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94-507: La Baie ( French pronunciation: [la bɛ] , locally [la be] ) is one of three boroughs in the city of Saguenay , Quebec , Canada. It was created during Quebec's municipal reorganization in 2002. From 1976 to 2001, it was known as the Town of La Baie, a municipality composed of the Grande-Baie, Bagotville and Port-Alfred sectors. It is located on the bank of

188-634: A comparison can be made, the differences between both varieties are analogous to those between American and British English even if differences in phonology and prosody for the latter are greater. Quebec's culture has only recently gained exposure in Europe, especially since the Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille ). The difference in dialects and culture is large enough that speakers of Quebec French overwhelmingly prefer their own local television dramas or sitcoms to shows from Europe or

282-581: A decade later, Notre-Dame-de-La-Baie Parish was founded in Port-Alfred in 1967. The Ha! Ha! Bay Hospital (French: Hôpital de la baie des Ha! Ha! ) opened its doors in 1970. The Cold War led to the reopening of the Bagotville military base in July 1951. Four chase squadrons were stationed there, including the 413th and 414th until 1953, the 440th until 1957, and the 432nd until 1961. Their mission

376-688: A fifty-hour period on the Laurentian Wildlife Reserve and the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region. The soil, which was already oversaturated after a particularly rainy month, could not absorb the excess water from the Saguenay River 's drainage basins. The heavy rainfall rapidly increased the discharge from the Ha! Ha! Bay's tributaries' river basins and other Saguenay waterways. The first signs of disaster appeared on

470-526: A full non-breaking space is not used before the semicolon , exclamation mark , or question mark . Instead, a thin space (which according to Le Ramat de la typographie normally measures a quarter of an em ) is used; this thin space can be omitted in word-processing situations where the thin space is assumed to be unavailable, or when careful typography is not required. A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during

564-543: A horse or a carriage), the Québécois variety in its informal register tends to use embarquer and débarquer , a result of Quebec's navigational heritage. With the onset of British rule in 1760 , the French of Canada became isolated from that of Europe. This led to a retention of older pronunciations, such as moé for moi ( audio comparison ) and expressions that later died out in France. In 1774,

658-653: A land link between Ha! Ha! Bay and Baie-Saint-Paul . A second petition was launched in 1835, which led to the government and the Hudson's Bay Company to finally cede cutting rights to a company from La Malbaie called the Société des Vingt et un . The company's schooner sailed from La Malbaie on April 25, 1838, and made several stopovers along the banks of the Saguenay. After setting up temporary camps near Tadoussac , they built their first sawmill at L'Anse St-Jean . Their goal

752-613: A port of call for cruise ships in 2008. Bagotville Airport , the main civilian airport in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, is also located in La Baie. The Canadian Forces Base Bagotville , which shares the same airfield, is one of only two Canadian military bases that use the Royal Canadian Air Force 's CF-18 fighters. The military base is the borough's largest employer. While Chicoutimi and Jonquière ,

846-684: A referendum. Since its creation in 2002, the City of Saguenay, Promotion Saguenay, and the Quebec government have worked together to increase tourism in the La Baie Borough by building port facilities for cruise ships . Originally, these groups had planned to develop Port-Alfred's Powell Quay and the Grande-Anse Maritime Terminal and set up a shuttle service. However, it was eventually Bagotville's Algélias-Lepage Quay that

940-662: A strong influence on Quebec French. The phonological features traditionally distinguishing informal Quebec French and formal European French have gradually acquired varying sociolinguistic status, so that certain traits of Quebec French are perceived neutrally or positively by Quebecers, while others are perceived negatively. Sociolinguistic studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s showed that Quebecers generally rated speakers of European French heard in recordings higher than speakers of Quebec French in many positive traits, including expected intelligence, education, ambition, friendliness and physical strength. The researchers were surprised by

1034-527: Is a common umbrella term to describe all varieties of French used in Canada, including Quebec French. Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and the closely related dialects spoken in Ontario and Western Canada , in contrast with Acadian French , which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec ( Gaspé Peninsula ), New Brunswick , and in other parts of Atlantic Canada , and Métis French , which

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1128-504: Is a large return from the Saguenay River in the land which seems the normal continuation of the Saguenay fjord  [ fr ] . This bay has a length of 11 km (6.8 mi), a maximum width of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) and an altitude of 4 m (13 ft). From the confluence of Baie des Ha! Ha! the current follows the course of the Saguenay River on 99.5 km (61.8 mi) eastward to Tadoussac where it merges with

1222-576: Is a particularly developed cove over a length of eleven kilometres on the Saguenay River in the region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean in Quebec , Canada . At the end of this natural corridor, which was originally called in French the "Grande Anse", then the "Grande Baie", there are the Ha! Ha! River and Rivière à Mars . According to the Second Saguenay theory, this vast depression is the extension of

1316-407: Is exchanged . Other linguists think of a possible derivation of the term French haha which means unexpected obstacle on a path . But in this specific case, we do not perceive the obstacle in question. In Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean , certain places, moreover, correlated with the hydrographic basin leading towards the bay on the homonymous Saguenay also use this appellation: The "Baie des Ha! Ha!"

