La Llorona ( Latin American Spanish: [la ʝoˈɾona] ; ' the Crying Woman, the Weeping Woman, the Wailer ' ) is a vengeful ghost in Mexican folklore who is said to roam near bodies of water mourning her children whom she drowned in a jealous rage after discovering her husband was unfaithful to her. Whoever hears her crying either suffers misfortune or death and their life becomes unsuccessful in every field.
83-764: Known for being Malintzin in her original nomenclature, today, the lore of La Llorona is well known in Mexico and the southwestern United States. The earliest documentation of La Llorona is traced back to 1550 in Mexico City . But there are theories about her story being connected to specific Aztec mythological creation stories. "The Hungry Woman" includes a wailing woman constantly crying for food, which has been compared to La Llorona's signature nocturnal wailing for her children. The motherly nature of La Llorona's tragedy has been compared to Cihuacoatl , an Aztec goddess deity of motherhood. Her seeking of children to keep for herself
166-474: A solvent ). It is vital for all known forms of life , despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients . Its chemical formula, H 2 O , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , connected by covalent bonds . The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, H 2 O is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure . Because Earth's environment
249-601: A 1 cm sample cell. Aquatic plants , algae , and other photosynthetic organisms can live in water up to hundreds of meters deep, because sunlight can reach them. Practically no sunlight reaches the parts of the oceans below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) of depth. The refractive index of liquid water (1.333 at 20 °C (68 °F)) is much higher than that of air (1.0), similar to those of alkanes and ethanol , but lower than those of glycerol (1.473), benzene (1.501), carbon disulfide (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31)
332-476: A Jesuit academic from Cadiz. The tale begins with a woman named Elvira who experiences devastating life which slowly led to her transformation into the spectral figure La Llorona. In Eastern Europe , the modern Rusalka is a type of water spirit in Slavic mythology . They come to be after a woman drowns due to suicide or murder, especially if they had an unwanted pregnancy. Then they must stay in this world for
415-575: A iconic mother. La Llorona appears as a collectible demon in Atlus 's Shin Megami Tensei series of role-playing games, making her first appearance in the 1997 installment, Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers for the Sega Saturn . La Llorona is the name of a fictional punk band in the alternative comic book Love and Rockets . They are known for their song, 'Two Faces Have I',
498-481: A large amount of sediment transport that occurs on the surface of the earth. Deposition of transported sediment forms many types of sedimentary rocks , which make up the geologic record of Earth history . The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) is the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere , between the atmosphere , soil water, surface water , groundwater, and plants. Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in
581-460: A period of time. The Greek legend of Jason and Medea also features the motif of a woman who murders her children as an act of revenge against her husband, who has left her for another woman. The story of La Llorona first appeared on film in 1933's La Llorona , filmed in Mexico. René Cardona 's 1960 film La Llorona was also shot in Mexico, as was the 1963 horror film The Curse of
664-551: A plot device. The play premiered at California State University, Northridge 's Little Theatre in 1995. Nancy Farmer 's 2002 science fiction novel, The House of the Scorpion includes references to La Llorona . The legend of La Llorona is discussed in Jaquira Díaz 's 2019 memoir, Ordinary Girls : The scariest part was not that La Llorona was a monster, or that she came when you called her name three times in
747-477: A property that is exploited by cetaceans and humans for communication and environment sensing ( sonar ). Metallic elements which are more electropositive than hydrogen, particularly the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals such as lithium , sodium , calcium , potassium and cesium displace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen. At high temperatures, carbon reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrology
830-792: A spirit of the river without mentioning her origins. "Advice from La Llorona" by Deborah A. Miranda is a poem exploring grief and loss. In Summer of the Mariposas , by Guadalupe Garcia McCall , she serves as a mentor to the Garza Sisters. The Weeping Woman: Encounters with La Llorona by Edward Garcia Kraul and Judith Beatty, is a valuable resource that brings together of encounters and retellings of La Llorona with diverse perspectives and different regions. [1] Bess Lomax Hawes, an American folklorist, published his article in 1968, La Llorona in Juvenile Hall containing details of
