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33-893: Later Liang may refer to the following states in Chinese history: Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) (後涼; 386–403), one of the Sixteen Kingdoms Western Liang (555–587) , also known as Later Liang (後梁), a state during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period Later Liang (Five Dynasties) (後梁; 907–923), a state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period See also [ edit ] Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (disambiguation) Liang dynasty (disambiguation) Western Liang (disambiguation) Southern Liang (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

66-539: A general mobilization against Jin: 6 of every 10 able-bodied men were conscripted, and 30,000 elite guards ( 羽林郎 ) were gathered. In August 383, Fu Jiān sent his brother, Fu Rong , the Duke of Yangping (who had opposed the campaign), with an army of 300,000 as the advance force. Later that month, Fu Jiān marched with his army of 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry from Chang'an . In September, Fu Jiān reached Xiangcheng. Separate columns were to push downstream from Sichuan, but

99-507: A major assault. The "Qin is Defeated" rumor spread like wildfire, and chaos followed. Fu Rong personally tried to halt the retreat and reorganize his troops, but his horse suddenly fell and he was killed by advancing Jin troops. The Jin generals noticed the chaotic footprints and wheel marks and declared that the Former Qin army was not in an organized retreat but was indeed in total disarray. The Jin soldiers continued their pursuit, and

132-461: A massive civil war, resulting in its eventual collapse, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and subsequent Han -ruled regimes south of the Yangtze River . The state of Former Qin, led by ethnic Di ( 氐 ) tribesmen, rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s. Fu Jiān, the nephew of the founder Fu Jiàn , was a vigorous leader of tremendous drive and ambition. In 370 he conquered

165-453: A professional military unit. In October 383, the Former Qin forces under Fu Rong captured the important Jin city of Shouyang ( 壽陽 , in modern Lu'an , Anhui ). Fu Jiān, seeing the possibility of achieving a quick victory, left his main force at Xiangcheng and led 8,000 light cavalry to rendezvous with Fu Rong. Fu Jiān sent captured Jin official Zhu Xu as a messenger to try to persuade Xie Shi to surrender. Instead, Zhu tipped off Xie Shi to

198-451: A retreat. The Jin's tactics of ambush and bribery now paid off. Many soldiers in the Former Qin army began to wonder why a sudden retreat order was given. Already retreating and demoralized, the Former Qin army went into a panic when Zhu Xu raised a cry of "the Qin army has been defeated" and it was routed. Xie Xuan and generals Xie Yan ( 謝琰 ) and Huan Yi crossed the river and launched

231-509: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) All rulers of the Later Liang proclaimed themselves "Heavenly King" ( Tian Wang ). The state's founder, Lü Guang initially took on lesser titles before declaring himself Heavenly King of Liang in 396, and so the state was only known as "Liang" (涼) from 396 to 403. The Later Liang at its peak controlled

264-455: Is not familiar with the means of leading troops to fight. Now that the great enemy is coming, they are still playing to their heart's content, they will talk big, and they can only send young people (Xie Xuan) who have never fought to resist, coupled with the lack of numbers and weak troops, the end of the country has long been known, and we are about to be ruled by barbarians!" Later, the Jin army on

297-710: The Eastern Jin dynasty . The location of the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists but is believed to have flowed through modern Lu'an , Anhui , near the Huai River . The battle is considered to be one of the most significant and pivotal battles in Chinese history, as it ensured the survival of the Eastern Jin and Han-ruled regimes in South China. In the aftermath of the battle, the Former Qin fell into

330-653: The Hexi Corridor in Gansu with Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ) as their capital. After the Southern Liang and Northern Liang broke away in 397, their territory was gradually reduced to their capital region in central Gansu. Lü Guang was a Di military general under the Former Qin dynasty . His family was from Lüeyang Commandery , and his father, Lü Polou was a key figure in supporting Fu Jian to

363-442: The Fei River so that the two armies could engage. Most Former Qin generals opposed that plan, since maneuvering such a large army in that manner was too complicated for the benefits that might be obtained, especially with so many poorly trained troops. Fu Jiān overruled them, however, planning to attack the Jin army as it was crossing the river to seize a tactical advantage, as the Jin would be split in two. Fu Rong agreed and ordered

