107-446: Louis Cha Leung-yung GBM OBE ( Chinese : 查良鏞 ; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong ( Chinese : 金庸 ), was a Hong Kong wuxia novelist. He was Hong Kong's most famous author and the newspaper Ming Pao 's co-founder and first editor-in-chief. Cha has been named along with Gu Long and Liang Yusheng as the "Three Legs of
214-566: A 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports. The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment. The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port. These infrastructure improvements have led to
321-465: A Waynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford . When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate. In July 2010, Cha earned his Doctor of Philosophy in oriental studies (Chinese history) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession in
428-603: A city. As one of China's National Central Cities , Chongqing serves as a center for finance in the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze , as well as for manufacturing and transportation. It is a connection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and a base for the country's Belt and Road Initiative . Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport is the second-busiest airport in China, and is one of
535-515: A combination of more than 290 million population. Chongqing is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index . Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China. As of October 2014 ,
642-466: A critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers. The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: Jinology . For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among
749-637: A doctorate in Asian Studies, which he obtained in 2010. In 2009, Cha applied for another doctorate in Chinese literature at Peking University , which he earned in 2013. Cha was a journalist. To help support his studies, he began work in 1947 as a journalist and translator for the Ta Kung Pao newspaper in Shanghai. He moved to Hong Kong in 1948 to work for the paper's office in the city. When Cha
856-855: A fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In The Legend of the Condor Heroes , for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty . Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine , acupuncture , martial arts , music , calligraphy , weiqi , tea culture , philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism , Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for
963-683: A historical character from The Deer and the Cauldron , is mentioned in the third edition of A Deadly Secret as the martial arts master of Mei Niansheng. Numerous characters from The Book and the Sword appear in The Young Flying Fox , including Chen Jialuo. Hu Yidao, Miao Renfeng, Tian Guinong and the Feng family in The Young Flying Fox are the fictional descendants of the four bodyguards of Li Zicheng , who appears in
1070-525: A lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference ( zhengxie ) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy. Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during
1177-660: A major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. There has been a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development. Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization . For instance, statistics suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 m (1,470,000 sq ft) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. Thus, Chongqing
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#17327719522071284-534: A mere 5% in January to 43% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 11 January 1955 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.7 °C (111 °F) on 18 and 19 August 2022 (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933). Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year, is known as the "Fog City" ( 雾都 ); this
1391-399: A native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang , Wang Yang , Bo Xilai , Zhang Dejiang , and Sun Zhengcai , the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee , the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee
1498-691: A quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at Columbia University . On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong , aged 94. His funeral service was held privately at Hong Kong Funeral Home in Quarry Bay on 13 November 2018 with his family and friends, with well known figures including writers Ni Kuang , Chua Lam , Chip Tsao , Benny Lee , producer Zhang Jizhong , actor Huang Xiaoming , former President of
1605-634: A reclusive Mount Hua School swordsman. Some characters and schools from The Smiling, Proud Wanderer are mentioned in Sword Stained with Royal Blood . In a very brief inner monologue in The Deer and the Cauldron , Chengguan, a knowledgeable but naïve Shaolin monk, ponders two great swordsmen in the past who performed swordplay without following any defined stances: Dugu Qiubai and Linghu Chong. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear as minor characters. Wu Liuqi ,
1712-656: A result of the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, comics and video games. Born on 10 March 1924, in Haining , Zhejiang in Republican China , Cha was named Zha Liangyong and is the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining ( 海寧查氏 ), whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (1650–1727) and Zha Siting ( 查嗣庭 ; died 1727). His grandfather, Zha Wenqing ( 查文清 ), obtained
1819-577: A scenarist-director and scriptwriter at Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company. In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin ( 沈寶新 ). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 Chinese characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent
1926-846: Is Secretary of the Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , which since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party , the country's second highest governing council. Under the USSR-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the CCP and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never