913-440: A structure of rigid oxygen atoms in which hydrogen atoms flowed freely. When sandwiched between layers of graphene , ice forms a square lattice. The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some theories suggest that its unusual behavior is due to the existence of two liquid states. Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel
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#1732773069915996-412: A swimming pool when the light source is sunlight reflected from the pool's white tiles. In nature, the color may also be modified from blue to green due to the presence of suspended solids or algae. In industry, near-infrared spectroscopy is used with aqueous solutions as the greater intensity of the lower overtones of water means that glass cuvettes with short path-length may be employed. To observe
1079-461: A variety of applications including high-temperature electrochemistry and as an ecologically benign solvent or catalyst in chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth's mantle, it acts as a solvent during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition. The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is ice I h , a phase that forms crystals with hexagonal symmetry . Another with cubic crystalline symmetry , ice I c , can occur in
1162-977: Is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming , pleasure boating, boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , diving , ice skating , snowboarding , and skiing . The word water comes from Old English wæter , from Proto-Germanic * watar (source also of Old Saxon watar , Old Frisian wetir , Dutch water , Old High German wazzar , German Wasser , vatn , Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 ( wato )), from Proto-Indo-European * wod-or , suffixed form of root * wed- ( ' water ' ; ' wet ' ). Also cognate , through
1245-489: Is visibly blue due to absorption of light in the region c. 600–800 nm. The color can be easily observed in a glass of tap-water placed against a pure white background, in daylight. The principal absorption bands responsible for the color are overtones of the O–H stretching vibrations . The apparent intensity of the color increases with the depth of the water column, following Beer's law . This also applies, for example, with
1328-439: Is 917 kg/m (57.25 lb/cu ft), an expansion of 9%. This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks. In a lake or ocean, water at 4 °C (39 °F) sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms residing in lakes would perish during
1411-464: Is a pool of water. She does that by crying out for him—hence her moniker of the Wailing Woman ( La Llorona ). It is a popular scary legend that in one iteration or another has been told to generations of children. The terrifying cry of "Oh, my children!!" (¡Ay mis hijos!) is well known due to the story. Additionally, one peculiar detail is that when a person hears the cry from afar means that
1494-540: Is an antagonist in the TV series Supernatural , portrayed by Sarah Shahi in the pilot episode and by Shanae Tomasevich in "Moriah" and season 15 . La Llorona is an antagonist in a 2012 second-season episode of the TV series Grimm . La Llorona appears in the Victor and Valentino episode "The Lonely Haunts 3: La Llorona" voiced by Vanessa Marshall . Contrary to the usual depictions, this version of La Llorona
1577-493: Is at a temperature of 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604 atm; 0.0887 psi); it is the lowest pressure at which liquid water can exist. Until 2019 , the triple point was used to define the Kelvin temperature scale . The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi; 217.75 atm). This
1660-682: Is good and simply lonely and claims to have had twenty kids who had all grown up and left her; implying that she suffers from Empty nest syndrome . La Llorona appears in the Craig of the Creek episode "The Legend of the Library" voiced by Carla Tassara. Craig and the Stump Kids visit their friend Stacks at the local library to get out of the rain. When the power goes out and their fellow Creek Kids begin disappearing, Stacks believes that La Llorona
1743-428: Is greater than the repulsion between the hydrogen atoms. The O–H bond length is about 0.096 nm. Other substances have a tetrahedral molecular structure, for example methane ( CH 4 ) and hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ). However, oxygen is more electronegative than most other elements, so the oxygen atom has a negative partial charge while the hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged. Along with
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#17327730699151826-487: Is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most rocks , and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of faulting . Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones . On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for
1909-409: Is inspired by the legend of La Llorona . Additionally the early 2000s saw a spate of low-budget movies based on La Llorona , including: La Llorona is the primary antagonist in the 2007 movie J-ok'el . In the 2011 Mexican animated film La Leyenda de la Llorona , she is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother's hands. In
