50-664: The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan royal family that ruled Sultanate of Delhi from 1451 to 1526. It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty . Following the reign of the Sayyids, the Afghan or Turco-Afghan Lodi dynasty gained the sultanate. Bahlul Khan Lodi ( r. 1451–1489 ) was the nephew and son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi,
100-589: A group of opposing Afghans, as also corroborated by Abulfazl Beyhaqi . It is recorded that Afghans were also enrolled in the Ghurid Kingdom (1148–1215). By the beginning of the Khilji dynasty in 1290, Afghans have been well known in northern India. Ibn Battuta , a famous Moroccan traveler, visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty in 1333 writes. "We travelled on to Kabul, formerly
150-504: A message was sent thither to you (saying ) thus : ... look after the farming but the order was given to you thus. You should hand over the grain and then request it from the citizens store: I will not order, so ... I myself order and in respect of winter sends men thither to you then look after the farming. To Ormuzd Bunukan, Greetings." "because [you] (pl.), the clan of the Afghans, said thus to me: ... And you should not have denied (?)
200-495: A part of the Sultanate's revenue administration. Sikandar Lodi , whose mother was a Hindu, resorted to strong Sunni orthodoxy to prove his Islamic credentials as a political expediency. He destroyed Hindu temples, and under the pressure from the ulama , allowed the execution of a Brahman who declared Hinduism to be as veracious as Islam. He also banned women from visiting the mazars (mausoleums) of Muslim saints, and banned
250-478: A state audit. He was thus able to infuse vigour and discipline in the administration. His greatest achievement was the conquest and annexation of Bihar from the Sharqis. During conflict and peace, Sikandar felt the urge to destroy temples. He also forbade the yearly procession of the famed Muslim martyr Masud Salar's spear, while forbidding Muslim women from venerating mausoleums of Muslim saints. Sikander allowed
300-428: A vast town, the site of which is now occupied by Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called Kuh Sulayman . It is told that the prophet Sulayman [Solomon] ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it." A 16th-century Muslim historian writing about
350-522: Is later recorded in the 6th century CE in the form of "Avagāṇa" [अवगाण] by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his Brihat-samhita . "It would be unfavourable to the people of Chola, the Afghans (Avagāṇa), the white Huns and the Chinese." The word Afghan also appeared in the 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam , where a reference is made to the village of Saul, which was estimated to be located near Gardez , in
400-470: The Bactrian documents. "To Ormuzd Bunukan, from Bredag Watanan ... greetings and homage from ... the sotang (?) of Parpaz (under) the glorious Yabghu of Hephthal , the chief of the Afghans, the judge of Tukharistan and Gharchistan . Moreove, a letter [has come hither] from you, so I have heard how [you have] written to me concerning my health. I arrived in good health (and) afterwards (?) I heard that
450-666: The Battle of Khanwa in 1527. After that defeat, Mahmud Lodi fled eastwards and again posed a challenge to Babur two years later at the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529. Like their predecessors, the Lodhi sultans stylized themselves as the deputies of the Abbasid Caliphs , and thus acknowledged the authority of a united Caliphate over the Muslim world . They provided cash stipends and granted revenue-free lands (including entire villages) to
500-560: The Musulmáns of the Kohistán (the mountains), and how matters stood there, they said, "Don't call it Kohistán, but Afghánistán; for there is nothing there but Afgháns and disturbances." Thus it is clear that for this reason the people of the country call their home in their own language Afghánistán, and themselves Afgháns. The people of India call them Patán ; however the reason for this is not known. But it occurs to me, that when, under
550-538: The Paktia province of Afghanistan. "Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live Afghans. " Hudud al-'Alam also speaks of a king in Ninhar ( Nangarhar ), who had Muslim, Afghan and Hindu wives. "Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives). The rest of the people are idolaters. In (Ninhar) there are three large idols." In
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#1732771949088600-707: The Red Sea , many of the Copts became converts to the Jewish faith ; but others, stubborn and self-willed, refusing to embrace the true faith, leaving their country, came to India, and eventually settled in the Sulimany mountains, where they bore the name of Afghans." The coined term of Afghanistan came into place in 1855, officially recognized by the British during the reign of Dost Mohammad Khan . Some scholars suggest that
650-585: The Sanskrit and Avestan words for " horse "), or the Assakenoi of Arrian , which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush . This view was propounded by scholars like Christian Lassen , J. W. McCrindle , M. V. de Saint Martin, and É. Reclus , The Indian epic Mahabharata speaks about Kambojas among the finest horsemen , and ancient Pali texts describe their lands as