1410-588: Is found generally across the Prairie provinces . The term joual is commonly used to refer to Quebec working class French (when considered a basilect ), characterized by certain features often perceived as phased out, "old world" or "incorrect" in standard French . Joual , in particular, exhibits strong Norman influences largely owing to Norman immigration during the Ancien Régime (they were perceived as true Catholics and allowed to immigrate to

1504-731: Is found to be distinct from those of other varieties of French: Some recent Quebec French lexical innovations have spread, at least partially, to other varieties of French, for example: On Twitter, supporters of the Quebec separatist party Bloc Québécois used hashtags that align with the syntactic pattern found in hashtags used in French political discourse , rather than adopting the hashtags commonly used by other Canadian parties with similar political positions. For phonological comparisons of Quebec French, Belgian French , Meridional French , and Metropolitan French , see French phonology . These examples are intended not exhaustive but illustrate

1598-598: Is located in the eastern part of the city of Saguenay . It lies between upper and lower Saguenay and surrounds Ha! Ha! Bay . The borough borders the Saguenay River to the north, Saint-Félix-d'Otis to the east, Ferland-et-Boilleau to the southeast, La Zec Mars-Moulin to the south, the Laterrière sector to the southwest, and the Chicoutimi Borough to the west. La Baie is 262 km (101 sq mi) or 23% of Saguenay's total area. The urbanized zone

1692-535: Is located on the mouths of the Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers. Urbanized areas cover only a small part of the bay area and the neighbouring plateaus. Like the Saguenay Fjord 's steep relief, altitude rises sharply from the bay's shores, particularly on the northwest banks. Overlooking the bay, the Centennial Cross (French: Croix du centenaire ) is 200 m (660 ft) from the shore and is located on

1786-482: Is the rainiest month while February is the driest. Skies are overcast 60 to 65% of the time; the borough has an average of 1,720 hours of sunshine per year. During the winter, the average thickness of the ice on Ha! Ha! Bay is 75 cm (30 in). Icebreakers keep the Saguenay River open for ships until Port-Alfred, where tides can reach up to 6 m (20 ft). Quebec French Canadian French

1880-653: The Académie française , but are commonly used in Canada and Switzerland. There are other, sporadic spelling differences. For example, the Office québécois de la langue française formerly recommended the spelling tofou for what is in France tofu "tofu". This recommendation was repealed in 2013. In grammar, the adjective inuit "Inuit" is invariable in France but, according to official recommendations in Quebec, has regular feminine and plural forms. Grammatical differences between informal spoken Quebec French and

1974-758: The Abitibi-Consolidated mill in Port-Alfred shutting down began to surface after eighty-nine people were laid off. As 2002 approached, the Town of La Baie began opposing the Quebec government's plan for municipal mergers after the Department of Municipal Affairs published a white paper called Municipal Reorganization: Changing the Way We Do Things to Better Serve Citizens (French: La Réorganisation municipale: changer les façons de faire pour mieux server les citoyens ) on April 25, 2000. Some of La Baie's elected officials expressed opposition to

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2068-490: The Abitibi-Consolidated mill open in Port-Alfred, it was temporarily shut down on December 10, 2003, as part of a major restructuring plan. It was officially closed on January 26, 2004; 640 jobs were lost. Having learnt from its difficult and costly experience while trying to save the Gaspésia paper mill, the Quebec government withdrew from plans to reopen the plant in 2005. The mill was demolished in 2006. Two years after

2162-479: The Bagotville Airport and the Grande-Baie aluminum smelter. The borough's soil is clayey like much of the Saguenay region because of river-ice deposits in the ravines that face the bay. There are seventy-one scars from old landslides in the La Baie Borough's urban core. Like most cities alongside the Saguenay River and east of St-Jean Lake , La Baie has a continental climate that is milder than

2256-476: The Compagnie de Pulpe de Chicoutimi in 1898. Because its activities soon became too extensive for Chicoutimi's port facilities, the company's directors decided to build a loading port on the Ha! Ha! Bay to ship pulp . The Ha! Ha! Bay railway was built in 1909 to facilitate transport to the quay in Bagotville. The first train shipment was on December 13, 1910. Some sawmills had difficulty staying afloat before