1992-470: Is it a noble gas (and therefore is not removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions with other elements), but comparisons between the abundances of its nine stable isotopes in the modern atmosphere reveal that the Earth lost at least one ocean of water early in its history, between the Hadean and Archean eons. Any water on Earth during the latter part of its accretion would have been disrupted by
2075-498: Is known as the critical point . At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a supercritical fluid . It can be gradually compressed or expanded between gas-like and liquid-like densities; its properties (which are quite different from those of ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and temperatures it can mix freely with nonpolar compounds , including most organic compounds . This makes it useful in
2158-683: Is linked to the nunašɨš , a mythological creature with a cry similar to that of a newborn baby. It is a very popular story. The tale of La Llorona is set in the Venezuelan Llanos during the colonial period. La Llorona is said to be the spirit of a woman that died of sorrow after her children were killed, either by herself or by her family. Families traditionally place wooden crosses above their doors to ward off such spirits. The tales of La Llorona are seen differently in Spain, Elvira, La Llorona published by Jose Maria Leon y Dominguez,
2241-413: Is lower than that of liquid water. In a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms form a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are close to two corners of a tetrahedron centered on the oxygen. At the other two corners are lone pairs of valence electrons that do not participate in the bonding. In a perfect tetrahedron, the atoms would form a 109.5° angle, but the repulsion between the lone pairs
2324-422: Is poor at dissolving nonpolar substances. This allows it to be the " solvent of life": indeed, water as found in nature almost always includes various dissolved substances, and special steps are required to obtain chemically pure water . Water is the only common substance to exist as a solid , liquid, and gas in normal terrestrial conditions. Along with oxidane , water is one of the two official names for
2407-430: Is relatively close to water's triple point , water exists on Earth as a solid , a liquid , and a gas . It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog . Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice , its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow . The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor . Water covers about 71% of
2490-607: Is significantly compared to Coatlicue , known as "Our Lady Mother" or Tonantzin (who's also comparable to the Virgen de Guadalupe , another significant mother figure in Mexican culture), also a monster that devours filth or sin. She was in rage so much that she drowned her children and then was so sad that she drowned herself and now is called the weeping woman. The legend of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout Mexico , Central America and northern South America . La Llorona
2573-563: Is sometimes conflated with La Malinche , the Nahua woman who served as Hernán Cortés ' interpreter and also bore his son. La Malinche is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish. Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both Iberian and Amerindian cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between La Llorona and
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2656-458: Is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water is hydrography . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology , of glaciers is glaciology , of inland waters is limnology and distribution of oceans is oceanography . Ecological processes with hydrology are in the focus of ecohydrology . The collective mass of water found on, under, and over
2739-558: Is to blame. In the end, it is revealed that the "ghost" was actually Lorraine, the substitute librarian who is very serious about her job. She makes the kids promise to take good care of the library along with a warning, showing a ghostly face at the same time. Whether or not Lorraine was in fact La Llorona or the face was imagined is left ambiguous. La Llorona appears in the Riverdale episode "Chapter 97: Ghost Stories". The characters tell ghost stories about people related to them or
2822-655: The Cihuacōātl of Aztec mythology , as well as Eve and Lilith of Hebrew mythology . Author Ben Radford 's investigation into the legend of La Llorona , published in Mysterious New Mexico , found common elements of the story in the German folktale "Die Wei e Frau" dating from 1486. La Llorona also bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek tale of the demigoddess Lamia , in which Hera , Zeus ' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all
2905-516: The Chalmeca people and patroness of the city of Culhuacan . She helped Quetzalcoatl create the current race of humanity by grinding up bones from the previous ages , and mixing it with his blood . She is also the mother of Mixcoatl , whom she abandoned at a crossroads. Tradition says that she often returns there to weep for her lost son, only to find a sacrificial knife . Cihuacōātl held political symbolism as she represented victory for