700-718: The Timurid ruler of Kabul , Babur to invade his kingdom. Ibrahim Lodi was thereafter killed in a battle with Babur, at the Battle of Panipat (1526) . With the death of Ibrahim Lodi, the Lodi dynasty also came to an end, leading to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in the subcontinent. Another problem Ibrahim faced when he ascended the throne in 1517 were the Pashtun nobles, some of whom supported Ibrahim's older brother, Jalaluddin , in taking up arms against his brother in
750-446: The land of horses . Kambojas spoke Avestan language and followed Zoroastrianism . Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism originated in the land of Kambojas. The last part of the name -stān is a Persian suffix for "place of". The Pashto translation of stogna is prominent in many languages of Asia. The name Afghanistan is mentioned in writing by the 16th century Mughal ruler Babur and his descendants, referring to
800-580: The 11th century, Afghans are mentioned in al-Biruni 's Tarikh-ul Hind ("History of the Indus"), which describes groups of rebellious Afghans in the tribal lands west of the Indus River in what is now known as Pakistan. Al-Utbi, the Ghaznavid chronicler. In n his Tarikh-i Yamini records that many Afghans and Khiljis (possibly the modern Ghilji ) living between Laghman and Peshawar enlisted in
850-874: The Janjua's popularity as traditional rulers of their kingdom and their ancestral support for his patriarch Emir Timur during his conquest of Hind. Babur aided them in defeating their enemies, the Gakhars in 1521, thus cementing their alliance. Babur employed them as generals in his campaign for Delhi, the conquest of Rana Sanga and the conquest of India. The new usage of guns allowed small armies to make large gains on enemy territory. Small parties of skirmishers who had been dispatched simply to test enemy positions and tactics, were making inroads into India. Babur, however, had survived two revolts, one in Kandahar and another in Kabul , and
900-533: The Jaunpur Sultanate and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne of Jaunpur in 1486. The Sharqis remained in control of Bihar, from which they re-occupied Jaunpur, but were again repulsed to Bihar. Sikandar Khan Lodi ( r. 1489–1517 ) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on 17 July 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah . His father nominated him as his successor and he
950-625: The Mughal invader Babur. Rana Sanga , the Rajput leader of Mewar ( r. 1509–1526 ), extended his kingdom, defeated the Lodi king of Delhi and was acknowledged by all the Rajput clans as the leading prince of Rajputana. Daulat Khan , the governor of Punjab region asked Babur to invade the Lodi kingdom, with the thought of taking revenge from Ibrahim Lodi. Rana Sanga also offered his support to Babur to defeat Ibrahim Lodi. After being assured of
1000-651: The Muslim ulama , the Sufi shaikhs , the claimed descendants of Muhammad , and to the members of his Quraysh tribe. The Muslim subjects of the Lodis were required to pay the zakat tax for religious merit, and the non-Muslims were required to pay the jizya tax for receiving state protection. In some parts of the Sultanate, the Hindus were required to pay an additional pilgrimage tax. Nevertheless, several Hindu officers formed
1050-482: The administration and increase the military resources was sure to prove a failure. Ibrahim faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Timurid Empire for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi dynasty from annihilation. Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat . This marked the end of the Lodi dynasty and
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#17327719490881100-524: The annual procession of the spear of the legendary Muslim martyr Salar Masud . He also established sharia courts in several towns with significant Muslim population, enabling the qazis to administer the Islamic law to Muslim as well as non-Muslim subjects. Afghan (ethnonym) The ethnonym Afghan ( Dari Persian / Pashto : افغان ) has been used historically to refer to the Pashtuns . Since
1150-479: The area in the east at Jaunpur . Ibrahim gathered military support and defeated his brother by the end of the year. After this incident, he arrested those Pashtun nobles who opposed him and appointed his own men as the new administrators. Other Pashtun nobles supported the governor of Bihar , Dariya Khan , against Ibrahim. Another factor that caused uprisings against Ibrahim was his lack of an apparent successor. His own uncle, Alam Khan, betrayed Ibrahim by supporting
1200-463: The army of Sabuktigin after Jayapala was defeated. "The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to Ghizny ." Al-Utbi further states that Afghans and Ghiljis made up a part of Mahmud Ghaznavi 's army and were sent on his expedition to Tokharistan , while on another occasion Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked and punished
1250-423: The coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided. The Lodi dynasty was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn't use those trade routes, thus their trade declined and so did their treasury leaving them vulnerable to internal political problems. In order to take revenge of the insults done by Ibrahim, the governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan Lodi asked
