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67-608: Latton may refer to: Latton, Harlow , a village now situated in Harlow New Town, Essex, England Latton, a townland in Ireland, see List of townlands of County Monaghan Latton, Wiltshire , a village near Cricklade in Wiltshire, England [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

134-472: A Mesolithic (circa 10,000 BC) hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s (Unpublished) closely followed by the large and unexcavated deposits of Neolithic flint beside Gilden Way. These deposits are mostly known because of the large numbers of surface-bound, worked flint. Substantial amounts of worked flint suggest an organised working of flint in the area. Large amounts of debitage litter

201-595: A biscuit factory, on the Pinnacles. Owned and run as a co-op, it provided employment to the town for over 50 years, before closing in 2002. It has since been demolished and the site now has small industrial units. At its peak, the factory employed over 500 people. Raytheon and GlaxoSmithKline both have large premises within the town. In July 2017 Public Health England had bought the vacant site from GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) hoping to move altogether 2,745 jobs there, of which about 500 are from Porton Down . Nortel had

268-572: A court hearing in July 2020 Harlow Council withdrew the injunction. Harlow is served by two railway stations : Harlow Town and Harlow Mill ; both are served by trains between London Liverpool Street and Cambridge . Harlow Town is also a stop on the Stansted Express , providing frequent services between London and Stansted Airport. All trains serving both stations are operated by Greater Anglia . There are also frequent bus services from

335-424: A focal point for the town's extensive bus network and serves as a regional hub for the local area. The current site was constructed between 2001 and 2003, containing 15 stands and a small visitor information centre. In July 2022, Harlow Council unveiled plans to completely rebuild the bus station at a cost of £15m, along with the construction of a brand new integrated transport and cycle hub. Planning permission for

402-478: A large site on the eastern edge of the town, acquired when STC was bought in 1991, and it was here that Charles K. Kao developed optical fibre data transmission. Nortel still has a presence, but it is much reduced. The site now is host to electronics, education and housing companies. One of Europe's leading online golf stores, Onlinegolf, is based in Harlow. Unemployment is frequently around 10%, higher than

469-646: A method of classifying debitage into four categories: complete flakes, broken (proximal) flakes, flake fragments (medial-distal flakes), and fragments that are unable to be oriented. Some success has been shown in using this classification to differentiate between different reduction strategies. Using discriminant analysis and Sullivan and Rozen's system to classify debitage, Austin (1997) was able to correctly distinguish between patterned tool and core reduction techniques for 93.33% of his experimental assemblages. Austin also tested how this typology would operate with mixed assemblages. He found that in an assemblage where there

536-405: A multimillion-pound extension of the town's Harvey Centre. The Iranian-born entrepreneur, who presented his case in person, persuaded Mr Justice Richards to quash Harlow DC's grant of planning permission for the development. In his judgment he backed Mr Ghadami's claim of 'apparent bias or predetermination' in the decision, as a result of the continued participation of Michael Garnett, the chairman of

603-410: A northern and southern bypass of the town, and significant expansion to the north, following the completed expansion to the east. The Harlow North plans, currently awaiting permission, involve an extension of the town across the floodplains on the town's northern border, into neighbouring Hertfordshire . The plan was supported by former MP Bill Rammell , all three political groups on Harlow Council, and

670-460: A number of years. Following the schools closure, the site was demolished and redeveloped into a £23 million state of the art Academy which Passmores School and Technology College relocated to in September 2011 opening as Passmores Academy. In the 1980s, a further two secondary schools were closed, Latton Bush (now a commercial centre and recreational centre) and Netteswell (now forms part of

737-436: A proliferation of new 'rabbit hutch'-sized flats, which are then let to London-borough waiting-list families. These are erected under permitted development rights which mean the local authority cannot refuse planning permission . A major feature of Harlow New Town is its green spaces; over one third of the district is parkland or fields containing public footpaths. One of the original design features of Gibberd's masterplan