2033-624: Is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army . Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's leader
2140-566: Is built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. With its special topography , Chongqing's topography includes mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. The Tang dynasty poet Li Bai was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram . The Zhongliang ( 中梁山 ) and Tongluo ( 铜锣山 ) mountains roughly form the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. Several high mountains are situated outside central Chongqing, including
2247-485: Is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Longshuixia Gap ( 龙水峡地缝 ), with its Three Natural Bridges , has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming
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#17327719522072354-447: Is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with
2461-493: Is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit. The municipality also has a Municipal People's Congress , theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions,
2568-553: Is located in central-western China, would complement the other National Central Cities, all of which are located along China's eastern coastline. The same year on June 18, the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level new area at the time of its establishment. Chongqing is located in the subtropics , situated in the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and
2675-584: Is one of the top 40 cities globally by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index ; the municipality is home to several notable universities , including Chongqing University , Southwest University , and Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications . Chongqing's location is historically associated with the State of Ba . Its capital was first called Jiangzhou ( 江州 ). Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang 's rule during
2782-621: Is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone , along with Chengdu and Xi'an . As of 2022 , Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), making it the fourth city with the most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Western China , which comprises Chongqing, six provinces ( Sichuan , Guizhou , Yunnan , Shaanxi , Gansu , and Qinghai ), and three autonomous regions ( Tibet , Ningxia , and Xinjiang ), with
2889-703: Is re-issued as "Langsheng, Old Edition" ( 朗聲舊版 ) in simplified Chinese characters. Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non- Han Chinese peoples such as the Khitans , Jurchens , Mongols and Manchus . However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses
2996-607: Is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common. Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles. Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise , as well as Ford Motor Company , with
3103-591: Is the highest award under the Hong Kong honours and awards system ; it is to recognise the selected person's lifelong and highly significant contribution to the well-being of Hong Kong. The awardee is entitled to the postnominal letters GBM and the style The Honourable . The award was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system , following the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and
3210-410: Is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative. The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor , who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor
3317-467: The Central People's Government , along with Beijing , Shanghai , and Tianjin . It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria , which includes several disjunct urban areas in addition to Chongqing proper. Due to its classification, the municipality of Chongqing is the largest city proper in
Jin Yong - Misplaced Pages Continue
3424-586: The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the 1997 transfer of sovereignty . In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in Ming Pao . The asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR 2 ) has been named after him. Cha's parents were Zha Shuqing ( 查樞卿 ) and Xu Lu ( 徐祿 ). He had four brothers and two sisters, and
3531-716: The Condor Trilogy (considered by many to be Cha's magnum opus ) and should be read in that order. Dugu Qiubai 's Heavy Iron Sword is used by Yang Guo and broken down to create the Heaven-Reliant Sword and the Dragon-Slaying Saber. Guo Xiang inherits the Heaven-Reliant Sword and passes it to her successors in the Emei School . Linghu Chong from The Smiling, Proud Wanderer learns Dugu Qiubai 's Nine Swords of Dugu from Feng Qingyang,
3638-681: The Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei , Anshan , Maanshan , Pingdingshan and Shenyang ), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development. Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector
3745-750: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Poon Chung-kwong , image designer Tina Liu , politicians Tung Chee-hwa and Edward Leong , and founder of Alibaba Group Jack Ma among them in attendance. At noon, his coffin was moved to Po Lin Monastery at Ngong Ping , Lantau Island, where he was cremated and his ashes was interred at the Hoi Wui Tower's columbarium . In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours. Cha
3852-549: The Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces ; battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units. Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during
3959-594: The Qin dynasty , the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture ( 楚州 ), then again in 581 AD ( Sui dynasty ) to Yu Prefecture ( 渝州 ), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture ( 恭州 ). The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for
4066-641: The Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1937 to 1945, the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan . After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards. It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun . Chongqing used to be
