128-402: A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab , black cab , hack or taxi ) is a carriage or car for hire. A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise . A symbol of London and Britain, the black taxi is a common sight on the streets of London. The hackney carriages carry a roof sign TAXI that can be illuminated to indicate their availability for passengers. In
256-438: A dashboard intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a wing (British). A foot iron or footplate may serve as a carriage step. A carriage driver sits on a box or perch , usually elevated and small. When at the front, it is known as a dickey box , a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A footman might use
384-514: A lap robe as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet. A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a carriage horse ; one for use on a road is a road horse . One such breed is the Cleveland Bay , uniformly bay in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a break or brake . A carriage dog or coach dog
512-405: A mansion tax . Some research has indicated this tax, at the lower end of the housing market, might depress mobility and lead to inefficient allocation of housing. In the 2014 Autumn Statement , Chancellor George Osborne announced reform to stamp duty to remove the slab element - stamp duty is now paid on the amount above certain thresholds rather than one rate on the total amount which depends on
640-500: A sixpence whatever that is." Gulbenkian had two such taxis built, the second of which was built on an FX4 chassis and was sold at auction by Bonhams for $ 39,600 in 2015. Other celebrities are known to have used hackney carriages both for their anonymity and their ruggedness and manoeuvrability in London traffic. Users included Prince Philip , whose cab was converted to run on liquefied petroleum gas , author and actor Stephen Fry , and
768-405: A "slab" basis, so the above percentages apply to the whole of the purchase price. For example, a house priced at £250,000 would attract an SDLT of £2,500, but one of £250,001 would be liable to SDLT of £7,500, while one of £500,000 would be liable for £15,000 but a purchase of £500,001 would be liable for £20,000. The result is that SDLT had a distorting effect on the housing market, because a house
896-528: A 1662 act of Parliament , the London and Westminster Streets Act 1662 ( 14 Cha. 2 . c. 2) establishing the Commissioners of Scotland Yard to regulate them. Licences applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire . The 1662 act limited the licences to 400; when it expired in 1679, extra licences were created until a 1694 act imposed
1024-449: A carriage but not part of it, however all of these words have blended together over time and are often used interchangeably to mean the smaller components or parts of a carriage or equipment. All the shiny metal fittings on a vehicle should be one color, such as brass (yellow) or nickel (white), and should match the buckle color of any harness used with the vehicle. Early bodies of horseless carriages were constructed by coachmakers using
1152-531: A change in the land ownership. Even though the HMRC website itself says that SDLT is due within 14 days of the transaction completing, Mortgage lenders may require that the Stamp Duty is paid upon completion itself. Stamp duty is typically paid by the conveyancer or solicitor directly to HMRC. SDLT is charged on leasehold transactions as well as freehold. SDLT is also charged on the ground rent payable under
1280-579: A detailed report calling for reform. The changes made in the 2014 Autumn Statement caused a collapse in the number of sales of more expensive properties. In October 2015 the Spatial Economics Research Centre produced a report detailing the distorting effects of stamp duty on the housing market. In years prior to 2005, there had been a high level of house price inflation in the UK but no change in these thresholds, leading to
1408-581: A four-in-hand competition. For pony drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events. Numerous varieties of horse-drawn carriages existed, Arthur Ingram's Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it
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#17327720388421536-456: A front passenger seat next to the driver, while others reserve this space solely for luggage. London taxis must have a turning circle not greater than 8.535 m (28 ft). One reason for this is the configuration of the famed Savoy Hotel : the hotel entrance's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed the small turning circle in order to navigate it. That requirement became the legally required turning circles for all London cabs, while
1664-445: A hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up, as opposed to private hire vehicles (sometimes called minicabs ), which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator's office. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London. The "Millennium Cab" built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in
1792-736: A limit of 700. The limit was increased to 800 in 1715, 1,000 in 1770 and 1,100 in 1802, before being abolished in 1832. The 1694 Act established the Hackney Coach Commissioners to oversee the regulation of fares, licences and other matters; in 1831 their work was taken over by the Stamp Office and in 1869 responsibility for licensing was passed on to the Metropolitan Police . In the 18th and 19th centuries, private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages, often displaying painted-over traces of
1920-442: A long history. The most significant pieces of legislation by region are: Carriage A carriage is a two- or four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle for passengers. Second-hand private carriages were common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage suspensions are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven. Coaches are
2048-415: A means of raising revenue, stamp duty was levied on a variety of items, whether or not paper-based, including: The scope of stamp duty has been reduced dramatically in recent years. Apart from transfers of shares and securities , the issue of bearer instruments and certain transactions involving partnerships , stamp duty was largely abolished in the UK from 1 December 2003. "Stamp duty land tax" (SDLT),