2350-534: The Estuary of Saint Lawrence . One counts among the fauna bordering the Baie Ha! Ha! species of mammals common to the whole of Saguenay Fjord and the mixed forest Quebec . You can observe: The "Baie des Ha! Ha!", and the Saguenay River , include about 76 species of freshwater and marine fish. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the "Baie des Ha! Ha!" consists of two overlapping layers of water. On

2444-531: The Ha! Ha! Bay (French: baie des Ha! Ha! ) at the mouths of the Ha! Ha! River (French: rivière Ha! Ha! ) and the Mars River (French: rivière à Mars ). La Baie was the first colony built in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region. It was founded by the Société des Vingt et un who settled the area in 1838. The depth of the banks of the Ha! Ha! Bay's waterways facilitated the rapid development of

2538-608: The New England textile mills and the northern lumber camps. As a result, Quebec French began to borrow from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the Quiet Revolution to the passing of the Charter of the French Language , the French language in Quebec saw a period of validation in its varieties associated with

2632-478: The Oblates arrived in Grande-Baie to found a mission. A fire destroyed most of the township in 1846. The parishes of Saint-Alexis-de-Grande-Baie and Saint-Alphonse-de-Bagotville were canonically erected in 1857 and 1861 respectively. In 1851, the population around Ha! Ha! Bay reached 2,438; they mostly depended on logging and agriculture for their livelihoods. Grande-Baie built its first post office in 1855, and

2726-889: The Quebec Act guaranteed French settlers as British subjects rights to French law , the Roman Catholic faith and the French language to appease them at a moment when the English-speaking colonies to the south were on the verge of revolting in the American Revolution . In the period between the Act of Union of 1840 and 1960, roughly 900,000 French Canadians left Canada to emigrate to the United States to seek employment. The ones that returned, brought with them new words taken from their experiences in

2820-763: The Saguenay region from 1930 to 1938. During the Second World War , the Canadian government and the Allies trained pilots and built several bases including one in Bagotville in 1942. The base was responsible for training pilots and protecting the Arvida aluminum smelter and the regions' dams until October 1944. The base was shut down in 1945. In 1945, Bagotville's civilian airport was run by Canadian Pacific Air Lines . From 1946 onward, new services such as public transportation linked Ha! Ha! Bay communities from

2914-521: The syntax used in spoken Quebec French and that of other regional dialects of French . However, the characteristic differences of Quebec French syntax are not considered standard despite their high-frequency in everyday, relaxed speech. One far-reaching difference is the weakening of the syntactic role of the specifiers (both verbal and nominal), which results in many syntactic changes: Other notable syntactic changes in Quebec French include

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3008-502: The 1960s. Bagotville and Port-Alfred's mayors, Hervé Tremblay and Laurier Simard, strongly opposed each other on the issue. It was ultimately the Quebec government that forced the merger in 1974 with the Act Concerning Certain Outaouais and Upper Saguenay Municipalities (French: Loi concernant certaines municipalités de l'Outaouais et du Haut-Saguenay ). The letters patent were issued December 10, 1975, for

3102-678: The 1970s, the official position on Québécois language has shifted dramatically. An oft-cited turning point was the 1977 declaration of the Association québécoise des professeurs de français defining thus the language to be taught in classrooms: "Standard Quebec French [ le français standard d'ici , literally, "the Standard French of here"] is the socially favoured variety of French which the majority of Francophone Québécois tend to use in situations of formal communication." Ostiguy and Tousignant doubt whether Quebecers today would still have

3196-430: The 1990s is the feminine form of many professions that traditionally did not have a feminine form. In Quebec, one writes nearly universally une chercheuse or une chercheure "a researcher", whereas in France, un chercheur and, more recently, un chercheur and une chercheuse are used. Feminine forms in -eur e as in ingénieu re are still strongly criticized in France by institutions like

3290-399: The Bagotville terminal. The Voice of La Baie (French: La Voix de la Baie ) newspaper began publication in 1948. The uneven expansion and development of the bay's three urban centres and two rural sectors led to the first municipal mergers in 1953. The Village of Grande-Baie was absorbed by Port-Alfred. That same year, the new Saint-Marc-de-Bagotville Parish was established in Bagotville. Nearly

