198-640: A presidential memorandum ordering the exclusion of illegal immigrants from the numbers in the 2020 census that are used to apportion seats in the House of Representatives. The COVID-19 pandemic made the collection of the census results difficult, and the department had extended the deadline to complete collection to October 31 instead of July 31, 2020. On August 3, the department announced its Replan Schedule that would end collection early on September 30, aware this would leave them with incomplete data that they would have to estimate total numbers to complete. This move

264-716: A census was taken in Virginia , and people were counted in almost all of the British colonies that became the United States . Between 1781 and 1786, the first "actual enumeration" was conducted separately in each state and compiled by John Kean for consideration at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Throughout the years, the country's needs and interests became more complicated. This meant that statistics were needed to help people understand what

330-451: A coherent snapshot and avoid double counting. The actual census-taking begins before this date and extends for months thereafter. In 2020, the earliest responses were collected starting January 21 in remote parts of Alaska, and March 12 for most Americans. In addition to its primary purpose of reapportioning the House of Representatives, census data are used for a wide variety of applications, including: The census has historically and up to

396-594: A commercial operations airport, and Bowman Field (LOU), primarily a general aviation and air traffic reliever to SDF. The Authority is overseen by an eleven-member Board of Directors which is responsible for the creation and enforcement of the policy and budget of the Authority and the airports under its jurisdiction. Additionally, the Board is tasked with the hiring of the Executive Director, who serves as

462-427: A four-year break. Under KRS 67C.105 (5), the mayor is charged with nine specific duties and responsibilities under the law. Specifically, the mayor is empowered to: (a) Prepare and submit an annual report coinciding with the fiscal year, on the state of the consolidated local government, to be presented at a public meeting of the council; (b) Submit an annual budget; (c) Oversee the administration and implementation of

528-530: A legal "Transit Authority" under KRS 96A.010 – .230 . Founded in 1971 after the passage of state legislation in 1970 authorizing city and county governments in Kentucky to operate mass-transit systems using local funding, the Transit Authority of River City (henceforth abbreviated as "Louisville TARC" or "TARC") was created to absorb and replace the multiple private transit companies which existed in

594-804: A number of controversies and legal challenges under the Trump administration due to President Donald Trump 's policies on illegal immigration, particularly those undocumented in the country. Prior to the publication of the census, the Commerce Department stated its intention to add a question asking responders about their immigration status, which many states and activists stated would cause illegal immigrants to not respond out of fear of prosecution and lead to undercounting, affecting state representation and federal funding. The Supreme Court case Department of Commerce v. New York , decided in June 2019, found

660-490: A snapshot of life spans and causes of death throughout the country. The first nine censuses (1790–1870) were conducted by U.S. Marshals before the Census Bureau was created. Appointed U.S. Marshals of each judicial district hired assistant marshals to conduct the actual enumeration. The census enumerators were typically from the village or neighborhood and often knew the residents. Before enabling self-identification on

726-790: Is controversial; up to one-third of all U.S. residents do not respond to repeated reminders. In recent censuses, the nonresponse rate has been less than 1% (it was about 0.4% in 2010), but during the 2020 census, as of September 11, many experts believed the nonresponse rate could reach double digits. By October 19, 2020, all states had topped a 99% response rate, with all but one state having a nonresponse rate below 0.1%. The Census Bureau estimates that in 1970 over six percent of African Americans went uncounted, whereas only around two percent of European Americans went uncounted. Democrats often argue that modern sampling techniques should be used so that more accurate and complete data can be inferred. Republicans often argue against such sampling techniques, stating

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792-586: Is elected to four-year terms and is responsible for the administration of city government. The Louisville Metro Council is a unicameral body consisting of 26 members, each elected from a geographic district , normally for four-year terms. The Mayor is limited to a two consecutive term limit , while members of the Louisville Metro Council are not term limited. The Executive Branch of the Louisville Metro Government

858-455: Is led by the Mayor, and contains approximately two dozen distinct agencies. Each agency is led by either a Director or Commissioner, both of whom are appointed by the Mayor. The agencies are grouped into nine distinct entities, referred to as departments. Each Department is led by a Chief, who is appointed by, and reports to, the Mayor. The Mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and

924-598: Is mandated by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution , which states: " Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States... according to their respective Numbers... . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years". Section 2 of