2176-613: A medium country, and a country of ten thousand chariots ranked as a huge and powerful country. The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ("tilt") similar in appearance to the Conestoga Wagon familiar from the United States. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from
2304-536: A much larger scale than anywhere else in the world. Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam". The article highlights the death of the carriage as the main means of transportation. Today, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in
2432-482: A new transfer tax derived from stamp duty, was introduced for land transactions from 1 December 2003. "Stamp duty reserve tax" (SDRT) was introduced on agreements to transfer uncertificated shares and other securities in 1986, and with the growth of paperless transactions SDRT rather than stamp duty now applies to most transfers of shares and securities. Stamp duty land tax on transactions was replaced in Scotland by
2560-400: A rate of 0.5% of the consideration for the transfer of shares (in the case of stamp duty, rounded up to the nearest £5). The same transaction may include an agreement to transfer shares which may trigger a liability to SDRT, and the agreement may later be completed by a transfer of the shares which is liable to stamp duty. Provided that the transfer is stamped within 6 years, the charge to SDRT
2688-479: A small platform at the rear called a footboard or a seat called a rumble behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a jump seat . Some seats had an attached backrest called a lazyback . The shafts of a carriage were called limbers in English dialect. Lancewood , a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A holdback , consisting of an iron catch on
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#17327720388422816-579: A special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled wagons and two-wheeled carts were forerunners of carriages. In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versions are made for tourist transport in warm countries and for those cities where tourists expect open horse-drawn carriages to be provided. Simple metal sporting versions are still made for
2944-512: A substantial increase in the revenue from SDLT through bracket creep . In 2000–01, the Inland Revenue received £2.145bn from residential stamp duty. In 2002–03, it received £3.59bn, rising to £6.5bn in 2007-8 Revenue from the tax peaked in 2022-2023 at £15.36 billion, however it has since declined. For residential house purchases, the current rates in England & Northern Ireland from 23 September 2022 are as follows: As part of
3072-480: A tax return is required to be made to the HM Revenue and Customs (previously Inland Revenue) and documents no longer need be given a physical stamp. Like any other self-assessed tax, but unlike stamp duty, HM Revenue and Customs is able to enquire into an SDLT return and raise assessments to recover unpaid SDLT. When a return is accepted by HMRC they provide a certificate without which it is impossible to register
3200-550: A third of London's taxi fleet. In October 2019 the first fully electric cab since the Bersey in 1897, the Dynamo Taxi, was launched with a 187-mile range and with the bodywork based on Nissan's NV200 platform. In London, hackney-carriage drivers have to pass a test called The Knowledge to demonstrate that they have an intimate knowledge of the geography of London streets, important buildings, etc. Learning The Knowledge allows
3328-527: A two year measure by the Labour in 2010, just before the 2010 General Election . The removal of the "slab" structure in 2014 meant that all purchases under the threshold were tax free, regardless of the status of the buyer. On 2 September 2008, the UK Government announced that the threshold for paying SDLT would be raised from £125k to £175k for one year, as from 3 September 2008. In the 2009 Budget ,
3456-450: A very junior Archbishopric of Esztergom developed a taste for Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy. Then rather suddenly, in around 1550, the "coach" made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages. However, the new "coach" seems to have been a fashionable concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there
3584-557: A wheel called a fifth wheel sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt or perchbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a headblock might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring. Originally, the word fittings referred to metal elements such as bolts and brackets, furnishings leaned more to leatherwork and upholstery or referred to metal buckles on harness, and appointments were things brought to
3712-615: A yard, court or street, is called a mews . A kind of dynamometer called a peirameter indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track. In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many horse shows host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages, carts , or buggies and, occasionally, sulkies or wagons . Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages. in England. Terminology varies:
3840-402: A young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt
3968-755: A £16 million agreement between the London Taxi Company and Baku Taxi Company. Although the LEVC TX is more expensive and exceeds the Japanese size classifications to gain the tax advantages Japanese livery drivers enjoy with the similarly designed but smaller Toyota JPN Taxi, Geely has attempted to break into the Japanese market. Alternatively, while the Toyota JPN Taxi doesn't meet the passenger capacity or turning radius Conditions of Fitness required by Transport for London , it does meet
Hackney carriage - Misplaced Pages Continue
4096-540: Is bred for running beside a carriage. A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a carriage porch or porte cochere . An outbuilding for a carriage is a coach house , which was often combined with accommodation for a groom or other servants. A livery stable kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with carriage houses ( remises ) and living quarters built around