3384-626: The Compagnie de Pulpe de Chicoutimi and the disposal of the Ha! Ha! Bay Sulfite Company on June 30, 1922. It was succeeded by the Bay Sulfites Company Limited, which was also disposed in 1923. On July 26, 1924, the Port-Alfred Pulp and Paper Corporation acquired the plant and began converting its production from chemical to paper pulp in 1925. Alcan purchased Port-Alfred's port and rail facilities in 1926 after

3478-552: The Grande-Baie sector, was the town that was the most heavily hit by the Saguenay Flood. Fifty million dollars were required to rebuild public infrastructure and an additional thirty million were needed to stabilize the Ha! Ha! and Mars riverbanks. The railways were heavily damaged, which paralyzed the city's economy, cut off drinking water supplies, and isolated areas east of the Mars River. Transportation to lower Saguenay

3572-630: The Scieries Saguenay, opened a plant in Bagotville in 1935. The Great Depression led to the construction of public works like the Port-Alfred and Bagotville Town Halls. Many bay area residents turned to agriculture during this period of economic uncertainty. Credit unions were established in Grande-Baie in 1927, Port-Alfred in 1933, and Bagotville in 1936. In addition to the maritime traffic in Alcan's Port-Alfred port facilities, Bagotville's quay became Canada Steamship Lines ' water terminal in

3666-691: The US of a number of British programmes being shown with subtitles (notably from Scotland). Historically speaking, the closest relative of Quebec French is the 17th and 18th-century koiné of Paris . Formal Quebec French uses essentially the same orthography and grammar as the French of France, with few exceptions, and exhibits moderate lexical differences. Differences in grammar and lexicon become more marked as language becomes more informal. While phonetic differences also decrease with greater formality, Quebec and European accents are readily distinguishable in all registers . Over time, European French has exerted

3760-401: The United States. Conversely, certain singers from Quebec have become very famous even in France, notably Félix Leclerc , Gilles Vigneault , Kate and Anna McGarrigle , Céline Dion , and Garou . Some television series from Quebec such as Têtes à claques and L'Été indien are also known in France. The number of such shows from France shown on Quebec television is about the same as

3854-543: The arrival of large industry. Price Sawmills, the largest on both the Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers, closed their doors in 1904 and 1912 respectively. However, other sectors of the forest industry were booming. From 1902 to 1913, the Battle Island Company operated a pulp debarking factory in Anse-à-Benjamin. Several municipal infrastructure projects were built in the 1910s. Bagotville's first water system

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3948-474: The banks of the Saguenay River well before European colonization . Unlike important meeting places like Chicoutimi , Ha! Ha! Bay was far from portages to Saint-Jean Lake (French: lac St-Jean ) and was not frequented by First Nations or the region's first explorers . Although it was not on eighteenth century fur trade routes, Ha! Ha! Bay was used by the Hudson's Bay Company 's commercial fishing boats at

4042-474: The bay, in addition to the main ones on the Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers. The slowdown during the 1870s led many mills to shut down or convert from pine to spruce . Even though the logging industry experienced difficulties, the dairy industry flourished; by 1894, the number of cheese factories had increased to six. St-Urbain Road was opened in 1870 and connected Grande-Baie to Baie-Saint-Paul . Telegraphs linked

4136-418: The center of the district of La Baie within the big city of Saguenay . It is through this bay that the bauxite of the aluminum smelters of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean transits to the port facilities of Port-Alfred  [ fr ] to be discharged subsequently carried by train to the various factories of Rio Tinto Alcan . Since September 2009, the tourist potential of the bay has been exploited with

4230-508: The company's shares in 1842. He also bought the Mars Simard sawmill in 1843, making Price the owner of every sawmill in lower Saguenay. The end of the Hudson's Bay Company 's exclusive lease allowed the lawful colonization of the Saguenay region to begin. The territory organized itself independently and Jean-Baptiste Duberg was mandated to survey land for the new Bagot Township (named after Sir Charles Bagot ) and divide county seats for

4324-527: The complex influence that European French has had on Quebec French pronunciation and the range of sociolinguistic statuses that individual phonetic variables can possess. Like other varieties, Quebec French is characterized by increasingly wide gaps between its formal and informal forms. Notable differences include the generalized use of on (informal for nous ), the use of single negations as opposed to double negations: J'ai pas (informal) vs Je n'ai pas (formal) etc. There are increasing differences between

4418-415: The construction of over fifty homes in Port-Alfred officially changed the new village's status and it became Ha! Ha! Bay's first town on September 5, 1919. Bagotville obtained the same status on January 7, 1920. Since the beginning of the 1910s, the bay area's population had doubled to 6,600 by 1921. Meanwhile, the pulp and paper industry suffered a crisis of overproduction, leading to the rapid bankruptcy of