990-980: Is part of the United States Department of Commerce . Title 13 of the United States Code governs how the census is conducted and how its data are handled. Information is confidential as per 13 U.S.C.   § 9 . The census law, coupled with the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 ( Title 18 of the United States Code , Sections 3551, 3559, and 3571), provides for penalties of up to $ 5,000 for not responding or for willfully providing false answers to any question. Decennial U.S. census figures are based on actual counts of persons dwelling in U.S. residential structures. They include citizens, non-citizen legal residents, non-citizen long-term visitors and undocumented immigrants. The Census Bureau bases its decision about whom to count on

1056-480: Is that it was chosen in 1952 as slightly higher than the average female life expectancy, 71.6. Another explanation (which disputes the life expectancy number) is that this number is a holdover from 1942, when a disagreement between the Census Bureau and the National Archives was resolved with 1870 as the boundary between confidential and public records. The individual census data most recently released to

1122-632: The Fourteenth Amendment amended Article I, Section 2 to include that the "respective Numbers" of the "several States" will be determined by "counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed." The United States Census Bureau (officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. § 11) is responsible for the United States census. The Bureau of the Census

1188-483: The merger of the former City of Louisville with Jefferson County, Kentucky , it now primarily houses the offices and chambers of the Louisville Metro Council . The former Jefferson County Courthouse, now known as Louisville Metro Hall , is now primarily home to the offices of the metro mayor of Louisville . The site was already Louisville's civic center. The first log courthouse was built across

1254-459: The tympana of the side windows, depict livestock heads, representing the importance of agriculture in Louisville's early history. It has three full stories had a raised basement. The most prominent feature is the 195-foot four-faced clock tower with mansard roof , not completed until 1876 after an earlier one burned in 1875. The tower included a three-ton bell which rang until 1964, when

1320-450: The Census Bureau headcount, the volume of scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators) was to reduce the time required to fully process the census from eight years for the 1880 census to six years for the 1890 census. The total population, of 62,947,714, was announced after only six weeks of processing (punched cards were not used for this family, or rough , count). The public reaction to this tabulation

1386-645: The Decennial United States Census . The last redistricting took place in 2011, after the results of the 2010 Census were published. At the beginning of the first Legislative session (the first Monday in January) of each year, the 26 members of the Metro Council elect a Council President. The Council President serves for a one-year term, and while there is no term limit, no Council President has served for more than two terms, with

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1452-565: The FBI, has access to census data. The census records data specific to individual respondents are not available to the public until 72 years after a given census was taken, but aggregate statistical data derived from the census are released as soon as they are available. Every census up to and including 1950 is currently available to the public and can be viewed on microfilm released by the National Archives and Records Administration ,

1518-628: The Louisville Metro and Jefferson County areas, in addition to partial jurisdiction over all Home-rule class cities within the Louisville Metro. The mayor appoints a large number of officials, including Commissioners, Directors, and Chiefs. Regulations approved by the mayor's office are compiled in the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Code. According to current law, the Mayor is limited to three consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after

1584-503: The Louisville Metropolitan government to provide the city and its inhabitants with a specific service or to fulfill some other function in the public interest. Established in 1905 upon the merger of multiple private library systems in the city of Louisville, the Louisville Free Public Library (LFPL) is a fully integrated agency of the Louisville Metropolitan government. Library assets and buildings are owned by

1650-789: The Louisville Regional Airport Authority (LRAA) is an autonomous municipal corporation established by Chapter 77 of the 1928 Public Acts for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Under the provisions of Kentucky Revised Statutes Chapter 183, the LRAA is responsible for the establishment, ownership, operation, development, and promotion of airport and air navigation facilities within the Louisville Metropolitan Area. The Authority currently operates Louisville International Airport (SDF), primarily

1716-488: The Transit Authority. The TARC Board of Directors is also responsible for overall planning of the mass public transit in its service area. Each member of the board is appointed by the incumbent mayor and approved by the Louisville Metro Council for three-year terms. Under normal circumstances, terms are staggered so no more than two seats become vacant within a six-month time frame. There is no term limit for board members. The Seal of Louisville, Kentucky in its current form

1782-518: The U.S. Constitution requires an "actual enumeration" for apportionment of House seats, and that political appointees would be tempted to manipulate the sampling formulas. Groups like the Prison Policy Initiative assert that the census practice of counting prisoners as residents of prisons, not their pre-incarceration addresses, leads to misleading information about racial demographics and population numbers. The 2020 census drew