2988-485: The Moon-forming impact (~4.5 billion years ago), which likely vaporized much of Earth's crust and upper mantle and created a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a majority carbon dioxide atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor . Afterward, liquid water oceans may have existed despite
3071-432: The elements hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it—a process called electrolysis . The decomposition requires more energy input than the heat released by the inverse process (285.8 kJ/ mol , or 15.9 MJ/kg). Liquid water can be assumed to be incompressible for most purposes: its compressibility ranges from 4.4 to 5.1 × 10 Pa in ordinary conditions. Even in oceans at 4 km depth, where
3154-529: The molar volumes of the liquid and solid phases, and L f {\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}} is the molar latent heat of melting. In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases. In glaciers, pressure melting can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in subglacial lakes . The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to
3237-567: The 2017 Pixar film Coco , " La Llorona ", the Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941 is sung by Alanna Ubach in her role as Mamá Imelda, joined by Antonio Sol as the singing voice of Ernesto de la Cruz. In July 2019, James Wan , Gary Dauberman and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled The Curse of La Llorona for Warner Bros. Pictures . The film was directed by Michael Chaves and stars Linda Cardellini , Raymond Cruz , Patricia Velasquez and Marisol Ramirez as La Llorona. Also in 2019, Jayro Bustamante directed
3320-513: The Cihuateteo were thought to haunt crossroads at night to steal children. The name cihuacoatl was used as a title for one of the low functionaries of Tenochtitlan , the Aztec capital. The cihuacoatl supervised the internal affairs of the land as opposed to the Aztec ruler, who oversaw the affairs of the Aztec state. The cihuacoatl commanded the army of Tenochtitlan to the emperor. During
3403-469: The Crying Woman , directed by Rafael Baledón . In a pivotal scene in the 2001 film Mulholland Drive , Rebekah Del Rio plays La Llorona de Los Angeles, a mysterious singer who performs Llorando, a Spanish language version of Crying by Roy Orbison . In keeping with the legend, the characters who witness this performance suffer severe consequences. The 2008 Mexican horror film Kilometer 31
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3486-444: The Earth was younger and less massive , water would have been lost to space more easily. Lighter elements like hydrogen and helium are expected to leak from the atmosphere continually, but isotopic ratios of heavier noble gases in the modern atmosphere suggest that even the heavier elements in the early atmosphere were subject to significant losses. In particular, xenon is useful for calculations of water loss over time. Not only
3569-513: The Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor , clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation , transpiration ( evapotranspiration ), condensation , precipitation, and runoff , usually reaching
3652-604: The Guatemalan film La Llorona , starring María Mercedes Coroy , which screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival . The Legend of La Llorona was a film released in January 2022 and stars Danny Trejo , Autumn Reeser , and Antonio Cupo . Mexican playwright Josefina López wrote Unconquered Spirits , which uses the myth of La Llorona as
3735-538: The Indo-European root, with Greek ύδωρ ( ýdor ; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ ( hýdōr ), whence English ' hydro- ' ), Russian вода́ ( vodá ), Irish uisce , and Albanian ujë . One factor in estimating when water appeared on Earth is that water is continually being lost to space. H 2 O molecules in the atmosphere are broken up by photolysis , and the resulting free hydrogen atoms can sometimes escape Earth's gravitational pull. When
3818-546: The Mexica state and the ruling class. Although she was sometimes depicted as a young woman, similar to Xōchiquetzal , she is more often shown as a fierce skull-faced old woman carrying the spears and shield of a warrior. Childbirth was sometimes compared to warfare and the women who died in childbirth were honored as fallen warriors. Their spirits, the Cihuateteo , were depicted with skeletal faces like Cihuacōātl. Like her,
3901-577: The bent structure, this gives the molecule an electrical dipole moment and it is classified as a polar molecule . Water is a good polar solvent , dissolving many salts and hydrophilic organic molecules such as sugars and simple alcohols such as ethanol . Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide —the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers. In addition, many substances in living organisms, such as proteins , DNA and polysaccharides , are dissolved in water. The interactions between water and