4173-549: The Sword Stained with Royal Blood and The Deer and the Cauldron . The Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain is the sequel to The Young Flying Fox . After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined to form a couplet ( duilian ) with 7 characters on each line: 飛雪連天射白鹿 笑書神俠倚碧鴛 飞雪连天射白鹿 笑书神侠倚碧鸳 Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around
4280-487: The Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central Cities , along with Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. According to Zhou Liqun, a consultant for National Development and Reform Commission of China, Chongqing's status as a National Central City would encourage the development of Western China . Chongqing, which
4387-566: The University of British Columbia , and Sichuan University . Cha was an honorary doctor at National Chengchi University , Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University , the Open University of Hong Kong , the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge . He was also an honorary fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge , and
Jin Yong - Misplaced Pages Continue
4494-609: The War of Resistance-World War II . Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. After World War II ended, Chongqing became one of the last refuges of the Nationalist Kuomintang government on the Chinese mainland during the Chinese Civil War . Following
4601-652: The Wulin ( 武林 ) magazine in Guangzhou was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's SDX Joint Publishing in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia ( 明河社星馬分公司 ) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995. From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for
4708-818: The Yangtze River Crossing campaign , the KMT capital of Nanjing was occupied by the Communists in 23 April. The KMT decamped first to Guangzhou , then Chongqing. Chongqing served as the KMT capital until late November 1949, when the Nationalist KMT government withdrew from the city by air. On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the sub-provincial city with adjacent Fuling , Wanxian , and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of
4815-456: The most populous city proper in the world . As of 2010 , the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million. The Census also lists the male percentage as 50.55% and the female percentage as 49.55%. In terms of age distribution, of the total population, 15.91% were age 0–14, 62.22% were 15–64, and 21.87% were 65 and over. Of
4922-470: The "Blood Red Bird" ( 小紅鳥 ) and "Qin Nanqin" ( 秦南琴 ), the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition. In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House ( 遠景出版社 ). In China,
5029-544: The 1,709.4 m (5,608 ft)-high Wugong Ling Mountain in Jiangjin. Chongqing has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the " Three Furnaces " of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing , its summers are long and among
5136-707: The 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution ; others were banned in Taiwan as they were thought to be in support of the Chinese Communist Party . None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping , for example,
5243-478: The Condor Heroes was his first novel serialised in Ming Pao , launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" ( 新版 ), also known as "Revised Edition" ( 修訂版 ), in contrast with the "Old Edition" ( 舊版 ), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as
5350-785: The General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan , it was formally declared the second capital city ( 陪都 ; péidū ; p'ei -tu ) on 6 September 1940. After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell ,
5457-445: The Grand Bauhinia Medal Awards established in 1997 Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Chongqing Chongqing is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China . Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under
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#17327719522075564-413: The Jiaxing Middle School had to move hundreds of miles south to Lishui city in order to survive. Cha, as one of the students, only carried a quilt and a change of clothes, and the students had to trek on foot for 60 to 70 miles a day. Cha was later expelled in 1941 after he wrote an article called "Alice's Adventures" which satirized the training director sent by the Kuomintang for being vicious towards
5671-408: The Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ). Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create
5778-415: The Northern Beggar of the Five Greats, Hong Qigong succeeds Qiao Feng as the new chief of the Beggars' Gang in The Legend of the Condor Heroes and Duan Yu is the ancestor of the historical character Duan Zhixing who later becomes Reverend Yideng, another member of the Five Greats. The Legend of the Condor Heroes , The Return of the Condor Heroes and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber make up
5885-682: The Tripod of Wuxia". He has also been known as one of the "Four Great Talents of Hong Kong". Cha's novels have a widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia authors ever. By the time of his death, he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide (not including an unknown number of pirated copies). According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature , Cha's novels are considered to be of very high quality and are able to appeal to both highbrow and lowbrow tastes. His works have
5992-413: The US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company (重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant. Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are
6099-655: The World . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Protocol Division Government Secretariat. "General Awards" . Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ "Removal of Honours" (PDF) . Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette . 22 (9). 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Bauhinia_Medal&oldid=1254689421 " Categories : Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong Lists of Hong Kong people Recipients of