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804-902: A quarried source, or from found cobbles also leave different signatures. Some claim that they can determine the sort of tools used to create the debitage. Others feel it is possible to effectively estimate the work-hours represented, or the skill of the workers based on the nature of the debitage. Debitage analysis of biface reduction can be used to determine what stage of reduction is represented in waste. Stahle and Dunn (1982) found that, as waste flake size decreases from initial to final stages in biface production, systematic changes in flake size can be used to identify stages of reduction in anonymous debitage samples through comparison with experimental assemblages. Use of Weibull distributions and least square analysis helped Stahle and Dunn confirm that this method can be used backward to estimate reduction stages of particular debitage frequencies. Other studies comparing

871-578: A small number of routes. There is also a National Express coach service between Stansted Airport and Oxford via Luton and Milton Keynes . Essex County Council was involved in development to Harlow's First Avenue, which was intended to reduce congestion and create better transport connections between the Newhall housing developments. The scheme was implemented in two phases, each phase focusing on developing First Avenue on either side of Howard Way. Phase two had an estimated cost of £4.4 million and

938-586: A variety of subjects relevant to local employers' needs. Debitage Debitage analysis, a sub-field of lithic analysis , considers the entire lithic waste assemblage. The analysis is undertaken by investigating differing patterns of debris morphology, size, and shape, among other things. This allows researchers to make more accurate assumptions regarding the purpose of the lithic reduction. Quarrying activities, core reduction, biface creation, tool manufacture, and retooling are believed to leave significantly different debitage assemblages. Lithic manufacture from

1005-615: A £20bn pledge by the government. Following Labour's victory at the 2024 United Kingdom general election , these plans have currently been placed under review. Harlow contains seven state-funded secondary schools: St. Nicholas School is a private school in the town while Harlow College provides sixth form and further education . St Mark's West Essex Catholic School and BMAT STEM Academy also provide sixth form education. Brays Grove Community School and Specialist Arts College closed down in June 2008 due to decreasing pupil numbers over

1072-500: Is Grade I listed and is a scheduled ancient monument . Kingsmoor House on Paringdon Road is a Grade II* listed building and dates from the 18th century. It was built as a gentleman's residence and owned by local families including the Risden , Houblon and Todhunter families. It was later used as a private school and council offices before falling derelict. It has since been restored and converted into residential apartments. Harlow

1139-554: Is Michael Neylan's pioneering development at Bishopsfield. The first neighbourhood, Mark Hall, is a conservation area. From 1894 to 1955 the Harlow parish formed part of the Epping Rural District of Essex. From 1955 to 1974, Harlow was an urban district . On 1 April 1974 the parish and urban district was abolished and it became an unparished area . The town centre, and many of its neighbourhood shopping facilities have undergone major redevelopment, along with many of

1206-438: Is a mixture of debitage from a patterned tool and core reduction, it is likely to be classified as a patterned tool assemblage, if the core debitage represents 50% or less of the total assemblage. Austin pointed out many factors that could change the characteristics of debitage (post-depositional processes, differences in raw material, etc.) and suggested that his method should be used in a preliminary fashion. Debitage refitting

1273-456: Is a process whereby the collected assemblages of debitage are painstakingly put back together, like pieces in a puzzle. This can sometimes indicate the nature of the tools being produced, although missing pieces are a significant problem. More often, debitage refitting is used to learn how rocks were moved during the lithic manufacture process. This can sometimes indicate work areas, division of labor, or trade routes. Debitage sourcing looks at

1340-514: Is a town and local government district located in the west of Essex , England. Founded as a new town , it is situated on the border with Hertfordshire , and occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley , which has been made navigable through other towns and features a canal section near its watermill . Old Harlow is a historic village founded by the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of

1407-533: Is based at Harlow Civic Centre at the Water Gardens in the town centre. The Member of Parliament (MP) for Harlow since the 2024 general election is Labour Chris Vince . He defeated Conservative candidate Hannah Ellis with a majority of 2,504 (5.8%). In 2015 Harlow was the first town in Britain to take out a district wide injunction against unauthorised encampments by Travellers. However following