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396-459: The Later Qin in the east, who then laid siege onto Guzang and forced Lü Long to submit as a vassal. Later Qin bestowed Lü Long the title of Duke of Jiankang and allowed him to remain at Guzang, although they also brought back with them Kumārajīva, who had been living as a captive under Later Liang. Lü Long continued to face attacks from Southern Liang and Northern Liang. No longer able to withstand

429-828: The Tufa-Xianbei tribe rebelled at Lianchuan (廉川堡, in modern Haidong Prefecture , Qinghai ) and founded the Southern Liang , while at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye , Gansu ), the Han Chinese administrator, Duan Ye , with the help of the Lushuihu Juqu tribe, established the Northern Liang . From here on, the Later Liang started to decline. In 400, Lü Guang declared himself retired emperor while his eldest son to his wife, Lü Shao succeeded him as Heavenly King. However, shortly after Lü Guang died,

462-477: The battle, Jin forces advanced to the Yellow River and recovered much of the Chinese heartland, forming a basis for Liu Yu's expeditions and the Southern and Northern dynasties period that would follow soon afterward. This battle is famous not only because of its significance in history but also because it demonstrated the importance of troop training, morale, loyalty and organized battle command. The battle

495-620: The eastern front defeated the Qin army, and Huan Chong was ashamed to learn the news, and died of an attack of illness at the age of 57. Fu Jiān's force was composed of many smaller armies levied from the conquered northern territories, along with cavalry drawn from the nomadic peoples of the north (the Xianbei and Xiongnu ). Most men had little or no loyalty to the Former Qin, and many were forced to join or joined only because of military rations and pay. Many battalions had problems following orders as instructed by their commanding officers. Fu

528-417: The eldest among all of Lü Guang's son, Lü Zuan , launched a coup and forced Lü Shao to commit suicide. During his reign, Lü Zuan attacked Southern Liang and Northern Liang but to no avail. In 401, his cousin, Lü Chao had him assassinated and passed the throne to his own brother, Lü Long . Soon after taking power, Lü Long had many of the local leaders killed. The situation in Later Liang soon became known to

561-413: The entire Former Qin force collapsed. A large amount of food and supplies were abandoned as Former Qin soldiers tried to escape with their lives. In the ensuing retreat and pursuit, an estimated 70-80% of the Former Qin troops died from combat, starvation and exposure to the elements. The Jin army defeated the overwhelming Former Qin forces with only minor casualties. The Jin had routed and killed most of

594-491: The escaping soldiers of the Former Qin army, greatly weakening the pool of troops from which the Former Qin could draw. Fu Jiān's forces were not able to be reorganized, even after he eventually withdrew to Luoyang under the protection of Murong Chui , whose 30,000-man army was one of the few that did not collapse. Meanwhile, agrarian rebellions arose after news of the defeat at Fei River. Murong Chui used this opportunity to ask Fu Jiān to let him try to lead an army to pressure

627-403: The fact that the entire Former Qin force had not yet arrived and that he should try to defeat the advanced Former Qin forces to cripple the Former Qin's campaign. At Zhu's suggestion, Xie Xuan and Liu Laozhi ( 劉牢之 ) led 5,000 elite troops to engage the advanced Former Qin force, scoring a devastating victory, killing 15,000 men. Afterwards, Jin troops were lined up in a wide formation to give

660-547: The illusion that the Jin forces could match Former Qin's manpower. Because of the early minor defeats and the Jin formation, Fu Jiān overestimated the amount of Jin forces. In November 383, the Former Qin troops set up camp west of the Fei River . The Jin forces stopped east of the Fei and could not advance. Xie Xuan sent a messenger to Fu Rong, suggesting that the Former Qin forces retreat slightly west to allow Jin troops to cross

693-488: The lowly title of Duke of Jiuquan. While a brilliant commander, Lü Guang was an unpopular ruler, as he was prone to killing his subjects and heavily relied on military might to consolidate his rule. In 386, he had several famous local literati executed, leading to a wave of rebellions breaking out in his territory, one of which was led by a member of the Former Liang ruling family, Zhang Dayu . Lü Guang managed to quell