1848-528: The U.S. House of Representatives ". According to the Census Bureau, "Census Day" has been April 1 since 1930. Previously, from 1790 to 1820, the census counted the population as of the first Monday in August. It moved to June 1 in 1830, (June 2 in 1890), April 15 in 1910, and January 1 in 1920. Because people are born, die, and move during the year, the census counts people where they were or expect to be living on this specific reference date in an attempt to get

1914-500: The Union, as well as to other areas under U.S. sovereignty or jurisdiction. There were so many more inquiries of all kinds in the census of 1880 that almost a full decade was needed to publish all the results. In response to this, the census was mechanized in 1890, with tabulating machines made by Herman Hollerith . This reduced the processing time to two and a half years. For the first six censuses (1790–1840), enumerators recorded only

1980-516: The United States . The United States Census Bureau is responsible for conducting the census. The most recent national census took place in 2020; the next census is scheduled for 2030. Since 2013, the Census Bureau began discussions on using technology to aid data collection starting with the 2020 census. In 2020, every household received an invitation to complete the census over the Internet, by phone or by paper questionnaire. For years between

2046-435: The adopted budget ordinance; (d) Enforce the ordinances of the consolidated local government; (e) Supervise all officers, agents, employees, cabinets, departments, offices, agencies, functions, and duties of the consolidated local government; (f) Call special meetings of the consolidated local government council; (g) Appoint and remove his or her own staff at his or her own pleasure; (h) Execute written contracts or obligations of

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2112-583: The case Trump v. New York for an expedited hearing in November, given the results are to be delivered to Congress by December 31, 2020. The Court issued a per curiam decision on December 18, 2020, which vacated the District Court's ruling and remanded the case to that court with orders to dismiss it. Censuses had been taken prior to the Constitution's ratification; in the early 17th century,

2178-420: The census even though they may vote. Only Americans living abroad who are "federal employees (military and civilian) and their dependents living overseas with them" are counted. "Private U.S. citizens living abroad who are not affiliated with the federal government (either as employees or their dependents) will not be included in the overseas counts. These overseas counts are used solely for reapportioning seats in

2244-438: The censuses, the U.S. Census Bureau relied on local people to have some knowledge of residents. Racial classification was made by the census enumerator in these decades, rather than by the individual. The 1890 census was the first to be compiled using the new tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith . The net effect of the many changes from the 1880 census (the larger population, the number of data items to be collected,

2310-604: The city at the time. In 1974, one year after the passage of a controversial referendum pushed by then-mayor Harvey Sloane which raised the occupational privilege tax by 0.2%, TARC acquired the Louisville Transit Company and the Louisville Railway Company , which at the time were suffering severe financial difficulties and had planned to cease operations. Shortly after the acquisition, TARC began operating bussing services throughout

2376-531: The city except otherwise prescribed by law. The mayor is directly elected by popular vote for a four-year term. The mayor is also responsible for creating the city's budget through the Office of Management and Budget, submitted for approval, not drafting, to the Louisville Metro Council. The Mayor's office is located at Louisville City Hall in Downtown Louisville. It has complete jurisdiction over

2442-575: The city of Louisville, Public Agency is the name given to various regulatory agencies and public-benefit corporations which operate within the city limits. While in theory public agencies within the city fall under the absolute jurisdiction of the Louisville Mayor's office, in practice each agency possesses varying degrees of independence from the Louisville Mayor's Office and the Louisville Metro Council based on their function and level of financial independence. Each agency has been created by

2508-479: The city. Over the last few decades since its inception, TARC has bought nearly all private transportation companies which operated within the Louisville city limits such as Blue Motor Coach lines and the Daisy Line. Louisville TARC is administered by an eight-member Board of Directors overseen by a Chairman. The board is responsible for managing, controlling and conducting the business, activities and affairs of

2574-559: The city/county merger in 2003, only five bills have ever been vetoed by the mayor (three by Jerry Abramson , two by Greg Fischer ). In addition, only one veto has ever been overruled by the Council. The Metro Council is organized into 13 Standing Committees. Each Committee is led by a Chairman and Vice Chairman, both of whom are appointed by the Council President, who serves as an ex officio member of all committees. In