3984-537: The boiling point, but with the liquid/gas transition the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the boiling point increases with pressure. Water can remain in a liquid state at high temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed 205 °C (401 °F) in Old Faithful , a geyser in Yellowstone National Park . In hydrothermal vents ,
4067-785: The chemical compound H 2 O ; it is also the liquid phase of H 2 O . The other two common states of matter of water are the solid phase, ice , and the gaseous phase, water vapor or steam . The addition or removal of heat can cause phase transitions : freezing (water to ice), melting (ice to water), vaporization (water to vapor), condensation (vapor to water), sublimation (ice to vapor) and deposition (vapor to ice). Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 999.972 kg/m (62.4262 lb/cu ft) at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F), or almost 1,000 kg/m (62.43 lb/cu ft) at almost 4 °C (39 °F). The density of ice
4150-479: The children Lamia had with Zeus. Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia kills other women's children. The Florentine Codex is an important text that originated in late Mexico in 1519 , a quote from which is, "The sixth omen was that many times a woman would be heard going along weeping and shouting. She cried out loudly at night, saying, "Oh my children, we are about to go forever." Sometimes she said, "Oh my children, where am I to take you?" While
4233-451: The course of the 15th century AD, Tlacaelel served as cihuacoatl under four emperors: Moctezuma I , Axayacatl , Tizoc and Ahuizotl . Water Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 2 O . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance . It is the main constituent of Earth 's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as
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#17327730699154316-575: The dark and near bodies of water such as rivers and lakes alone. Her spirit is often evoked in artwork, such as that of Alejandro Colunga . La Cihuacoatle, Leyenda de la Llorona is a yearly waterfront theatrical performance of the legend of La Llorona set in the canals of the Xochimilco borough of Mexico City, which was established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead . In Chicano culture
4399-507: The dark mysteries of Latin folklore. She combined a variety of musical genres including klezmer , gypsy jazz and Mexican folk music, all in the Spanish language. The album was certified Platinum in Canada, and it earned her a Canadian Juno Award for Best Global Artist in 1998. Manic Hispanic , a rock band from Los Angeles, California, have a song titled "She Turned Into Llorona" on their 2003 album Mijo Goes To Jr. College . La Llorona
4482-539: The dark, or that she could come into your room at night and take you from your bed like she'd done with her own babies. It was that once she'd been a person, a woman, a mother. And then a moment, an instant, a split second later, she was a monster. The novel Paola Santiago and the River of Tears , the first part of a young adult trilogy by Tehlor Kay Mejia, is based on the legend of La Llorona. Rodolfo Anaya's novel Bless Me, Ultima references La Llorona, describing her as
4565-433: The desired result. Conversely, a pressure cooker can be used to decrease cooking times by raising the boiling temperature. In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature. On a pressure/temperature phase diagram (see figure), there are curves separating solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point called the triple point , where all three phases can coexist. The triple point
4648-545: The folktale of La Llorona . The Ecuadorian version often features a woman known as either La Llorona de Los Ríos (The Crying Woman of the Rivers) or La Llorona de Los Andes (The Crying Woman of the Andes) depending on the region. In this story, she lost her lover and, in desperation, drowned her children in a river. She now cries uncontrollably and searches the riverbanks for her missing children. Many similarities exist between
4731-486: The force of gravity . This property is relied upon by all vascular plants , such as trees. Water is a weak solution of hydronium hydroxide—there is an equilibrium 2H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + OH , in combination with solvation of the resulting hydronium and hydroxide ions. Pure water has a low electrical conductivity , which increases with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as common salt . Liquid water can be split into
4814-450: The fundamental stretching absorption spectrum of water or of an aqueous solution in the region around 3,500 cm (2.85 μm) a path length of about 25 μm is needed. Also, the cuvette must be both transparent around 3500 cm and insoluble in water; calcium fluoride is one material that is in common use for the cuvette windows with aqueous solutions. The Raman-active fundamental vibrations may be observed with, for example,
4897-579: The ghost is nearby, but if the cry is heard nearby, it means the ghost is afar. Someone unlucky enough to face the specter is "won over" to the afterlife, never to be seen again.. The legend is deeply rooted in Antigua Guatemala, the former capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala (current Central America and southern state of Chiapas, Mexico) Throughout Latin America , there are various versions of