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1474-415: Is based on analyzing debitage populations based on their size distribution across specified size grades. Ahler (1989) conducted an experimental replication under some technological settings and classified debitage into five groups according to their size, Discriminant analysis (by SPSS DISCRIMINANT function) was applied to compare mass analysis data sets for these five experimental data groups. He then compared

1541-470: Is being employed. The reason for which Andrefsky believes mass analysis have become so popular is due to the process's ease of use and speed. Andrefsky even quotes Ahler that between individual specimen analysis and mass analysis, mass analysis has the advantage because of four reasons: 1) biases are eliminated because mass analysis looks at the entire assemblage; both completed and fractured. 2) Because mass analysis doesn't require looking at each artifact, it

1608-468: Is in the centre Netteswell ward and is between the town centre and the railway station, both of which are within walking distance of the park, which is a natural thoroughfare from the station to the town centre. There are only 12 parks with significant post-war element on the English Heritage 'Register of Parks'. With these Harlow is seen as one of the first examples of a civic scheme to marry

1675-686: Is now a 300-year-old listed building and restaurant. The original village, mentioned in the Domesday Book , developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow , with many of its buildings still standing. This includes for instance the Grade II listed St Mary's Church in Churchgate Street. Its former Chapel is in a ruinous state in a field which was once the Harlowbury Abbey part of Old Harlow,

1742-486: Is only 10 miles from this major transport hub and therefore provides several hundred airport employees. The airport operator withdrew a planning application for a second runway after the General Election of 2010 , when all major political parties opposed it. Further plans to expand the airport to boost capacity were proposed in 2020, but were rejected by Uttlesford District Council . Harlow bus station provides

1809-490: Is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words 'here' and 'hlaw', meaning "army hill", probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which was used as the moot or meeting place for the district. The other theory is that it derives from the words 'here' and 'hearg', meaning "temple hill/mound", probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound, later a Roman temple site on River Way. The earliest deposits are of

1876-576: Is the Green Wedges in the town, designed to provide open space for wildlife and recreation and to separate neighbourhoods. 23% of the district is designated as Green Wedge. The Green Wedges are protected from inappropriate development, through the Local Plan. The town is entirely surrounded by Green Belt land, a land designation which originated in London to prevent the city sprawling, and 21% of

1943-415: Is the possibility of differences in debitage populations based on individual variation of the artifact maker; in his example, three different knappers all using bipolar core reduction have different percentages of size grade 3 debitage (5.2%, 13.2%, and 10.2%). These differences indicate that individual variation can be influential in the size distribution of debitage and should be kept in mind if mass analysis

2010-410: Is very rapid and efficient. 3) debitage biases based on the sample's size are reduced since it merely captures different specimen sizes. 4) the method is highly objective and can be learned by virtually anyone. In addition, various attributes can be used for statistical and numerical methods which are currently used for debitage analysis. The attributes divides in the two ways, metric and non-metric. In

2077-629: The East of England Regional Assembly . It is opposed by Hertfordshire County Council, East Herts Council, Mark Prisk , MP for Hertford and Stortford in whose constituency the development would be, and all the parishes concerned. The opposition is coordinated by a local group based in neighbouring East Hertfordshire. An attempt to have Harlow North designated an "Eco Town" was rejected by the Minister for Housing, Caroline Flint MP, in April 2008. The south of

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2144-473: The M11 motorway , which runs from London to Cambridge . Junction 7 provides links to the southern areas of town, such as Church Langley and Potter Street. Junction 7a, located close to Old Harlow, began construction in 2020 and opened in 2022. The M11 motorway was planned originally to run to the west of Harlow, not to the east as it does today. Having planned for one of the two big industrial estates to be built to

2211-403: The market town of Harlow, now a neighbourhood known as Old Harlow , and the villages of Great Parndon , Latton , Tye Green, Potter Street, Churchgate Street, Little Parndon, and Netteswell. Each of the town's neighbourhoods is self-supporting with its own shopping precincts, community facilities and pubs . Gibberd invited many of the country's leading post-war architects to design buildings in