4224-422: Is called a bellows top or calash . A hoopstick forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an imperial . A closed carriage may have side windows called quarter lights (British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called
4352-507: Is called a whip . A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a coachman . A person dressed in livery is called a footman . An attendant on horseback called an outrider . A carriage starter directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A hackneyman hired out horses and carriages. Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as carriage folk or carriage trade . Carriage passengers often used
4480-437: Is cancelled to avoid a double charge. Stamp duty on repurchases of shares with a value of less than £1,000 was abolished from 13 March 2008. A higher rate of SDRT at 1.5% is charged for the issue or transfer of shares to a person who operates a depositary receipt scheme or a clearance service (other than CREST, which is exempted). The higher charge compensates for the fact that later transfers of depositary interests or through
4608-630: Is in Wilmington, owned by The British Taxi Company. There are London cabs in Saudi Arabia, Romania, South Africa, Lebanon, Egypt, Bahrain and Cyprus, and in Israel, where a Chinese-made version of LTI's model TX4 built by Geely Automobile is available. In February 2010, a number of TX4s started operating in Pristina , Kosovo and Metohija , and are known as London Taxi. In the United States,
4736-448: Is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations. In 2021 archaeologists discovered the remains of a ceremonial four wheel carriage, a pilentum, near the ancient Roman city of Pompeii . It is thought the pilentum may have been used in ceremonies such as weddings. The find has been described as being "in an excellent state of preservation". Though
4864-407: Is no obvious technological change that accompanied the innovation, either in the use of suspension (which came earlier), or the adoption of springs (which came later). As its use spread throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach's body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-topped tilt to the "four-poster" carriages that became standard everywhere by c.1600. The coach had doors in
4992-409: Is not a stamp duty, but a form of self-assessed transfer tax charged on "land transactions". In Scotland, a Land and Buildings Transaction Tax was introduced from 1 April 2015, replacing SDLT. In Wales, Land Transaction Tax replaced stamp duty in 2018. For typical transactions in land, such as the buying and selling of a residential house, there is little change from stamp duty, except that
5120-457: Is not a stamp tax, but a self-assessed transfer tax which is usually collected automatically by stock market participants (such as brokers) when a transaction takes place. Stamp duty remains in force for shares and securities that are held in certificated form which can only be transferred by using a physical stock transfer form, and runs in parallel to SDRT on agreements to transfer shares. Since 1986, both stamp duty and SDRT have been charged at
5248-573: Is often attributed to the London borough of Hackney , whose name likely originated in Old English meaning 'Haka's Island'. There is some doubt whether the word hack for a horse was derived from this place-name, as the area was historically marshy and not well-suited for keeping horses. The American Hackney Horse Society favours an alternative etymology stemming from the French word haquenée —a horse of medium size recommended for lady riders—which
Hackney carriage - Misplaced Pages Continue
5376-409: Is refunded if the first home is sold within three years. A stamp duty holiday was introduced from 8 July 2020 until 30 June 2021 and from 1 July 2021 to 30 September 2021 offering reduced rates on purchases. A permanent return to the rates that were in place between 1 July and 30 September 2021 was announced with immediate effect at the mini-budget on 23 September 2022. Prior to the 2014 change,
5504-621: Is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on two or three wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of
5632-416: Is very difficult to sell at prices just above each threshold, for example, £250,001. There were regular calls for a different structure for stamp duty to avoid the distorting effect that the slab tax structure has on the housing market. The effect at each trigger point is shown in the table below. Certain properties may be eligible for SDLT relief. For example if the residential property your are purchasing
5760-574: The Finance Act 1986 to ensure that a form of tax equivalent to stamp duty would continue to be payable on the transfer of uncertificated shares. At that time, it was expected that the TAURUS share trading system would come into operation. In the event, SDRT was adapted for the change to trading in uncertificated shares in CREST , and is charged on agreements to transfer shares and other securities. SDRT
5888-684: The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), while armored chariots were also used during the Han dynasty against the Xiongnu Confederation in the Han–Xiongnu War (133 BC to 89 CE), specifically at the Battle of Mobei (119 BCE). Before the Han dynasty, the power of Chinese states and dynasties was often measured by the number of chariots they were known to have. A country of a thousand chariots ranked as
6016-588: The Master of the Horse ). "An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent" was approved by Parliament in 1654, to remedy what it described as the "many Inconveniences [that] do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London, Westminster and the places thereabouts". The first hackney-carriage licences date from
6144-639: The Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002. In Edwardian times, Renault and Unic , but also smaller players like Charron and Darracq were to be found. Fiat was also a presence, with their importer d'Arcy Baker running a fleet of 400 cars of the brand. In the 1920s, Beardmore cabs were introduced and became for a while the most popular. They were nicknamed 'the Rolls-Royce of cabs' for their comfort and robustness. Maxwell Monson introduced Citroën cabs, which were cheaper, but crude in comparison to