6206-473: The area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese . Coal reserves total approximately 4,800,000,000 metric tons (4.7 × 10 long tons; 5.3 × 10 short tons). Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has
6313-417: The arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford , Mazda , HSBC , Standard Chartered Bank , Citibank , Deutsche Bank , ANZ Bank , Scotiabank , Wal-Mart , Metro AG and Carrefour , among other multinational corporations. The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones: Chongqing itself
6420-403: The city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers. From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing. During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War , from November 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek 's provisional capital. After
6527-446: The city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin ), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km (30,900 sq mi), is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million. As of 2022, Chongqing is the largest Chinese city by urban population, with a population of 22.80 million. Indicates with which district
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#17327719522076634-421: The city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong ( 渝中 , Central Yu). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" ( simplified Chinese : 双重喜庆 ; traditional Chinese : 雙重喜慶 ; pinyin : shuāngchóng xǐqìng , or chóngqìng in short). To mark
6741-407: The country's GDP and ranked 16th among province-level administrative units ; the municipality's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥201.21 billion (US$ 29.92 billion), CN¥1.169 trillion (US$ 173.86 billion) and CN¥1.542 trillion (US$ 229.3 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita was US$ 13,479 (CN¥90,663) and ranked 10th in the country. Chongqing has been identified by
6848-462: The desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanizer and seems to have no positive qualities based on a superficial assessment; but he actually embodies the same essential qualities of the heroes from Cha's earlier novels. The fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote
6955-429: The division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997. The main urban area of Chongqing city ( 重庆主城区 ) spans approximately 5,473 km (2,113 sq mi), and includes the following nine districts: According to the 2020 national census , Chongqing has a population of 32,054,159, accounting for around 2.27% of the national total. This makes it
7062-548: The early Tang dynasty . Cha wrote a total of 16 fictional works, of which only one is a non- wuxia autobiographical short story (Yue Yun). His wuxia works are made up of a novella ( Blade-dance of the Two Lovers ), 2 standalone novels ( White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind and Ode to Gallantry ), 11 interconnected novels of varying lengths, and a novelette ("Sword of the Yue Maiden"). Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in 3 authorised book editions each with various changes to
7169-489: The east, Sichuan and Shaanxi to the north, and Guizhou to the south. Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Gorge in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The area slopes downward from north to south towards the Yangtze valley, and features a large massif of mountains and hills, with steep sloping areas at different heights. Karst landscape
7276-3536: The establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The list was empty because no one was awarded from 2003 to 2004. Bauhinia, Bauhinia blakeana , is the floral emblem of Hong Kong. List of recipients [ edit ] 1997 [ edit ] Ann Tse-kai Lee Quo-wei Simon Li Elsie Tu Cha Chi Ming Tsui Sze-man Chuang Shih-ping Wong Ker-lee Tsang Hin-chi Henry Fok Chung Sze-yuen Lo Tak-shing 1998 [ edit ] Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales Ng Hong-mun Run Run Shaw Wong Po-yan 1999 [ edit ] Lee Chark-tim Anson Chan Yang Ti-liang Sidney Gordon William Purves 2000 [ edit ] Henry Litton Charles Ching Mo Kwan-nin Jin Yong Jao Tsung-I 2001 [ edit ] Harry Fang Li Ka-shing Yeung Kwong 2002 [ edit ] Donald Tsang Elsie Leung David Akers-Jones Chang-Lin Tien 2005 [ edit ] Lau Wong-fat Chiang Chen 2006 [ edit ] Charles Lee Leo Lee Tung-hai Tung Chee Hwa 2007 [ edit ] Rita Fan Rafael Hui (Revoked in 2018 ) David Li Lee Shau-kee 2008 [ edit ] Andrew Li Henry Hu Cheng Yu-tung Chan Sui-kau 2009 [ edit ] Henry Tang Hari Harilela Joseph Yam 2010 [ edit ] John Tsang Ronald Arculli Edward Leong Stanley Ho Victor Fung Tin Ka Ping Charles K. Kao 2011 [ edit ] Leung Chun-ying Allan Zeman 2012 [ edit ] Geoffrey Ma Stephen Lam Wong Yan-lung Kemal Bokhary Peter Woo Lui Che-woo 2013 [ edit ] Patrick Chan Anthony Mason Sik Kok Kwong Maria Tam 2014 [ edit ] Jose Yu Charles Ho 2015 [ edit ] Jasper Tsang Cheng Yiu-tong Ho Sai-chu Li Dak-sum 2016 [ edit ] Carrie Lam Tam Yiu-chung Chan Wing-kee Victor Lo Hu Fa-kuang Moses Cheng Lap-Chee Tsui 2017 [ edit ] Matthew Cheung Paul Chan Mo-po Rimsky Yuen Laura Cha Arthur Li Fanny Law Ip Kwok-him Vincent Lo Henry Cheng Tai Tak-fung Jack So Ronnie Chan 2018 [ edit ] Robert Tang Cheung Hok-ming Robin Chan Rosie Young Tse-tse 2019 [ edit ] Yu Kwok-chun Albert Hung Chao-hong 2020 [ edit ] Andrew Leung Bernard Charnwut Chan Chan Tung Xu Rongmao 2021 [ edit ] Andrew Cheung Teresa Cheng Chow Chung-kong Regina Ip Bunny Chan Jonathan Choi Koon-shum Lo Man-tuen 2022 [ edit ] John Lee Tommy Cheung Roberto Ribeiro Andrew Liao Wilfred Wong Ying-wai Peter Lam Ng Leung-ho 2023 [ edit ] Jeffrey Lam Kin-fung Poon Chung-kwong Timothy Fok Tsung-ting Lam Shuk-yee Sze Chi-ching 2024 [ edit ] Martin Liao Lau Siu-kai Lee Chack-fan Peter Lee Ka-kit Lam Shu Chit See also [ edit ] Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong References [ edit ] ^ Megan C. Robertson (17 February 2003). "Hong Kong: Grand Bauhinia Medal" . Medals of
7383-413: The fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan , was captured by Zhang Xianzhong , who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty , immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with