2640-632: The clock broke. It was repaired in 1968 but broke in the 1970s. It was repaired in 1991. United States Census The United States census (plural censuses or census) is a census that is legally mandated by the Constitution of the United States . It takes place every ten years. The first census after the American Revolution was taken in 1790 under Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . There have been 23 federal censuses since that time. The census includes territories of

2706-470: The concept of usual residence. Usual residence, a principle established by the Census Act of 1790, is defined as the place a person lives and sleeps most of the time. The Census Bureau uses special procedures to ensure that those without conventional housing are counted. Data from these operations are not as accurate as data obtained from traditional procedures. In instances where the bureau is unsure of

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2772-652: The consolidated local government; and (i) Approve or veto ordinances and resolutions adopted by the consolidated local government council. Legislative Powers of the city of Louisville are vested in the Louisville Metro Council . Formally established in 2003 after the city/county merger, the council is a unicameral body consisting of 26 Council members, whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries that each contain approximately 28,500 people. Although all cities in Jefferson County, apart from Louisville itself, maintained their respective status after

2838-668: The data provides a beginning for the allocation of resources. In addition, collected data are used in aggregate for statistical purposes. Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no one—neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employee—is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business. By law ( Pub. L.   95–416 , 92  Stat.   915 , enacted October 5, 1978 ), individual decennial census records are sealed for 72 years. One explanation for this number

2904-565: The decennial census questionnaires are available online from many websites. Computerized aggregate data describing the characteristics of small geographic areas for the entire period from 1790 to 2010 are available from the National Historical Geographic Information System . The bureau recognizes four census regions within the United States and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide

2970-560: The decennial censuses, the Census Bureau issues estimates made using surveys and statistical models, in particular, the Population Estimates Program and American Community Survey . The United States census is distinct from the Census of Agriculture , which is no longer the responsibility of the Census Bureau. It is also distinct from local censuses conducted by some states or local jurisdictions . The U.S. census

3036-490: The exception of former Councilman Jim King (D), who served an unprecedented four terms, from 2011 until 2015, when he died in office. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the Mayor, who may sign them into law or veto them. If the Mayor vetoes a bill, the Council may override this veto with a two-thirds vote. Passed laws are incorporated into the Louisville Metro Code, which is published online. Since

3102-608: The legal protection of confidential census data, which was not restored until 1947. This information facilitated the internment of Japanese-Americans , following the Japanese attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the internment of Italian- and German-Americans following the United States' entry into World War II . In 1980, four FBI agents went to the Census Bureau's Colorado Springs office with warrants to seize census documents, but were forced to leave with nothing. Courts upheld that no agency, including

3168-486: The merger, their residents are represented on Metro Council and vote alongside other county residents. The seats come up for reelection every four years, using a staggered process so that only half of the seats are up every two years. Even numbered districts hold elections overlapping each quadrennial Presidential election, whilst odd numbered districts hold elections overlapping each quadrennial off-season election. All districts are redrawn approximately every ten years, after

3234-489: The metro government and library employees are metro government employees. The largest public library system in the U.S. state of Kentucky with seventeen branches, the LFPL serves the entirety of Jefferson County. The library's main branch is sited at Fourth and York streets, south of Broadway in Downtown Louisville. The LFPL is overseen by a Director, who is appointed by the mayor of the Louisville Metro. Founded in 1928,

3300-476: The names of the heads of household and a general demographic accounting of the remaining members of the household. Beginning in 1850, all members of the household were named on the census. The first slave schedules were also completed in 1850, with the second (and last) in 1860. Censuses of the late 19th century also included agricultural and industrial schedules to gauge the productivity of the nation's economy. Mortality schedules (taken between 1850 and 1880) captured

3366-615: The next building down Jefferson Street, was integrated into the complex in 1937. The building housed the city's tax collectors and quickly acquired the name " Sinking Fund Building ". By the late 20th century it housed the Inspections, Permits and Licenses Department, which moved out in 2004. All three buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the City Hall Complex in 1976. The building

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3432-530: The number of residents at an address after a field visit, its population characteristics are inferred from its nearest similar neighbor (hot-deck imputation ). This practice has effects across many areas, but is seen by some as controversial. The practice was ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Utah v. Evans . Certain American citizens living overseas are specifically excluded from being counted in

3498-562: The official keeper of archived federal census records. Complete online census records can be accessed for no cost from National Archives facilities and many libraries, and a growing portion of the census is freely available from non-commercial online sources. Census microdata for research purposes are available for all censuses from 1790 forward except for 1890 through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series ( IPUMS ), and scanned copies of each of