6272-698: The Sheriffs of the City of London . A black cab was used in the band Oasis's video for the song " Don't Look Back in Anger ." Black cabs were used as recording studios for indie band performances and other performances in the Black Cab Sessions internet project. Ghosthunting With... featured a black cab owned by host of the show, Yvette Fielding . Bez of the Happy Mondays owns one, shown on
6400-707: The Stamp Act 1765 in the British colonies in America led to the outcry of " no taxation without representation ". The argument over stamp duty contributed to the outbreak of the American War of Independence . Until 1793 stamp duty was always imposed as a fixed amount, regardless of the size of the transaction. In 1808 stamp duty on conveyances of sale , including transfers of land and shares, became an ad valorem tax. Historically, stamp taxes were administered by
6528-483: The Stamp Act 1891 still contain much of the operative law on stamp duties, although there have since been significant amendments and a partial consolidation was made in the Finance Act 1999 . The Stamp Act 1891 was the inspiration for many of the older Australian stamp duty Acts. Between 1782 and 1971, a tax was charged on cheques in the United Kingdom. The charge was one penny until 1918, when Chancellor of
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#17327720388426656-554: The Warring-States Period (476–221 BCE). The main reasons were increased use of the crossbow , use of long halberds up to 18 feet (5.49 m) long and pikes up to 22 feet (6.71 m) long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the adaptation of mounted archery from nomadic cavalry, which were more effective. Chariots would continue to serve as command posts for officers during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and
6784-674: The Zhou dynasty , which conquered the Shang ca. 1046 BCE, made more use of the chariot than did the Shang and "invented a new kind of harness with four horses abreast". The crew consisted of an archer, a driver, and sometimes a third warrior who was armed with a spear or dagger-axe . From the 8th to 5th centuries BCE the Chinese use of chariots reached its peak. Although chariots appeared in greater numbers, infantry often defeated charioteers in battle. Massed-chariot warfare became all but obsolete after
6912-544: The hansom cab was patented by Joseph Hansom : a jaunty single-horse, two-wheel carriage with a distinctive appearance, designed to carry passengers safely in an urban environment. The hansom cab quickly established itself as the standard two-wheel hackney carriage and remained in use into the 20th century. In 1836 the Clarence was introduced to London's streets: a type of small four-wheel enclosed carriage drawn by one or two horses. These became known as 'growlers' because of
7040-566: The police department of the city of Boston has a Hackney Carriage Unit, analogous to taxicab regulators in other cities, that issues Hackney Carriage medallions to its taxi operators. Singapore has used London-style cabs since 1992; starting with the "Fairway". The flag-down fares for the London Taxis are the same as for other taxis. SMRT Corporation , the sole operator, had by March 2013 replaced its fleet of 15 ageing multi-coloured (gold, pink, etc.) taxis with new white ones. They are
7168-505: The 14,700 fleet is zero emission capable. As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities, on 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, the black cab was elected by Londoners as their favourite transport design icon. In 2017, the LEVC TX was introduced - a purpose built hackney carriage, built as a plug-in hybrid range-extender electric vehicle . By April 2022, over 5,000 TX's had been sold in London, around
7296-482: The 1580s; within fifty years hackney coaches were regularly to be seen on the streets of London. In the 1620s there was a proliferation of coaches for hire in the metropolis, so much so that they were seen as a danger to pedestrians in the narrow streets of the city, and in 1635 an Order in Council was issued limiting the number allowed. Two years later a system for licensing hackney coachmen was established (overseen by
7424-464: The 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel C-spring . Many innovations were proposed, and some patented, for new types of suspension or other features. It was only from the 18th century that changes to steering systems were suggested, including the use of the ' fifth wheel ' substituted for the pivoting fore-axle, and on which the carriage turned. Another proposal came from Erasmus Darwin ,
7552-648: The Beardmore. In 1930 dealers Mann and Overton struck a deal with the Austin to bring a modified version of the Austin 12/4 car to the London taxi market. This established Austin as dominant until the end of the 1970s and Mann and Overton until 2012. The Austin FX4 , launched in 1958 , which stayed in production until 1997 under successive manufacturers is perhaps the most iconic and recognised of all hackney carriages and set
7680-870: The Board of Stamps. This merged with the Board of Taxes in 1833/34, and the Board of Inland Revenue was created under the Inland Revenue Board Act 1849 by merger of the Board of Excise and Board of Stamps and Taxes. Stamp taxes were then administered by the Inland Revenue Stamp Taxes business stream (formerly the Stamp Office). Another merger occurred in 2004, when the Inland Revenue and HM Customs & Excise formed HM Revenue & Customs which now itself manages stamp duty. The Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and
7808-469: The Chancellor extended this "stamp duty holiday" until the end of 2009. In the 2010 budget , the Chancellor ended stamp duty on homes under £250,000 for first-time buyers for a two-year period, while introducing a new 5% rate for properties over £1,000,000. In the budget of 2012 , Chancellor George Osborne introduced a new 7% level for properties over £2,000,000 to assuage Liberal Democrat demands for
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#17327720388427936-502: The Exchequer Bonar Law raised it to twopence. The tax was abolished shortly before decimalisation . The Stamps Act 1694 imposed stamp duty on a range of legal instruments . During the early part of the eighteenth century, the duty was extended to cover a number of other paper items (plus dice, which were stamped on their packaging) including the following: Later, because of the perceived efficiency of stamp duty as