4512-499: The des Écorceurs Cove at an altitude of 170 m (560 ft). On the other side of the bay is Mount Bélu , which has an altitude of 200 m (660 ft). The town's outskirts stretch along a fluvial terrace down the Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers toward Chicoutimi and Laterrière and go all the way to the Laurentians . The plateaus to the east and southeast are flat enough for both agriculture and large infrastructure such as

4606-535: The disposal of the Compagnie de Pulpe de Chicoutimi. The docks were converted so they could load bauxite for the new aluminum smelter in Arvida . The community continued to grow despite the economic difficulties of the Canadian pulp and paper industry in 1928. Canada Power and Paper Corporation acquired the Port-Alfred mill and suspended its activities on October 31, 1930. In 1927, the increasing population led to

4700-488: The extraordinarily negative discourse about it between 1940 and 1960. It is instead in the loss of social position suffered by a large proportion of Francophones since the end of the 19th century that one must seek the principal source of this degrading perception." Ouaouaron , the Canadian French word for bullfrog , a frog species native to North America, originates from an Iroquois word. Maringouin ,

4794-714: The fall, and jack pine and Eastern white pine logging operations began in 1839. The hydraulic power of the two main rivers, Ha! Ha! and Mars, and the bay's tributaries was used to run several sawmills. Mars Simard, a resident of Baie-Saint-Paul , opened his own sawmill on the Mars River and founded Bagotville, the bay's second settlement. Colonists from Baie-Saint-Paul moved to the new outpost, while those from La Malbaie preferred Grande-Baie, which had 110 inhabitants in 1839. The Société des Vingt et un began to struggle after it lost two years worth of cutting when log-booms breached in 1840 and 1841. Their main purchaser, an English wood merchant named William Price , acquired all of

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4888-696: The fault and collapse ditch of the Kenogami Lake which is located upstream less than twenty kilometers. Long before the landing in 1838 of the Charlevoix settlers, founders of the Saint-Alexis-sur-l'Islet parish, this haven sheltered at the end of the bay constitutes a place of meeting and exchanges for the Amerindian populations. The two villages that have become modest urban centers in the 20th century merge before finding themselves in

4982-607: The first colony in Grande-Baie , the Théâtre du Palais municipal presented the first season of the historical extravaganza called The Amazing History of a Kingdom (French: La Fabuleuse Histoire d'un royaume ). On November 25 of that same year, Quebec was hit by the Saguenay earthquake , measuring 6.25 on the Richter magnitude scale . From July 18 to 21, 1996, a major depression resulted in 260 mm of rain falling within

5076-425: The flora and fauna such as atoca ( cranberry ) and achigan ( largemouth bass ), from First Nations languages . The importance of the rivers and ocean as the main routes of transportation also left its imprint on Quebec French. Whereas European varieties of French use the verbs monter and descendre for "to get in" and "to get out" of a vehicle (lit. "to mount" and "to dismount", as one does with

5170-648: The following five categories. The influences on Quebec French from English and Native American can be reflected in any of these five: The following tables give examples of each of the first four categories, along with the Metropolitan French equivalent and an English gloss. Contextual differences, along with individual explanations, are then discussed. Examples of lexically specific items: Examples of semantic differences: Examples of grammatical differences: Examples multi-word or fixed expressions unique to Quebec: Some Quebec French lexical items have

5264-459: The following: However, these features are common to all the basilectal varieties of français populaire descended from the 17th century koiné of Paris. In their syntax and morphology , Quebec French verbs differ very little from the verbs of other regional dialects of French, both formal and informal. The distinctive characteristics of Quebec French verbs are restricted mainly to: Baie des Ha! Ha! (Saguenay River) The Baie des Ha! Ha!

5358-623: The formal language abound. Some of these, such as omission of the negative particle ne , are also present in the informal language of speakers of standard European French, while other features, such as use of the interrogative particle -tu , are either peculiar to Quebec or Canadian French or restricted to nonstandard varieties of European French. While the overwhelming majority of lexical items in Quebec French exist in other dialects of French, many words and expressions are unique to Quebec, much like some are specific to American and British varieties of English. The differences can be classified into

5452-408: The government to collect fees for use of Crown lands, became the township's first mayor in 1850. The Province of Canada created the counties of Tadoussac and Chicoutimi in 1844. The region's first school was built between the Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers to serve the bay's two population hubs. The clergy began to register the population of Grande-Baie in 1842 and Bagotville in 1845. On October 15, 1844,