7490-617: The headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region , which was reorganized into the Western Theater Command in 2016. Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011 ), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into
7597-533: The heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth. In The Deer and the Cauldron , Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist Wei Xiaobao an antihero who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an antihero possessing none of
7704-419: The historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan, and many martial art skills and places have their names changed. This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" ( 新版 ) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe ( 明河社 ). In mainland China, it
7811-462: The hottest and most humid in China, with highs of 34 °C (93 °F) in July and August in the urban area. Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 983 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from
7918-428: The layperson to distinguish which are real. His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions
8025-430: The most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang . Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called I Read Jin Yong's Novels ( 我看金庸小說 ). Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in
8132-418: The municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core. Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995. Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro , intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network. According to
8239-576: The occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu . In 1362 (during the Yuan dynasty ), Ming Yuzhen , a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom ( 大夏 ) at Chongqing for a short time. In 1621 (during the Ming dynasty ), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang ( 大梁 ) was established by She Chongming ( 奢崇明 ) with Chongqing as its capital. In 1644, after
8346-680: The plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze . Its climate features frequent monsoon conditions, often raining at night in late spring and early summer. The city's "night rain in the Ba Mountains", features in poems throughout Chinese history, including "Written on a Rainy Night—A Letter to the North" by Li Shangyin . Its territory is 470 km (290 mi) from east to west at its longest, and 450 km (280 mi) from north to south at its widest. It borders Hubei and Hunan to
8453-527: The plots and the characters. There are 4 editions of his novels: The works are: All of Jin Yong's novels, except White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind and Ode to Gallantry are connected, albeit weakly. Aqing, the protagonist of the novelette " Sword of the Yue Maiden ", is the ancestor of Han Xiaoying from The Legend of the Condor Heroes . Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils is a prequel ;
8560-401: The population practices Chinese ancestral religion , while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian . The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, or folk religious sects . In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing. Chongqing was
8667-505: The population's highest education level achieved, 15.41% were college, 15.96% were high school, 30.58% were middle school, and 29.89% were elementary school. As of 2021 , 70.4% of Chongqing's population is estimated to be urban, and 29.6%. Religion in Chongqing The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of
8774-603: The position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing ( 查樞卿 ), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s. Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s. Zha Shuqing used to read him excerpts from
8881-399: The province since September 1996, and grant it independence from Sichuan. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties without intermediate political levels. The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of
8988-470: The public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions. In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After Deng Xiaoping , a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the reform and opening-up process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee but resigned in protest after
9095-677: The remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao 's tai chi classic Wujia Taijiquan , where he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuang Zhou on contemporary Chinese martial arts. By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to
9202-467: The same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels. Official English translations currently available include: Grand Bauhinia Medal Hong Kong award Award Grand Bauhinia Medal 大紫荊勳章 [REDACTED] Grand Bauhinia Medal with ribbon Awarded for lifelong and highly significant contribution to
9309-465: The second and last time. Each of his works was carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, The Deer and the Cauldron . The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" ( 世紀新修版 ), "New Revised Edition" ( 新修版 ) and "New New Edition" ( 新新版 ), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at
9416-400: The skies; Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one, leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover) Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans. Most of Cha's works were initially published in installments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao . The Return of
9523-407: The students. Cha later reflected on this period as one of the most significant crises in his life. The expulsion not only deprived him of the opportunity to pursue his studies but he suddenly faced the issue of finding food and accommodation. Fortunately, with assistance from the principal, Zhang Yintong, Cha resumed his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943. Cha
9630-547: The support of the Qing emperor. In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river. This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which declared