8064-499: The Hungarian "Kochi-wagon" do not indicate any suspension, a body with high sides of lightweight wickerwork, and typically drawn by three horses in harness. Later models were considerably lighter and famous for a single horse being able to draw many passengers. The Hungarian coach spread across Europe, initially rather slowly, in part due to Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara (1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen Beatrix of Aragon , who as
8192-558: The LEVC TX of London Electric Vehicle Company (LEVC). London taxis have broad rear doors that open very wide (or slide), and an electrically controlled ramp that is extended for access. Other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat, Ford, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz. These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers, although some models can accommodate eight. Some of these minibus taxis include
8320-640: The London taxi model TXII could be purchased in the United States. Today there are approximately 250 TXIIs in the US, operating as taxis in San Francisco , Dallas , Long Beach , Houston , New Orleans , Las Vegas , Newport, Rhode Island , Wilmington, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon . There are also a few operating in Ottawa, Ontario , Canada. The largest London taxi rental fleet in North America
8448-689: The National Association of Estate Agents and the Association of Residential Letting Agents said that SDLT distorted or depressed the housing market due to the sharp increases above certain thresholds (sometimes known as the "slab" system). Campaigners like the Taxpayers Alliance and Stamp Duty Reform UK , argued for a progressive tax based on incremental tax bands. In November 2013 the Council of Mortgage Lenders produced
8576-466: The Netherlands, France and elsewhere. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, stamp duties were extended to cover newspapers , pamphlets , lottery tickets , apprentices ' indentures , advertisements , playing cards , dice , hats , gloves , patent medicines , perfumes , insurance policies , gold and silver plate, hair powder and armorial bearings . The attempted enforcement of
8704-561: The Public Carriage Office. Elsewhere, councils have their own regulations. Some merely require a driver to pass a DBS disclosure and have a reasonably clean driving licence, while others use their own local versions of London's The Knowledge test. Oil millionaire Nubar Gulbenkian owned an Austin FX3 Brougham Sedanca taxi, with custom coachwork by FLM Panelcraft Ltd as he was quoted "because it turns on
8832-636: The Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot. Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type. The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the head or hood , is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top
8960-603: The Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch , the star of the television series Taxi . ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001. Horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in Cockington , Torquay . The town of Windsor, Berkshire , is the last remaining UK town with a continuous lineage of horse-drawn hackney carriages, operated run by Windsor Carriages,
9088-643: The UK edition of Pimp My Ride . Noel Edmonds used a black cab to commute from his home to the Deal or No Deal studios in Bristol . He placed a dressed mannequin in the back so that he could use special bus/taxi lanes, and so that people would not attempt to hail his cab. The official car of the Governor of the Falkland Islands between 1976 and 2010 was a London taxi. Between 2003 and 1 August 2009
9216-625: The UK, the name hackney carriage today refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office , local authority ( non-metropolitan district councils, unitary authorities ) or the Department of the Environment depending on region of the country. Some hackney carriages have also been exported for use in other countries. The origins of the word hackney in connection with horses and carriages are uncertain. The origin
9344-524: The US around the end of the 19th century, early cars (automobiles) were briefly called horseless carriages . Some horse carts found in Celtic graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically. Four-wheeled wagons were used in Bronze Age Europe , and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage (that survived until
9472-403: The United Kingdom, is that more than 40% of the annual intake is collected from outside the UK, thus creating an annual inflow of approx. £1.5 billion from foreign investors to the UK government. Stamp duty land tax (SDLT) is a tax on land transactions in England and Northern Ireland. It was introduced by the Finance Act 2003 . It largely replaced stamp duty with effect from 1 December 2003. SDLT
9600-589: The United States by some minority groups such as the Amish . They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for sightseeing in cities such as Bruges , Vienna, New Orleans , and Little Rock, Arkansas . The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the Royal Mews in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and postillions . The horses earn their keep by supporting
9728-451: The acquisition of CCF shares breached EEC Directive 69/335/EEC on capital taxes. Ultimately HSBC won, with the 1.5% SDRT charge prohibited for any delivery (definitely pre-Brexit, and apparently post Brexit also ) into an EU clearance system, and the initial delivery of newly issued shares into any clearance system worldwide. HMRC was obliged to refund SDRT improperly levied. A unique feature of SDRT, compared to other purely domestic taxes in
9856-655: The age of the motor car) were established then. First prototyped in the 3rd millennium BC , a bullock cart is a large two-wheeled cart pulled by oxen or buffalo. It includes a sturdy wooden pole between the oxen, a yoke connecting a pair of oxen, a wooden platform for passengers or cargo, and large steel rimmed wooden wheels. Two-wheeled carriage models have been discovered from the Indus valley civilization including twin horse drawn covered carriages resembling ekka from various sites such as Harappa , Mohenjo Daro and Chanhu Daro . The earliest recorded sort of carriage