1300-462: The cooperation of Alam Khan and Daulat Khan , Governor of the Punjab, Babur gathered his army. Upon entering the Punjab plains, Babur's chief allies, namely Langar Khan Niazi advised Babur to engage the powerful Janjua Rajputs to join his conquest. The tribe's rebellious stance to the throne of Delhi was well known. Upon meeting their chiefs, Malik Hast (Asad) and Raja Sanghar Khan, Babur made mention of
1350-441: The country was not a definite political unit, and its component parts were not bound together by any identity of race or language. The earlier meaning of the word was simply "the land of the Afghans", a limited territory which did not include many parts of the present state but did comprise large districts now either independent or within the boundary of British India (Pakistan)." There are a number of other hypotheses suggested for
1400-430: The execution of a Brahman , who had held the equal accuracy of his faith compared to Islam. Ibrahim Khan Lodi ( r. 1517–1526 ), the eldest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi. He had the qualities of an excellent warrior, but he was rash and impolitic in his decisions and actions. His attempt at royal absolutism was premature and his policy of sheer repression unaccompanied by measures to strengthen
1450-410: The governor of Sirhind in ( Punjab ), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah . Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of a Tarun-Bin-Sultan. He was the most powerful of the Punjab chiefs and a vigorous leader, holding together a loose confederacy of Afghan and Turkish chiefs with his strong personality. He reduced the turbulent chiefs of
1500-720: The history of Muslim rule in the subcontinent states: "He [Khalid bin Abdullah son of Khalid bin Walid ] retired, therefore, with his family, and a number of Arab retainers, into the Sulaiman Mountains, situated between Multan and Peshawar, where he took up his residence, and gave his daughter in marriage to one of the Afghan chiefs, who had become a proselyte to Mahomedism. From this marriage many children were born, among whom were two sons famous in history. The one Lodhi ,
1550-471: The men of Rob [that] the Afghans took (away) the horses." "[To...]-bid the Afghan... Moreover, they are in [War]nu (?) because of the Afghans, so [you should] impose a penalty on Nat Kharagan ... ... Lord of Warnu with ... ... ...the Afghan... ..." The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern Pashtun , with the name Afghan being derived from Asvakan . The term "Afghan"
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1600-534: The name historically, all of them obsolete. Daulat Khan Lodi Daulat Khan Lodi ( Pashto : دولت خان لودی) was the governor of Lahore during the reign of Ibrahim Lodi , the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty . Due to disaffection with Ibrahim, Daulat invited Babur to invade the empire. He was initially governor of the Jalandhar Doab before being promoted with the governorship of the entire Punjab . He
1650-569: The other Sur ; who each, subsequently, became head of the tribes which to this day bear their name. I have read in the Mutla-ul-Anwar , a work written by a respectable author, and which I procured at Burhanpur , a town of Khandesh in the Deccan , that the Afghans are Copts of the race of the Pharaohs ; and that when the prophet Moses got the better of that infidel who was overwhelmed in
1700-638: The provinces to submission and infused some vigour into the government. After the last Sayyid ruler of Delhi , Alauddin Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on 19 April 1451. The most important event of his reign was the conquest of the Jaunpur Sultanate . Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting against the Sharqi dynasty of
1750-559: The rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur ( r. 1526–1530 ). By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi dynasty had dissolved due to abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury. The Deccan was a coastal trade route, but in the late fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route resulted in cutting off supplies from
1800-546: The rule of Muhammadan sovereigns, Musulmáns first came to the city of Patná , and dwelt there, the people of India (for that reason) called them Patáns—but God knows!" Regarding the modern state of Afghanistan , the Encyclopædia of Islam explains: "The country now known as Afghanistan has borne that name only since the middle of the 18th century, when the supremacy of the Afghan race became assured: previously various districts bore distinct apellations, however
1850-534: The second half of the twentieth century, the term " Afghan " evolved into a demonym for all residents of Afghanistan , including those outside of the Pashtun ethnicity. The earliest mention of the name Afghan ( Abgân ) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE. In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) was used in reference to a particular people as mentioned in
1900-404: The territory between Khorasan , Kabulistan , and the Indus River , which was inhabited by tribes of Afghans . "The road from Khorasān leads by way of Kandahār. It is a straight level road, and does not go through any hill-passes... In the country of Kābul there are many and various tribes. Its valleys and plains are inhabited by Tūrks , Aimāks, and Arabs. In the city and the greater part of