5546-455: The greater friendliness rating for Europeans, since one of the primary reasons usually advanced to explain the retention of low-status language varieties is social solidarity with members of one's linguistic group. François Labelle cites the efforts at that time by the Office québécois de la langue française "to impose a French as standard as possible" as one of the reasons for the negative view Quebecers had of their language variety. Since

5640-462: The imminent municipal mergers in the Saguenay region by joining Laterrière in refusing to sit on transition committees. Despite this, the mergers were officialized and the November 25, 2001, municipal elections for borough representatives were held for the new city of Saguenay . La Baie was merged into the City of Saguenay on January 1, 2002. Despite everything that was proposed and done to keep

5734-505: The inauguration of a port of call for cruise ships. During the winter for thousands of generations, when the ice is solid there, they practice ice fishing . The Saguenay flood , in July 1996 caused a significant deposit of sediment in this bay. The term Ha! Ha! does not come under the trivial onomatopoeia , but probably from an alteration of a Montagnais toponym almost unpronounceable in French which means in Algonquin place where bark

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5828-585: The informal spoken language, but that notion is often exaggerated. The Québécois have been found to show a stronger aversion to the use of anglicisms in formal contexts than do European francophones, largely because of what the influence of English on their language is held to reveal about the historically superior position of anglophones in Canadian society. According to Cajolet-Laganière and Martel, out of 4,216 "criticized borrowings from English" in Quebec French that they were able to identify, some 93% have "extremely low frequency" and 60% are obsolete. Despite this,

5922-555: The integrity of Quebec French, while Metropolitan French on the other hand does not have that same protective attitude and in recent decades has been more influenced by English, causing Quebec French not to borrow recent English loanwords that are now used in Metropolitan French. There is a continuum of intelligibility between Quebec and European French; the two are most intelligible in their more standardized forms and pose more difficulties in their dialectal forms. If

6016-432: The mayors of Bagotville and Port-Alfred. After the 1977 elections, Laurier Simard, the former mayor of Port-Alfred, became the Town of La Baie's first mayor. The Grande-Baie aluminum smelter was built between 1977 and 1982. Alcan spent nearly a billion dollars building the plant that opened on September 15, 1981. The Saguenay Fjord National Park was created in 1983 to open the Saguenay Fjord to tourists. That same year,

6110-570: The merger on January 1, 1976. The Town of La Baie was founded on January 1, 1976. It was the result of the merger of the Towns of Bagotville and Port-Alfred and the Parish Municipalities of Grande-Baie and Bagotville. Since the first municipal elections were only scheduled for November 1977, a temporary municipal council was appointed. The leaders of the merged municipalities sat on an administrative council; city hall alternated between

6204-480: The mergers, the Quebec government allowed merged municipalities to hold public consultations starting on May 16, 2004, to organize demerger referendums to be held on June 20, 2004. Although La Baie was the centre of demerger support in Saguenay at the time, demerger support was not widespread enough to affect the borough's status. By the May 21, 2004, deadline, only fifty of the required 1,502 signatures were missing to hold

6298-463: The mouths of the Ha! Ha! (Wissuscoué) and Mars (Vasigamenke) Rivers. In 1828, the Crown mandated land surveyor J.-B. Proulx to explore the bay area; he later reported on its hilly landscapes and logging potential. Colonization was impossible during this period since the Hudson's Bay Company held exclusive rights to natural resources in the region since 1821, a monopoly which would only expire in 1842. It

6392-402: The new constituency. Duberg was also responsible for mapping a road to Chicoutimi during the summer of 1842, which would eventually become Saint-Jean-Baptiste Boulevard and Grande-Baie Nord Boulevard . The Bagot Township was structurally unique since its population was concentrated in two areas: Bagot Village (Grande-Baie) and Bagot Town (Bagotville). John Kane, a land agent originally sent by

6486-628: The new world as an example of ideal French settlers). For example the word placoter can mean both to splash around or to chatter which comes from the Norman French word clapoter which means the same thing. Its equivalent in Acadian French is called Chiac . The origins of Quebec French lie in the 17th- and 18th-century regional varieties (dialects) of early modern French, also known as Classical French , and of other langues d'oïl (especially Poitevin dialect , Saintongeais dialect and Norman ) that French colonists brought to New France . Quebec French either evolved from this language base and

6580-419: The night of July 18 to 19. Land erosion caused a house in Grande-Baie to be ripped apart and sewers located near the banks of the Ha! Ha! River began to back up. The Ha! Ha! and Mars Rivers' discharges quickly became dangerous and blocked access to the bridges that crossed them. The situation was at its lowest point when a dam on Ha! Ha! Lake ruptured and washed away central Grande-Baie. La Baie, and especially