9984-440: The amount, as detailed in the section above. This change was beneficial for 98% of property purchases but caused a collapse in sales at the upper end of the market. In the 2015 Autumn Statement, Chancellor George Osborne announced further reforms to stamp duty. With effect from April 2016, buyers of second homes (whether Buy to let or holiday homes) pay a 3% surcharge on top of the standard rate for any particular price. This
10112-468: The ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th century ("chars branlant" or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were usually on four wheels and were drawn by two to four horses depending on their size and status. Wood and iron were
10240-642: The basic styling parameters of its successors. Morrises cabs were also seen, in small numbers, but after the Second World War, produced the Oxford, made by Wolseleys . Outside of London, the regulations governing the hackney cab trade are different. Four-door saloon cars have been highly popular as hackney carriages, but with disability regulations growing in strength and some councils offering free licensing for disabled-friendly vehicles, many operators are now opting for wheelchair-adapted taxis such as
10368-435: The beam and so lose useful momentum the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use. A catch or block called a trigger may be used to hold a wheel on an incline. A horizontal wheel or segment of
10496-401: The brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning. A pivoting front axle changes a carriage's base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin suggested a fix for these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn (independently of
10624-399: The carriage body is the undergear or undercarriage (or simply carriage ), consisting of the running gear and chassis. The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the running gear . The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a bar or beam called an axle or axletree . Most carriages have either one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of
10752-462: The clearance services will not attract SDRT. This type of SDRT is by nature paid almost exclusively by offshore (i.e. non-UK) investors, primarily US fund managers and amounts to approx. 25% of the total SDRT collected annually. Over several years after its July 2000 acquisition of CCF , HSBC and its custodians mounted lawsuits against HMRC alleging that the levying of the 1.5% SDRT charge on delivery of HSBC shares into Euroclear as consideration for
10880-445: The company Eyetease Ltd. introduced digital screens on the roofs of London taxis for dynamically changing location-specific advertising. 2011 saw the launch of many digital hailing applications for hackney carriages that operate through smartphones, including GetTaxi and Hailo . Many of these applications also facilitate payment and tracking of the taxicabs. Laws about the definition, licensing and operation of hackney carriages have
11008-584: The custom of a passenger's sitting on the right, behind the driver, provided a reason for the right-hand traffic in Savoy Court , allowing hotel patrons to board and alight from the driver's side. The design standards for London taxis are set out in the Conditions of Fitness , which are now published by Transport for London . The first edition was published in May 1906, by the Public Carriage Office, which
11136-529: The driver to become a member of the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers . There are two types of badge, a yellow one for the suburban areas and a green one for all of London. The latter is considered far more difficult. Drivers who own their cabs as opposed to renting from a garage are known as "mushers" and those who have just passed the "knowledge" are known as "butter boys". There are currently around 21,000 black cabs in London, licensed by
11264-486: The emissions and accessibility requirements that may make it an ideal option for cities outside of London without the seating requirements or as a private hire vehicle while still evoking the familiar black cab profile. During the 2008 Olympic Games , there were about 100 Hackney carriages were operating in Beijing . There have been different makes and types of hackney cab through the years, including: In October 2011
11392-408: The end of the Second World War, sold in a standard colour of black. This, in the 1970s gave rise within the minicab trade to the nickname 'black cab' and it has become common currency. However, before the Second World War, London's cabs were seen in a variety of colours. They are produced in a variety of colours, sometimes in advertising brand liveries (see below). Fifty golden cabs were produced for
11520-589: The exact date of when the Chinese started to use carriages is largely unknown, early oracle bone inscriptions discovered in Henan province show that the carriage had already developed into many different forms. The earliest archaeological evidence of chariots in China, a chariot burial site discovered in 1933 at Hougang, Anyang in Henan province, dates to the rule of King Wu Ding of the late Shang dynasty ( c. 1250 BCE ). Oracle bone inscriptions suggest that
11648-478: The first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path. One of the great innovations in carriage history was the invention of the suspended carriage or the chariot branlant (though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The "chariot branlant" of medieval illustrations
11776-504: The front axle) about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented in 1818 as Ackermann steering . Darwin argued that carriages would then be easier to pull and less likely to overturn. Carriage use in North America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between
11904-456: The introduction of the first accessible taxi in 1987. On 14 December 2010, Mayor of London Boris Johnson released an air quality strategy paper encouraging phasing out of the oldest of the LT cabs, and proposing a £1m fund to encourage taxi owners to upgrade to low-emission vehicles. Since 2018, all newly registered taxis in London must be zero emission, and as of December 2023 more than half of