2278-615: The Conservation Areas in the district. In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury , a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument . The M11 motorway passes through to the east of the town. Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy. It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted Airport to

2345-551: The Harlow College Campus) is a major further educational centre, covering GCSEs , A-Levels , and many vocational subjects including Hair and Beauty Therapy, Construction, Mechanics, ICT, and a new centre for engineering recently opened. The college is currently under major regeneration and is due to open a new university centre in partnership with Anglia Ruskin University , covering mostly Foundation degrees in

2412-500: The Missouri breaks, associated with bison kill /butchering, the low frequency of cortex and a specific flake ratio (G4:Gl-3 ) data indicate that a soft hammer small flake tool production, which is similar with experiment result. Although this process has been used in many studies, Andrefsky warns of the potential problems associated with the many assumptions made while employing this analysis. One in particular that he draws attention to

2479-605: The area and tools found include axe heads, hammers, blades, dowels and other boring tools and multipurpose flints such as scrapers. An organised field walk in the late 1990s by Bartlett (unpublished) indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares, produced worked flint from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age with a smattering of Mesolithic. This indicates organised industry existed from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. The deposits are so large and dispersed that any major archaeological work in

2546-651: The area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work is started. Harlow was in Roman times the site of a small town (around Harlow Mill railway station ) with a substantial stone built temple. The entry in the Norman Domesday Book reads: Herlaua: St Edmunds Abbey before and after 1066; Geoffrey from Count Eustace; Thorgils from Eudo the Steward; Richard from Ranulf, brother of Ilger. Mill, 7 beehives, 8 cobs, 43 cattle, 3 foals. The mill

2613-435: The basis of their manufacture, in that the former was removed by percussion, while the latter was removed by a pressure technique. Casual, informal tools from unstandardized cores should be given scrutiny equal to that of formal tools from standardized core reduction. The presence of cortex needs to be noted for all tool categories in all materials. The presence of cortex indicates the importation of an unworked nodule, with

2680-421: The counts and weights of experimental samples with debris from two prehistoric workshop sites in western North Dakota. The result shows the experimental data sets can explain the technological composition of archaeological samples. Samples from several other sites also are applied this method and derive clear discriminant results. Especially in a specific function site, such as Legacy site a Late Woodland age camp in

2747-567: The debitage of bifacial reduction during different stages has not yielded such positive results. Patterson (1990) was unable to distinguish between the stages of initial edging and secondary thinning using statistical analysis of 14 experimental assemblages. The typological approach groups together lithics with similar manufacturing histories in order to emphasize patterns of manufacturing behavior (as in Sheets 1975). To use Sheets’ (1983:200) example, macroblades and prismatic blades were separated on

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2814-416: The district is allocated as Green Belt. The National Planning Policy Framework states that one of the purposes of Green Belt land is to protect unrestricted sprawl from large built-up areas. Harlow Town Park , at a size of 71.6-hectares (just under 1 km ), is one of the largest urban parks in the country. The multi-functional park has been used for recreation and enjoyment for over 50 years. This park

2881-404: The first flakes both preparing the core by shaping and removing the roughened exterior of the cortex (Sheets 1978:9). The percentage frequency of cortex is an important statistic to help identify lithic production areas. A low incidence of cortex would indicate quarry preforming (cortex removed at the quarry, not at the site). One specific type of debitage analysis is mass analysis. Mass analysis

2948-572: The first of which was the "mini expansion" that was created by the building of the Sumners and Katherines estates in the mid-to-late seventies to the west of the existing town. Since then Harlow has further expanded with the Church Langley estate completed in 2005, and its newest neighbourhood Newhall has completed the first stage of its development, with the second stage underway in 2013. The Harlow Gateway Scheme, also completed, first involved

3015-555: The intentions of the development. Harlow is served by the NHS Princess Alexandra Hospital , situated on the edge of The High, which is the main Town Centre area of Harlow. This hospital has a 24-hour Accident & Emergency and Urgent Care Centre. Plans for the hospital to be rebuilt were first put in place in 2019. In May 2023, it was announced that the facility would be rebuilt by 2030 as part of