6674-459: The number of British shows on American television even though French news channels like France 24 and a francophone channel based in France, TV5 Québec Canada , are broadcast in Quebec. Nevertheless, Metropolitan French series such as The Adventures of Tintin and Les Gens de Mogador are broadcast and known in Quebec. In certain cases, on French TV, subtitles can be added when barbarisms, rural speech and slang are used, not unlike cases in

6768-594: The opening of new schools in Port-Alfred such as the Bagotville Boys' Academy (French: Académie des garçons de Bagotville ) and the Saint-Édouard College (French: Collège Saint-Édouard ). The newly created Consolidated Paper Corporation bought the Port-Alfred paper mill on August 28, 1930, and reopened it on June 8, 1932. The mill was closed again from 1933 to 1934, which was followed by seventy years of stability. Another forest industry company,

6862-493: The perception of exaggerated anglicism use in Quebec French could be attributed, in part, simply to the fact that the anglicisms used are different, and thus more noticeable by European speakers. French spoken with a large number of anglicisms may be disparagingly termed franglais . According to Chantal Bouchard, "While the language spoken in Quebec did indeed gradually accumulate borrowings from English [between 1850 and 1960], it did not change to such an extent as to justify

6956-541: The prevalence of anglicisms in Quebec French has often been exaggerated. Various anglicisms commonly used in European French informal language are mostly not used by Quebec French speakers. While words such as shopping, parking, escalator, ticket, email and week-end are commonly spoken in Europe, Quebec tends to favour French equivalents, namely: magasinage, stationnement, escalier roulant, billet, courriel and fin de semaine , respectively. As such,

7050-515: The region's largest harbour facilities after the railways were built in 1910. The borough's main sources of socio-economic development have been the logging and the pulp and paper industries since the nineteenth and twentieth centuries respectively. Aluminum production began in the early 1980s. After the Abitibi-Consolidated paper mill, one of the main employers of the borough, shut down in 2004, Saguenay's elected officials decided to invest in La Baie's tourism industry by building and operating

7144-634: The relocation of the Port of Chicoutimi to Grande-Anse began, moving the port from Ha! Ha! Bay to the Saguenay River . The Grande-Anse Maritime Terminal was inaugurated in October 1986. The Bagotville military base put its first CF-18s in operation in December 1984. These planes replaced the CF-101 Voodoos that had been used since the 1960s. For La Baie's celebrations of the 150th anniversary of

7238-422: The same general meaning in Metropolitan French but are used in different contexts. English translations are given in parentheses. In addition, Quebec French has its own set of swear words, or sacres , distinct from other varieties of French. One characteristic of major sociological importance distinguishing Quebec from European French is the relatively greater number of borrowings from English, especially in

7332-491: The same negative attitudes towards their own variety of French that they did in the 1970s. They argue that negative social attitudes have focused instead on a subset of the characteristics of Quebec French relative to European French, and particularly some traits of informal Quebec French. Some characteristics of European French are even judged negatively when imitated by Quebecers. Quebec French has some typographical differences from European French. For example, in Quebec French

7426-458: The surface, a layer of slightly salty water which comes from the rivers which flow into the fjord, and in depth, the salty and cold water which, here in this upstream basin, is slowly renewed at a rate close to the annual after entering the Saguenay by tidal effect from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The presence of these two layers separated by a halocline thickness promotes a rich biodiversity and makes it

7520-465: The surrounding Laurentian Plateau . La Baie has an average annual temperature of 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) with temperatures varying between −44 and 36 °C (−47 and 97 °F). Even though it is located on the same latitude as warmer European cities such as Paris or Vienna , La Baie has long, cold winters and short, mild summers. The borough receives an average of 660 mm (26 in) of rain and 340 cm (130 in) of snow annually. July

7614-629: The two boroughs that constitute the main urban core of Saguenay, are located close to each other, La Baie is at a moderate distance from the city centre. This has created some unique issues for the borough — for example, while a full-power television or radio station in Saguenay can serve the entire city from a single transmitter without difficulty, La Baie is distant enough from the city's urban core that some low-power broadcasters, such as CKAJ-FM , have had to add separate transmitters to rebroadcast their signals in La Baie. The Saguenay's nomadic Innu tribes once inhabited La Baie. The Chicoutimians lived on

7708-574: The two towns in 1880. In 1859, the first jetty was built on Ha! Ha! Bay in Bagotville. Three years later its first quay was built, which was later purchased by the Canadian government in 1876. Bagotville's marine facilities, which were mainly used by Canada Steamship Lines , added a shipyard in 1853. The Saguenay region experienced a new phase of economic development after the arrival of railways in Chicoutimi in 1893. Journalist Joseph-Dominique Guay and banker Julien-Édouard-Alfred Dubuc founded