12032-416: The lease, at the rate of 1% of the (discounted) net present value of rent passing under the whole term of the lease. Previously, stamp duty was charged at rate of up to 24% of the annual rent. The amount of SDLT due on the grant of a typical commercial lease generally amounts to a substantial increase from the amount of stamp duty that would have been due previously. In 2005, the threshold for paying SDLT
12160-410: The licence having been passed down from driver to driver since the 1830's. The original hackney licence is in place, allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662. The city of Bath has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, but still carrying hackney plates. Though there has never been law requiring London's taxis to be black, they were, since
12288-442: The licensing of up to 200 hackney chariots was permitted, which carried a maximum of three passengers inside and one servant outside (such was the popularity of these new faster carriages that the number of licences was doubled the following year). Shortly afterwards even lighter carriages began to be licensed: the two-wheel, single-horse cabriolets or 'cabs', which were licensed to carry no more than two passengers. Then, in 1834,
12416-407: The motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: "An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle". The original feature of this modification was that instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract
12544-460: The new Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) from 1 April 2015 and replaced in Wales by Land Transaction Tax on 1 April 2018. Physical stamping of documents for stamp duty was retired on 19 July 2021, having been replaced by an electronic system. Aside from an exemption for 'qualifying intermediaries' such as market makers at large banks, Stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) was introduced under
12672-472: The newer and smaller carriages—operated in London in 1621. The New York City colloquial terms "hack" (taxi or taxi-driver), hackstand (taxi stand), and hack license (taxi licence) are probably derived from hackney carriage. Such cabs are now regulated by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . The widespread use of private coaches by the English aristocracy began to be seen in
12800-529: The north and south. Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon
12928-472: The one illustrated in the Luttrell Psalter, would still have been a quite rare means of aristocratic transport, and they would have been very costly until the end of the century. They would have had four six-spoke six-foot high wheels that were linked by greased axles under the body of the coach, and did not necessarily have any suspension. The chassis was made from oak beam and the barrel shaped roof
13056-463: The only wheelchair-accessible taxis in Singapore, and were brought back following an outcry after the removal of the service. By 2011 a thousand of a Chinese-made version of LTI's latest model, TX4, had been ordered by Baku Taxi Company. The plan is part of a program originally announced by Azerbaijan's Ministry of Transportation to introduce London cabs to the capital, Baku . The move was part of
13184-536: The previous owner's coat of arms on the doors. There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney coach , which was specifically a hireable vehicle with four wheels, two horses and six seats: four on the inside for the passengers and two on the outside (one for a servant and the other for the driver, who was popularly termed the Jarvey (also spelled jarvie )). For many years only coaches, to this specification, could be licensed for hire; but in 1814
13312-403: The primary materials needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather. Another form of carriage was the pageant wagon of the 14th century. Historians debate the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon
13440-436: The reign of William III and Mary II , under "An act for granting to their Majesties several duties upon vellum, parchment and paper, for four years, towards carrying on the war against France". In the 1702/03 financial year 3,932,933 stamps were embossed in England for a total value of £91,206.10s.4d. Stamp duty was so successful that it continues to this day through a series of Stamp Acts . Similar duties have been levied in
13568-588: The response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Summer Statement introduced a temporary reduction in stamp duty for buyers in England and Northern Ireland completing purchases before 31 March 2021 with no stamp duty due on the first £500,000 of property value. This was implemented into law through the Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020 . In the March 2021 United Kingdom budget the deadline
13696-469: The roads in Ireland and Scotland . The French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre . Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1897. In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company : the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, Walter Bersey . Another nickname was Hummingbirds from
13824-405: The running gear, or forecarriage , is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a dropped axle , bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows for a low body with large wheels. A guard called a dirtboard keeps dirt from the axle arm. Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and
13952-532: The same parts used in carriages and coaches, and some horse carriage terminology has survived in modern automobiles. "We must not forget that the early railway carriages were basically mail-coaches on iron wheels, and the early motor-cars differed from the horse-drawn wagonette or coupe only in so far that there was no horse tied to it." —László Tarr in The History of the Carriage The carriage driver
14080-406: The same rules apply as for those who have purchased a home before. The government defines first-time buyers as “an individual or individuals who have never owned an interest in a residential property in the United Kingdom or anywhere else in the world and who intends to occupy the property as their main residence”. Prior to 4 December 2014 the rates were as follows: At this time, SDLT worked on
14208-424: The shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the yoke . At the end of a trace , a loop called a cockeye attaches to the carriage. In some carriage types, the body is suspended from several leather straps called braces or thoroughbraces , attached to or serving as springs. Beneath