4980-572: The hauntings in California's juvenile detention facility with sightings of a “weeping woman.” [2] Gloria Anzaldua's book Borderlands/La Frontera references La Llorona as one of the three mothers of Chicanas. " La Llorona " is a Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941. It has since been covered by various musicians, including Chavela Vargas , Joan Baez , Lila Downs , and Rosalía . North American singer-songwriter Lhasa de Sela 's debut album La Llorona (1997) explored
5063-476: The legend, a beautiful woman named María marries a rich ranchero / conquistador to whom she bears two children. One day, María sees her husband with another woman and in a fit of blind rage, she drowns their children in a river, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them and consumed by guilt, she drowns herself as well but is unable to enter the afterlife , forced to be in purgatory and roam this earth until she finds her children. In another version of
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#17327730699155146-416: The liquid is known as boiling ). Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces. For example, frost is deposited on cold surfaces while snowflakes form by deposition on an aerosol particle or ice nucleus. In the process of freeze-drying , a food is frozen and then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates. The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for
5229-753: The liquid or solid state can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules. Hydrogen bonds are about ten times as strong as the Van der Waals force that attracts molecules to each other in most liquids. This is the reason why the melting and boiling points of water are much higher than those of other analogous compounds like hydrogen sulfide. They also explain its exceptionally high specific heat capacity (about 4.2 J /(g·K)), heat of fusion (about 333 J/g), heat of vaporization ( 2257 J/g ), and thermal conductivity (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/(m·K)). These properties make water more effective at moderating Earth's climate , by storing heat and transporting it between
5312-418: The oceans and the atmosphere. The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent. These bonds are the cause of water's high surface tension and capillary forces. The capillary action refers to the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against
5395-538: The oceans may have always been on the Earth since the beginning of the planet's formation . Water ( H 2 O ) is a polar inorganic compound . At room temperature it is a tasteless and odorless liquid , nearly colorless with a hint of blue . The simplest hydrogen chalcogenide , it is by far the most studied chemical compound and is sometimes described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid, though it
5478-402: The presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including mineral water ) usually has many dissolved substances that may give it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the potability of water in order to avoid water that is too salty or putrid . Pure water
5561-437: The pressure is 400 atm, water suffers only a 1.8% decrease in volume. The viscosity of water is about 10 Pa· s or 0.01 poise at 20 °C (68 °F), and the speed of sound in liquid water ranges between 1,400 and 1,540 metres per second (4,600 and 5,100 ft/s) depending on temperature. Sound travels long distances in water with little attenuation , especially at low frequencies (roughly 0.03 dB /km for 1 k Hz ),
5644-587: The rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation : d T d P = T ( v L − v S ) L f {\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}} where v L {\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}} and v S {\displaystyle v_{\text{S}}} are
5727-460: The roots of the La Llorona legend appear to be pre-Hispanic, the earliest published reference to the legend is a 19th-century sonnet by Mexican poet Manuel Carpio . The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather La Llorona is identified as the ghost of a woman named Rosalia who was murdered by her husband. The legend has a wide variety of details and versions. In a typical version of
5810-404: The sea. Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products)
5893-500: The story of La Llorona serves as a warning primarily to women on what is considered acceptable behavior within the culture. According to the local legend, in Guatemala City lived a woman who had an affair with a lover. She became pregnant and gave birth to a child named Juan de la Cruz who she drowned so her husband would not know. The woman was condemned in the afterlife to search for her murdered son in every place where there
5976-419: The story, her children are illegitimate , and she drowns them so that their father cannot take them away to be raised by his new wife. Recurring themes in variations on the La Llorona myth include a white, wet dress, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water. The legend of La Llorona is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture. Her story is told to children to encourage them not to wander off in