7802-419: The volatility caused by World War I delayed investment until 1916. Ha! Ha! Bay Sulphite Company Limited was founded that very year to make the chemical pulp plant a reality. Two hydroelectric power stations were built on the Ha! Ha! River to supply the plant. In 1917, the company purchased two lots from Grande-Baie totalling five square kilometres. Construction of the Port-Alfred plant began on June 12, 1916, and

7896-417: The word for mosquito, also originates from an aboriginal language, Tupi-guarani , spoken by aboriginals on the northern coasts of Brazil. It is thought that early French colonists adopted this word in the late 1600s after exchanges with explorers returning from South America. Atoca , a synonym for Cranberry , also originates from Iroquois. The following are areas in which the lexicon of Quebec French

7990-403: The working class while the percentage of literate and university-educated francophones grew. Laws concerning the status of French were passed both on the federal and provincial levels. The Office québécois de la langue française was established to play an essential role of support in language planning . Protective laws also arose in response to the distaste towards anglicisms for preserving

8084-477: Was completed August 30, 1917. On December 4 of that same year, the Saint-Édouard Parish was founded in Port-Alfred just prior to a formal request to separate the plant's land from Grande-Baie on December 29. The plant began operating on April 18, 1918. Four days later, the village of Port-Alfred was founded. In 1918, Bagotville organized its own police force. Industrialization , urbanization , and

8178-531: Was completed in 1913. Soon macadam was used to pave the roads around Bagotville's Saint-Alphonse Church. In 1915, the municipal council adopted a by-law that implemented the use of electric lights. Highway 381 was opened that same year. Plans for a chemical pulp plant on Ha! Ha! Bay were drawn up by the Compagnie de Pulpe de Chicoutimi in 1914. The company's director, J.-É.-A. Dubuc, travelled to Europe to attract capital. Although he found investors in England ,

8272-491: Was impossible, leaving sectors of Port-Alfred and Grande-Baie completely isolated. Reconstruction of the Grande-Baie sector and the development of the commemorative Ha! Ha! Park began in 1997. The Ha! Ha! Pyramid was built in 1998 and officially inaugurated in 2000. Uniboard built the Panneaux MDF La Baie Inc. plant in 1997, which made medium-density fibreboard out of wood residue. In 2001, rumours about

8366-486: Was popular pressure from Charlevoix and especially La Malbaie that led to the tenuous beginnings of colonization in the Saguenay region. After an 1829 report demonstrating the fertility levels of the region's soil, a petition asking for permission to settle the Saguenay region began to circulate in La Malbaie. The government refused it and ordered further explorations of the region between 1829 and 1836, hoping to find

8460-540: Was proclaimed a municipality in 1860. Bagotville became incorporated in 1876 and Grande-Baie followed suit in 1908. Agriculture began to develop rapidly during the 1850s and focused mainly on cereal production. The blueberry harvest was also an important activity until the arrival of railways in Chambord near St-Jean Lake in 1888. An economic downturn occurred during this period and demand decreased for Saguenay timber . In 1856, there were twenty-six small sawmills around

8554-660: Was selected for the installation of cruise ship facilities because of the shorter disembarkation distance and increased safety for the boat passengers. After the Office of Public Hearings on the Environment (French: Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement ) held consultations, work began in August 2007 despite a small opposition movement to the project in 2006. The quay welcomed its first ships in September 2008. La Baie

8648-547: Was shaped by the following influences (arranged according to historical period) or was imported from Paris and other urban centres of France as a koiné , or common language shared by the people speaking it. Unlike the language of France in the 17th and 18th centuries, French in New France was fairly well unified. It also began to borrow words and gather importations (see loan word ), especially place names such as Québec , Canada and Hochelaga , and words to describe

8742-430: Was to intercept any intrusion in the Canadian northeast. In 1962, the 425th squadron was stationed in Bagotville with CF-101 Voodoo interceptors. It was responsible for protecting the 22nd NORAD. In 1958, Air Canada and Québec Air began scheduling flights from Bagotville Airport . Municipal mergers in the Ha! Ha! Bay became an increasingly pressing issue and was the most important intermunicipal political debate of

8836-428: Was to reach Ha! Ha! Bay to build a permanent facility. The Société des vingt et un arrived in what is now the Grande-Baie sector on June 11, 1838. After surveying the forest and assessing its potential, the colonists built the first lock on the Ha! Ha! River . In October of that same year, they completed the first sawmill and created the foundation of what would become Grande-Baie. The first families arrived during

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