14336-571: The side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the Moscow Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in
14464-770: The simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the US, but a "carriage" in Australia. Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving: combined driving , also known as horse-driving trials , an equestrian discipline regulated by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The World Equestrian Games , held at four-year intervals, also includes
14592-484: The sound that they made. In August 1897, 25 were introduced, and by 1898, there were 50 more. During the early 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models. In 1910, the number of motor cabs on London streets outnumbered horse-drawn growlers and hansoms for the first time. At the time of the outbreak of World War I , the ratio was seven to one in favour of motorized cabs. The last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947. UK regulations define
14720-415: The sound they made on the cobbled streets. Much slower than a hansom cab, they nevertheless had room for up to four passengers (plus one servant) and space on the roof for luggage. As such they remained in use as the standard form of four-wheeled hackney carriage until replaced by motorised taxi cabs in the early 20th century. A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied
14848-442: The splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a futchel , which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the backstay may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle. A skid called a drag , dragshoe , shoe or skidpan retards
14976-468: The sport known as competitive driving. The word carriage (abbreviated carr or cge ) is from Old Northern French cariage , to carry in a vehicle. The word car , then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century (probably derived from the Late Latin carro , a car ); it is also used for railway carriages and in
15104-451: The turn of the 18th century, wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on
15232-456: The western enemies of the Shang used limited numbers of chariots in battle, but the Shang themselves used them only as mobile command-vehicles and in royal hunts. During the Shang dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with a complete household and servants, including a chariot, horses, and a charioteer. A Shang chariot was often drawn by two horses, but four-horse variants are occasionally found in burials. Jacques Gernet claims that
15360-677: The work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with the King and Queen in landaus ; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of
15488-506: Was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions. Stamp Office Stamp duty in the United Kingdom is a form of tax charged on legal instruments (written documents), and historically required a physical stamp to be attached to or impressed upon the document in question. The more modern versions of the tax no longer require a physical stamp. Stamp duty was first introduced in England on 28 June 1694, during
15616-653: Was brought to England with the Norman Conquest and became fully assimilated into the English language by the start of the 14th century. The word became associated with an ambling horse, usually for hire. The place-name, through its famous association with horses and horse-drawn carriages, is also the root of the Spanish word jaca , a term used for a small breed of horse and the Sardinian achetta horse. The first documented hackney coach—the name later extended to
15744-505: Was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses. Under King Mathias Corvinus (1458–90), who enjoyed fast travel, the Hungarians developed fast road transport, and the town of Kocs between Budapest and Vienna became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type. The earliest illustrations of
15872-444: Was extended to 30 June 2021 for purchases up to £500,000 and 30 September 2021 for purchases up to £125,000. Despite a reversion of rates on 1 October 2021 a permanent reduction to the rates in place during the second period of the stamp duty holiday took effect on 23 September 2022. First time buyers can claim a relief if they purchase their first home after 23 September 2022. This means they will pay: For purchases above £625,001
16000-548: Was raised from £60,000 to £120,000. In 2006, the threshold was further raised to £125,000. In certain disadvantaged areas, the threshold is raised to £150,000. In 2007, at the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool, George Osborne , then Shadow Chancellor , announced that a Conservative government would abolish stamp duty for first-time buyers on properties up to £250,000. This was introduced as
16128-513: Was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed. Suspension, whether on chains or leather, might provide a smoother ride since the carriage body no longer rested on the axles, but could not prevent swinging (branlant) in all directions. It is clear from illustrations (and surviving examples) that the medieval suspended carriage with a round tilt was a widespread European type, referred to by any number of names (car, currus, char, chariot). In 14th century England carriages, like
16256-515: Was the chariot , reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC. Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the Near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two standing passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness. First century BC Romans used sprung wagons for overland journeys. It
16384-524: Was then part of the Metropolitan Police . These regulations set out the conditions under which a taxi may operate and have been updated over the years to keep pace with motor car development and legislation. Changes include regulating the taximeter (made compulsory in 1907), advertisements and the turning circle of 8.535 m (28 ft). Until the beginning of the 1980s, London Taxis were not allowed to carry any advertisements. The London Taxis fleet has been fully accessible since 1 January 2000, following
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