3082-592: The metric attributes, length, mid width, max width, platform length, platform width, bulb thickness, other point of thickness, platform angle and weight are included. And for the non-metric attributes, platform configuration, platform facet count, % dorsal cortex, dorsal scar count, remained portion, and size grade can be chosen. Bradbury and Carr specifically point to the continuum model to analyze flakes and these listed variables to try to determine which flake debris were caused by different actions (core reduction, tool making, etc.) Sullivan and Rozen (1985) introduced

3149-406: The modern science of town and country planning. Harlow was originally expected to provide a majority of employment opportunities in manufacturing, with two major developments of The Pinnacles and Templefields providing the biggest employers in the region; as with the rest of the country, this manufacturing base has declined and Harlow has had to adjust. The original manufacturing took the form of

3216-412: The most promising materials for destructive analysis. Obsidian, as a natural glass material, is peculiar because when it is exposed to water, the surface develops a patinated layer of hydrated perlite. Old fractures therefore have thicker layers of patina than more recent flake scars. As the rate of hydration is determined by factors such as moisture content, temperature, and the chemical composition of

3283-539: The national average in the UK. Harlow also has a large number of people in social housing, almost 30% of dwellings being housing association and local authority owned, and many more privately rented. There are two tiers of local government covering Harlow, at district and county level: Harlow Council and Essex County Council . The district council has been controlled by the Conservative Party since 2021. It

3350-500: The north. At the time of the 2011 Census, Harlow's population was recorded at 81,944 and its district had the third-highest proportion of social housing in England, 26.9%, a legacy of the 1947 commitment to re-house blitzed London families after World War II and provide a percentage of homes for other needy families who cannot afford market rents . There is some dispute as to where the place name Harlow derives from. One theory

3417-401: The obsidian, this method cannot provide absolute dates. However, this method has the major advantage of relying on obsidian flaking as the activating cause in this dating scheme. Cryptocrystalline silicates, such as flint and chert, are sometimes heat-treated in order to improve the flaking properties of the material. This heating can be used as a zeroing point, and the date since the material

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3484-578: The orbital M25 motorway . Running through the town is the A414 , a major road between Hemel Hempstead and Maldon ; it links the town with the A10 to the west, which runs between London and King's Lynn . Another major road running from Harlow is the A1184, which leads to the nearby town of Bishop's Stortford via Sawbridgeworth . Bishop's Stortford is the closest large town to Stansted Airport , though Harlow

3551-661: The physical properties of the worked stone in an attempt to determine where on the earth it was obtained. This may require sophisticated equipment, and destructive testing, but even a visual inspection can provide a general idea. Sourcing is assumed to provide information about trade, or travel routes. Some debitage material has been examined in an effort to obtain dates. Since debitage is plentiful, and individual specimens are usually not diagnostic, they can often undergo destructive analysis that would not be suitable for other artifacts. Results have been promising, but not spectacular. Obsidian and cryptocrystalline silicates appear to be

3618-490: The planning committee, in the planning process after he had attempted in telephone calls to persuade Mr Ghadami to consent to the scheme. In 2011, the government announced the creation of an enterprise zone in the town. Harlow Enterprise Zone consists of two separate sites under development, at Templefields and London Road, with the London Road site divided into north and south business parks. In 2022, Harlow Council

3685-765: The project was granted in January 2023, with construction beginning in May 2024. Arriva Herts & Essex operate a large number of local routes within the town. key destinations outside of Harlow include Bishop's Stortford , Stansted Airport and Chelmsford . Arriva also operate the Greenline 724 route, providing a service between Harlow and Heathrow Airport via Hertford and Watford . Central Connect also operate several local services within Harlow, as well as connections to other nearby towns, such as Epping , Ongar , Cheshunt and Waltham Abbey . First Essex operate