9737-539: The top 50 busiest airports in the world. The city's monorail system is the world's longest and busiest , as well as having the greatest number of stations, with 70. Chongqing is ranked as a Beta (global second-tier) city. It is the headquarters of the Changan Automobile , one of the " Big Four " car manufacturers of China. As of 2023 , the city hosts 12 foreign representations, the fifth-most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. It
9844-430: The unusual ability to transcend geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving a greater success than any other contemporary Hong Kong author. His works have been translated into many languages including English, French, Indonesian, Catalan, Spanish, Finnish, Korean, Japanese, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, and Malay. He has many fans outside of Chinese-speaking areas, as
9951-613: The validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – Yang Guo 's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü in The Return of the Condor Heroes . Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour. In all but his 14th work, The Deer and the Cauldron , the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. In each,
10058-420: The wartime capital for the Republic of China (ROC) during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). On 14 March 1997, the current municipality was separated from the surrounding province of Sichuan , with the goal of furthering development in the central and western parts of the country. University of Washington professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than
10165-701: The well-being of Hong Kong Presented by [REDACTED] Hong Kong Post-nominals GBM Established 1997 First awarded 1997 Precedence Next (lower) Gold Bauhinia Star Grand Bauhinia Medal Traditional Chinese 大紫荊勳章 Simplified Chinese 大紫荆勋章 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dà Zǐjīng Xūn Zhāng Yue: Cantonese Jyutping daai6 zi2 ging1 fan1 zoeng1 The Grand Bauhinia Medal ( Chinese : 大紫荊勳章 )
10272-765: The well-known Three Gorges : the Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling gorges. Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing. Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud, I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day. With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud, My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away. The central urban area of Chongqing, called Chongqing proper,
10379-502: The world by population, though Chongqing is not the most populous urban area. The municipality of Chongqing is the only Chinese municipality with a resident population of over 30 million; however, this number includes its large rural population. In 2020, Chongqing surpassed Shanghai as China's largest municipality by urban population; as of 2022 , it has an urban population of 22.8 million. The municipality contains 26 districts, 8 counties , and 4 autonomous counties . The city served as
10486-810: The world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe. Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina ) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Myanmar pipelines . The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar,
10593-548: The wuxia Huangjiang Nüxia (荒江女侠; "Woman Warrior of the Wild River") by Gu Mingdao (顧明道) every day, which aroused Cha's strong interest in the genre. Later, Cha took the initiative to read other works like Water Margin and The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants , which laid the foundation of his future as a wuxia novelist. In 1937, Cha studied at Jiaxing No. 1 Middle School. In 1938, the Japanese army invaded Zhejiang, and
10700-547: Was Du Zhifen ( 杜治芬 ), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei ( 朱玫 ), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia ( 查傳俠 ), Zha Chuanti ( 查傳倜 ), Zha Chuanshi ( 查傳詩 ) and Zha Chuanne ( 查傳訥 ). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi ( 林樂怡 ; b. 1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they first met. In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after
10807-453: Was a well-known reader himself. In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House ( 人民教育出版社 ) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about
10914-647: Was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the Central University of Political Affairs in Chongqing . Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at Soochow University , where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service. In 2005, Cha applied at the University of Cambridge for
11021-571: Was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London , Moscow and Washington, D.C. The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten , the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell. From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of
11128-707: Was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004) by the French government. Cha was also an honorary professor at Peking University , Zhejiang University , Nankai University , Soochow University , Huaqiao University , National Tsing Hua University , Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies),
11235-420: Was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997 in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy). By the 2000s the city had become an important industrial area in western China. As of 2022 , Chongqing's nominal GDP was US$ 433 billion ( CN¥ 2.91 trilion), about 2.41% of
11342-416: Was the second oldest among the seven of them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian ( 查良鏗 ; 1916–1988), Zha Lianghao ( 查良浩 ; b. 1934), Zha Liangdong ( 查良棟 ; fl. 1930s) and Zha Liangyu ( 查良鈺 ; b. 1936). His sisters were Zha Liangxiu ( 查良琇 ; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan ( 查良璇 ; 1928–2002). His cousin was educator and philanthropist Cha Liang-chao ( 查良釗 : 1897 – 1982). Cha married three times. His first wife
11449-449: Was transferred to New Evening Post (of British Hong Kong ) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym " Liang Yusheng " in 1953. Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword , in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as
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