3564-410: The organization's chief executive officer and is tasked with governing the Authority. The Board is composed of the incumbent Mayor of Louisville, seven mayoral appointees, and three members appointed by the incumbent Governor of Kentucky . The Board members serve four-year staggered terms without compensation. The Transit Authority of River City (which markets itself under the name TARC ) operates as

3630-440: The present been controversial due to its role in reapportioning political representation. In the 1850s, census planners suppressed information about slavery due to pressure from Southern lawmakers. The results of the 1920 census were ignored and no reapportionment took place, as rural lawmakers feared losing power to urban areas. In the 1940s, census officials were involved in organizing Japanese-American internment . The census

3696-431: The project. Indiana Limestone , from White River quarries near Salem, Indiana was used. Construction took place between 1870 and 1873 at a final cost of $ 464,778. The exterior has been renovated several times but remains unchanged, while the interior has been completely remodeled several times. A Greco-Roman annex building was built just west of City Hall in 1909. Cornelius Curtin designed it. An 1891 firehouse,

3762-577: The public is the 1950 census, released on April 1, 2022. Aggregate census data are released when available. Under the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), using primarily census records, compiled (1939–1941) the Custodial Detention Index ("CDI") on citizens , enemy aliens , and foreign nationals , who might be dangerous. The Second War Powers Act of 1941 repealed

3828-405: The rationale to add the question was arbitrary and capricious and required the department to provide a better reasoning before inclusion. The department dropped the question by the form's publication time. Following the decision, Trump issued an executive order directing the department to obtain citizenship data from other federal agencies rather than via the census. On July 21, 2020, Trump signed

3894-459: The street in 1784, and a brick courthouse stood on the site from 1811 to 1837. Prior to the construction of the City Hall, city government officials shared space with the courthouse. Before the City Hall's construction, there was no dedicated building for city government, whose officials used space in the county courthouses. The plan was selected by way of a design competition held in 1867 with

3960-483: The totals, claiming that he had the authority to make this determination on a Constitutional and past legal basis. Several legal challenges were filed, and a combined suit from 22 states and several non-governmental organizations were found against Trump, ruling that only Congress has the authority to interpret the manner of which people the census includes. Trump petitioned to the Supreme Court which has certified

4026-525: The winner receiving $ 500. The contest was won in April 1867 by local architect John Andrewartha and C.S. Mergell. In late summer 1870, the final plans for City Hall construction were made by Andrewartha, who was named managing architect , and architectural firm C.L. Stancliff and Co. The remaining government buildings were demolished before ground was broken on the city hall in 1870. Louisville General Council selected City engineer I.M. St. John to supervise

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4092-405: Was a striking blend of Italianate and Second Empire styles , both popular at the time in civic buildings. Designs on the building represented the city's outlook in the post- Civil War era, which was very optimistic. The pediment over the main entrance features a relief of the city seal and a train steaming forward past Southern flora with the inscription, "Progress, 1871". Other engravings, over

4158-409: Was adopted in 2003 upon the merger with Jefferson County, Kentucky . The seal reads LOUISVILLE – JEFFERSON COUNTY in a ring around a single fleur-de-lis with two stars. The seal includes the year 1778 (the year of Louisville's founding) on both sides. The seal was designed during a citywide competition by William Glenn Heck, an art director native to Louisville. Louisville City Hall Since

4224-548: Was again challenged in the courts. While lower courts had ruled for an injunction against the department from implementing the Replan Schedule, the Supreme Court issued a stay of the injunction in October 2020, allowing the census to end early. Around the same time, Trump issued a memo to the Commerce Department on July 21, 2020, instructing them to use estimates of undocumented immigrants and subtract their numbers from

4290-406: Was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000. This census is also notable for the fact it is one of only three for which the original data are no longer available. Almost all the population schedules were destroyed following a fire in 1921. One purpose of the census is to divide the house seats by population. Furthermore, as with any Census Bureau survey,

4356-421: Was happening and have a basis for planning. The content of the decennial census changed accordingly. In 1810, the first inquiry on manufactures, quantity and value of products occurred; in 1840, inquiries on fisheries were added; and in 1850, the census included inquiries on social issues, such as taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime. The censuses also spread geographically, to new states and territories added to

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