3752-547: The relocation of the Harlow Football Stadium and the building of a new hotel, apartments and a restaurant adjacent to Harlow Town railway station . Phase 2 of this scheme involved the construction of 530 eco-homes on the former sports centre site and the building of the Harlow Leizurezone adjacent to the town's college in the early 2010s. Other major developments under consideration include both

3819-459: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latton&oldid=1063188504 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Latton, Harlow Harlow

3886-535: The town centre also underwent major regeneration, with the new Civic Centre being built and the town's famous Water Gardens being redeveloped in the 2000s, a landscape listed by English Heritage . Despite this development, the main shopping area of the town has been stagnating for some time, not helped by the closure of two of the Harvey Centre's anchor tenants - these being BHS and M&S. In 2004, Harlow businessman Mo Ghadami won his High Court case to block

3953-542: The town centre to Epping tube station , which is on London Underground 's Central line . In 2021, Harlow District Council proposed extending the Central line from its eastern terminus at Epping to Harlow. It argued this would reduce travel times to Epping and London, and help with efforts add 19,000 new homes to the town and expand the population to 130,000. However, no funding has been allocated for this proposed extension. Harlow can be accessed from junctions 7 and 7a of

4020-485: The town to the town centre and industrial areas. The cycle network is composed mostly of the original old town roads. The town's authorities built Britain's first pedestrian precinct, and first modern-style residential tower block , The Lawn, constructed in 1951; it is now a Grade II listed building. Gibberd's tromp-l'oeil terrace in Orchard Croft and Dawbarn's maisonette blocks at Pennymead are also notable, as

4087-505: The town's original buildings. Subsequently, many of the original town buildings, including most of its health centres, the Staple Tye shopping centre and many industrial units have been rebuilt. Gibberd's original town hall, a landmark in the town built in 1958, was demolished and replaced by Harlow Civic Centre and The Water Gardens shopping area in the 2000s. Since becoming a new town, Harlow has undergone several stages of expansion,

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4154-419: The town, including Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya , Leonard Manasseh , Michael Neylan, E C P Monson, William Crabtree, Maxwell Fry , Jane Drew , Graham Dawbarn, H. T. Cadbury-Brown and Gerard Goalen . Goalen designed his first church in the town, Our Lady of Fatima , which is a Grade II* listed building . Harlow has one of the most extensive cycle track networks in the country, connecting all areas of

4221-450: The west of the town for easy motorway access, Sir Fredrick Gibberd was appalled when the motorway was eventually built to the east of the town instead, describing it as "just about the most monstrous thing to ever happen to me as a planner" during a 1982 interview. The M11 motorway places the town within a short distance of Stansted Airport , the A120 to Braintree via Great Dunmow , and

4288-518: Was awarded £23.7 million from the government's Towns Fund to be used for several large investments in the town. These include the development of a new bus station and transport hub, regeneration of Broad Walk in the town and a new sustainable transport corridor between the town centre and Harlow Town station. The majority of these works are underway as of mid 2024, with completion of the programme expected by March 2026. A government policy to allow developers to convert office space to residential has led to

4355-415: Was drawn up in 1947 by Sir Frederick Gibberd . The town was planned from the outset and was designed to respect the existing landscape. Sylvia Crowe , the landscape architect, worked on Harlow New Town between 1948 and 1958. A number of landscape wedges - which later became known as Green Wedges - were designed to cut through the town and separate the neighbourhoods of the town. The development incorporated

4422-522: Was due to be completed in early 2010, phase one is already complete and is listed as having had £3.6 million of funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund (CIF). The scheme includes construction of a shared use cycleway and development to the bus service along First Avenue and into the Newhall development site where 'high quality bus' services between Harlow town centre and Harlow Town railway station are listed as part of

4489-562: Was one of several towns to be built around a pre existing village,Harlow was designated a new town on 25 March 1947. It was one of several new towns built under the New Towns Act of 1946, passed after World War II to ease overcrowding in London and the surrounding areas due to the devastation caused by the bombing during the Blitz. Other post-war new towns included Basildon , Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead . The master plan for Harlow

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