6059-413: The subunits of these biomacromolecules shape protein folding , DNA base pairing , and other phenomena crucial to life ( hydrophobic effect ). Many organic substances (such as fats and oils and alkanes ) are hydrophobic , that is, insoluble in water. Many inorganic substances are insoluble too, including most metal oxides , sulfides , and silicates . Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in
6142-488: The surface of a planet is called the hydrosphere . Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is 1.386 billion cubic kilometres (333 million cubic miles). Liquid water is found in bodies of water , such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal , pond, or puddle . The majority of water on Earth is seawater . Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater in aquifers . Water
6225-537: The surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) due to the increased atmospheric pressure of the CO 2 atmosphere. As the cooling continued, most CO 2 was removed from the atmosphere by subduction and dissolution in ocean water, but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared. Geological evidence also helps constrain the time frame for liquid water existing on Earth. A sample of pillow basalt (a type of rock formed during an underwater eruption)
6308-403: The temperature can exceed 400 °C (752 °F). At sea level , the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). As atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the boiling point decreases by 1 °C every 274 meters. High-altitude cooking takes longer than sea-level cooking. For example, at 1,524 metres (5,000 ft), cooking time must be increased by a fourth to achieve
6391-463: The title of which is generally misheard as 'Do Vases Have Eyes(?)'. Cihuac%C5%8D%C4%81tl Cihuacōātl was one of a number of motherhood and fertility goddesses in Aztec mythology . She was sometimes known as Quilaztli. Cihuacōātl was especially associated with midwives, and with the sweat lodges where midwives practiced. She is paired with Quilaztli and was considered a protectress of
6474-464: The town that had died. La Llorona is one. She haunts Sweetwater River and she also manages to possess Toni and take Betty's unborn child away. La Llorona is portrayed by drag queen, Mirage , during the 3rd episode of Season 16 of Rupaul's Drag Race . During this episode the queens had to show three different looks in the runway and she portrayed La Llorana in the second theme named "Significant Mother" where they needed to show an outfit based on
6557-549: The traditional Mexican version of La Llorona , in which many people are familiar with. Nonetheless, one of its main focuses is the environment of Ecuadorian rivers and mountains. The Ecuadorian La Llorona is known for her connection to rivers, like the Guayas River , where locals say they can hear her somber cries at night. The tale of La Llorona warns kids about disobedience and the importance of avoiding bodies of water and locations at night, similar in other versions around
6640-458: The upper atmosphere. As the pressure increases, ice forms other crystal structures . As of 2024, twenty have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted theoretically. The eighteenth form of ice, ice XVIII , a face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase, was discovered when a droplet of water was subject to a shock wave that raised the water's pressure to millions of atmospheres and its temperature to thousands of degrees, resulting in
6723-441: The winter. Water is a diamagnetic material. Though interaction is weak, with superconducting magnets it can attain a notable interaction. At a pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice melts or water freezes (solidifies) at 0 °C (32 °F) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100 °C (212 °F). However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by evaporation (vaporization throughout
6806-531: The world. In the Southwestern United States , the story of La Llorona is told to scare children into good behavior, sometimes specifically to deter children from playing near dangerous water. Also told to them is that her cries are heard as she walks around the street or near bodies of water to scare children from wandering around, resembling the stories of El Cucuy . In Chumash mythology indigenous to Southern California, La Llorona
6889-809: Was recovered from the Isua Greenstone Belt and provides evidence that water existed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago. In the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt , Quebec, Canada, rocks dated at 3.8 billion years old by one study and 4.28 billion years old by another show evidence of the presence of water at these ages. If oceans existed earlier than this, any geological evidence has yet to be discovered (which may be because such potential evidence has been destroyed by geological processes like crustal recycling ). More recently, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill
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