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726-546: The main offensive would occur against the city of Shouchun on the Huai River . Emperor Xiaowu of Jin hurriedly made preparations for defense. He gave Huan Chong responsibility for the defense of the Middle Yangtze. The pressing defense of the Huai River was given to Xie Shi ( 謝石 ) and Xie Xuan and the elite 80,000-strong Beifu Army ( 北府兵 ). Prime Minister Xie An oversaw overall strategy. Huan Chong

759-426: The pressure, he surrendered his entire territory to Later Qin and moved to their capital of Chang'an in 403, thus ending the Later Liang. Lü Long served as an official under Later Qin and kept his title of Duke of Jiankang. He became a confidant to the prince, Yao Bi , who plotted to usurp the role of Crown Prince from his brother, Yao Hong . However, in 416, after a failed coup, Yao Bi committed suicide and Lü Long

792-467: The prior year, Lü Guang posthumously honoured him as Emperor Wenzhao before introducing a new reign era at his capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ). Historians consider this the beginning of the Later Liang dynasty, named so to distinguish it with the Former Liang and other Liang states from the period. However, Lü Guang would only claim an imperial title in 387, and even then, it was merely

825-549: The rebels in the eastern empire back into submission. Instead, Murong Chui himself rebelled in early 384, which started a chain reaction of many Xianbei and Qiang uprisings. The Former Qin capital Chang'an would fall in 385 to the Xianbei forces of Western Yan , and Fu Jiān himself would die later that year at the hands of his former general Yao Chang , the founder of Later Qin . While Former Qin would last until 394, it would never regain its power and glory. In addition, after

858-619: The revolts, and in 389, he elevated himself to King of Sanhe. He then began a continuous war with the Western Qin in Longxi in 391, eventually managing to briefly force them into submission in 395. In 396, he finally claimed the title of Heavenly King of Great Liang. In 397, intending to punish Western Qin for rebelling, Lü Guang began another campaign against them, but this time, his forces were badly routed. After this defeat, another wave of rebellions broke out in Later Liang. Most notably,

891-418: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Later Liang . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Later_Liang&oldid=871226171 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

924-461: The state of Former Yan and in 373 seized modern Sichuan and Chongqing from Jin. In 379, the strategically important city of Xiangyang , gateway to the Middle Yangtze, fell to Qin. By 381, he had conquered all of north China and was preparing for an invasion of the south. In May 383, a Jin army of 100,000 commanded by Huan Chong attempted to recover Xiangyang but was driven off by a Qin relief column of 50,000 men. In response, Fu Jiān ordered

957-625: The throne. Lü Guang participated in various military campaigns under Fu Jian, and in 383, he was sent to command an expedition to the Western Regions . In 384, Lü Guang conquered Kucha , where he captured and met the Buddhist monk, Kumārajīva . He initially intended to settle down in the Western Regions, but at the advice of Kumārajīva, decided to return to Former Qin with his plunders. The Inspector of Liang province, Liang Xi

990-402: Was deeply worried and sent three thousand elite soldiers into the city to support the capital, but was resolutely stopped by Xie An, saying: "The way the imperial court will deal with it has been decided, there is no shortage of soldiers and weapons, please stay in the west, just in case." Huan Chong sighed at his subordinates and said, "Xie An has the strength to live in the imperial court, but he

1023-550: Was executed along with his brother Lü Chao. Battle of Fei River The Battle of Fei River , also known as the Battle of Feishui ( simplified Chinese : 淝水之战 ; traditional Chinese : 淝水之戰 ; pinyin : Féishǔi zhī zhàn ), took place in the autumn of 383 AD in China, where forces of the Di -led Former Qin dynasty were decisively defeated by the outnumbered army of

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1056-412: Was suspicious of Lü Guang and attempted to prevent him from returning. However, Lü Guang defeated and executed Liang Xi, thus taking control of the province and appointing himself as the new Inspector. It was around this time when he was made aware that the Former Qin was disintegrating following their defeat to the Eastern Jin at the Battle of Fei River in 383. In 386, after hearing of Fu Jian's death

1089-532: Was warned of the poor training of his heterogeneous army, but instead chose to rely on the vast number of men that made up the army, saying, "My army is so huge that if all the men throw their whips into the Yangtze, its flow will be stopped" ( 投鞭断流 ). Xie Xuan 's Beifu army was drawn from the militarized settlements of powerful local families, with officers bringing along their own hereditary troops. This army underwent significant training and could be considered

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