1950-406: The throne. Ibrahim's death marked the end of the Lodi dynasty and led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. The remaining Lodi territories were absorbed into the new Mughal Empire. Babur continued to engage in military campaigns. Ibrahim Lodi's brother, Mahmud Lodi, declared himself Sultan and continued to resist Mughal forces. He provided around 4,000 Afghan soldiers to Rana Sanga in
2000-506: The title of Khan Khanan. Daulat Khan eventually emerged a short while later, when Babur left India to fight the Uzbeks at Balkh while leaving some forces in Lahore to assist Alam Khan in laying siege to Delhi . Daulat offered his assistance to Alam Khan, hoping to recover Lahore. However, since he was no longer on friendly terms with Babur, Daulat Khan's assistance was declined. Instead, he
2050-474: The villages, the population consists of Tājiks*( Sarts ). Many other of the villages and districts are occupied by Pashāis , Parāchis, Tājiks, Berekis, and Afghans... In the hill-country to the north-east lies Kaferistān , such as Kattor and Gebrek. To the south is Afghānistān." The name "Afghanistan" is also mentioned in the writings of the 16th-century historian Ferishta : "The men of Kábul and Khilj also went home; and whenever they were questioned about
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2100-461: The way to Bhera , where he was to have been imprisoned. The events that Daulat Khan had started in motion by inviting Babur to India finally culminated in the battle of Panipat in 1526, where Ibrahim Khan Lodi lost his life. Babur was now ruler of India, going on to found the Mughal Empire . One of his officials, Jai Ram, was married to Guru Nanak 's sister, Nanaki . Jai Ram found Guru Nanak employment at Daulat Khan Lodi's store and granaries as
2150-699: The word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in Avestan and ava-Han/apa-Han in Sanskrit , which means "killing, striking, throwing and resisting, or defending." Under the Sasanians , and possibly the Parthian Empire , the word was used to refer to men of a certain Persian sect. Another view is that the name Afghan evidently derives from the word Aśvakan which means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or " cavalrymen " (from aśva or aspa ,
2200-520: Was at a disadvantage because of his outmoded infantry and internecine rivalries. Even though he had more men, he had never fought in a war against gunpowder weapons and he did not know what to do strategically. Babur pressed his advantage from the start and Ibrahim perished on the battlefield in April 1526, along with 20,000 of his men. After Ibrahim's death, Babur named himself emperor over Ibrahim's territory, instead of placing Alam Khan (Ibrahim's uncle) on
2250-416: Was careful to pacify the local population after victories, following local traditions and aiding widows and orphans. Despite both being Sunni Muslims , Babur wanted Ibrahim's power and territory. Babur and his army of 24,000 men marched to the battlefield at Panipat armed with muskets and artillery. Ibrahim prepared for battle by gathering 100,000 man (well-armed but with no guns) and 1,000 elephants. Ibrahim
2300-427: Was crowned sultan on 15 July 1489. He founded Agra in 1504 and built mosques. He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra. He patronized trade and commerce. He was a reputed poet, composing under Guru's pen name. He was also a patron of learning and ordered translations of Sanskrit works in medicine into Persian. He curbed the individualistic tendencies of his Pashtun nobles and compelled them to submit their accounts to
2350-503: Was left in charge of Punjab with his son Ghazi, while his other sons, Dilawar and Hajji, went to Delhi with Alam Khan. This attack was unsuccessful due to treachery on both sides. Babur heard of Alam Khan's failure in Sialkot , on his way back to India . Meanwhile, Daulat Khan and Ghazi, hearing of Babur's return, fled to the fortress of Milwat , to the north of Lahore . Babur laid siege to Milwat and Daulat Khan surrendered. He died on
2400-455: Was one of Ibrahim's chief opponents, along with the ruler's own uncle, Alam Khan (also known as Ala-ud-din), who at that time was living under the protection of Sultan Muzaffar II of Gujarat . There was rebellion throughout the empire. Aware of his own precarious position, Daulat Khan sent his son, Ghazi Khan Lodi , to Delhi to learn more about the state of affairs in the government. On his return, Ghazi Khan warned his father that Ibrahim Lodi
2450-581: Was planning to remove his governorship. In response, Daulat Khan sent messengers to Babur in Kabul , offering his allegiance in exchange for assistance against the emperor. Babur agreed. Babur's army quickly captured Lahore and Dipalpur . Daulat Khan and his sons, Ghazi and Dilawar Khan Lodi , joined Babur at Dipalpur only to be disappointed when Babur presented Daulat with Jalandhar and Sultanpur instead of Lahore. Rather than accepting these assignments, Daulat Khan and Ghazi went into hiding while Dilawar Khan betrayed his father and accepted Sultanpur and
2500-424: Was the son of Tatar Khan, the previous Nizam of Punjab, who had asserted his independence from Lodi dynasty under Behlol Lodi , father of Sikander Lodi (also known as Nizam Khan Lodi). Daulat Khan was loyal to the dynasty but betrayed Ibrahim due to his rigid, proud and suspicious nature. In 1523, Ibrahim Lodi , Daulat Khan's sovereign, was locked in a power struggle with his relatives and ministers. Daulat Khan
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