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55-625: Pierre, the first known seigneur (or sire ) of La Trémoïlle, was settled in Poitou , and died after 1040. His descendant, Guy, accompanied Godefroy de Bouillon to the Holy Land as a crusader in 1096. Upon his return, he had the abbey of Reims rebuilt, and died after 1145. His son, Guillaume, joined the expedition of Louis VII of France to the Holy Land as a crusader. Guillaume's great-grandson, Thibaut, crusaded alongside St. Louis , and

110-553: A 1959 ruling of the French courts having found that hereditary titles may only be transmitted "male-to-male" in "modern law". The original grant of the dukedom , in July 1563 by Charles IX , stipulated that it was heritable by both male and female successors, although when erected into a pairie by Henry IV in 1599, the letters patent restricted succession to the peerage—but not the dukedom—to male heirs, restrictions inapplicable to

165-513: A Huguenot defeat and the death of Anne de Montmorency , the royal commander-in-chief, and the short war ended in 1568 with the Peace of Longjumeau . The privileges granted to Protestants were widely opposed, however, leading to their cancellation and the resumption of war. The Dutch Republic , England and Navarre intervened on the Protestant side, while Spain, Tuscany and Pope Pius V supported

220-546: A cavalry general in the service of the Estates of Holland and holding the post of governor of Bois-le-Duc . He married a German princess, Emilie of Hesse-Cassel (1626–1693), in 1648, and only returned to France and converted to Catholicism two years before his death, in September 1670. His great-grandson, Charles Armand René de La Trémoïlle (1683–1719) became the seventh duc de Thouars in father-to-son succession. He received

275-456: A corporation such as religious order, a monastery, a parish. In English, seigneur is used in historical scholarship to discuss the French seigneurial system. It is also frequently calqued as " lord ", the analogous term in the English feudal system. The term grand seigneur has survived in English and French. Today this usually means an elegant, urbane gentleman . Some even use it in

330-413: A dukedom for his son in 1730, but the latter died without issue in 1759 and the title of Talmond returned to the eldest branch. The 13th and last duke of Thouars, 13th prince de Tarente and 17th prince de Talmond died in 1933. In 1643 he asserted his rights to that crown jure uxoris , and his descendants would continue to do so at various diplomatic conferences, in vain. Louis XIII , however, recognized

385-536: A policy of relative religious tolerance . After the events of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he began to support the persecution of Huguenots. However, the incident haunted Charles for the rest of his life, and historians suspect that it caused his physical and mental health to deteriorate over the next two years. Charles died of tuberculosis in 1574 without legitimate male issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry III , whose own death in 1589 without issue allowed for

440-636: A renowned warrior, the confidante of Philip the Hardy of Burgundy , and later counselor in the service of Charles VI of France , whose Oriflamme he carried into battle against the English in 1382. He journeyed with Louis II, Duke of Bourbon on crusade to Africa, and died in Rhodes en route to France, having been ransomed in 1396 following imprisonment at Nicopolis . His son George (1382–1444), became Grand Chamberlain of France in 1406 and husband in 1416 of Joan II, Countess of Auvergne , thereby also acquiring

495-422: A seigneur is a seigneurie or lordship , the rights that the seigneur was entitled to is called seigneuriage , and the jurisdiction exercised over the fief was seigneur justicier . The bearers of these titles, rights, and jurisdiction were generally but not exclusively male. A female seigneur was generally known as a seigneuresse or lady. The seigneur could be a noble or a roturier (commoner) as well as

550-547: A stricter sense to refer to a man whose manners and way of life reflect his noble ancestry and great wealth. In addition, Le Grand Seigneur had long been the name given by the French to the Ottoman sultan . Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ is the French equivalent of the English Our Lord Jesus Christ . The English word seignorage is also derived from seigneur . The title is still used in

605-597: Is still debated. This event, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , was a significant blow to the Huguenot movement, and religious civil warfare soon began anew. Charles sought to take advantage of the disarray of the Huguenots by ordering the siege of La Rochelle , but was unable to take the Protestant stronghold. Many of Charles' decisions were influenced by his mother, a fervent Roman Catholic who initially supported

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660-539: Is the cause of all of this? God's blood, you are the cause of it all!" Catherine responded by declaring she had a lunatic for a son. Charles' physical condition, tending towards tuberculosis , deteriorated to the point where, by spring of 1574, his hoarse coughing turned bloody and his hemorrhages grew more violent. Charles IX died at the Château de Vincennes on 30 May 1574, aged 23. Given that his younger brother Henry, Duke of Anjou , had recently been elected King of

715-615: The princesse du sang Gabrielle de Bourbon, daughter of Louis I, comte de Montpensier , subsequently marrying the daughter of Cesare Borgia . He inherited from his mother Marguerite d'Amboise, vicomtesse de Thouars, the title, "prince de Talmond", which Du Cange noted, in his Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis , had become attached to an allodial seigneurie in the Vendée . It was his grandson, François de La Trémoïlle (1505–1541), who succeeded Louis II in his titles, his father Charles, prince de Talmond (1486–1515), having been killed at

770-471: The Battle of Marignano . He was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia at which his grandfather was killed, but was subsequently ransomed. François wed the heiress Anne de Laval in 1521, who eventually brought to their descendants the pretendership to a royal throne. Their two younger sons, George (died 1584) and Claude (died 1566) founded, respectively, the branches of the marquis d'Royan (extinct 1698) and of

825-474: The Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owned a seigneurie , seigneury , or lordship—a form of title or land tenure —as a fief , with its associated obligations and rights over person and property. In this sense, a seigneur could be an individual—male or female, high or low-born—or a collective entity, typically a religious community such as a monastery , seminary , college , or parish . In

880-692: The Channel Islands , self-governing territories in the English Channel which swear fealty to the British Crown as the successor to the Duke of Normandy . In particular, it refers to the Seigneur of Sark , the hereditary ruler of Sark , a jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey . The Seigneur of Saint Ouen and the Seigneur of Samarès are titles in the Bailiwick of Jersey . According to

935-535: The Edict of Roussillon , which standardised 1 January as the first day of the year throughout France. War again broke out in 1567 after Charles added 6,000 Swiss mercenaries to his personal guards. Huguenots, fearing a Catholic attack was imminent, tried to abduct the king at Meaux , seized various cities, and massacred Catholics at Nîmes in an action known as the Michelade . The Battle of Saint-Denis resulted in

990-726: The Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion at the battles of Coutras in 1587, Ivry in 1590 and Fontaine-Française in 1595, and at the sieges of Paris and Rouen . In 1598 he married Charlotte Brabantine of Orange-Nassau (1580–1631), daughter of the Protestant Dutch leader William the Silent . Claude's sister, Charlotte Catherine de La Trémoille (d. 1619), married Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1552–1588) in 1586, but when he died suddenly six months before

1045-465: The ascension of Henry of Navarre to the French throne as Henry IV , establishing the House of Bourbon as the new French royal dynasty. Charles Maximilien of France, third son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici , was born on 27 June 1550 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye . He was the fifth of ten children born to the royal couple. Styled since birth as Duke of Angoulême , he

1100-679: The title of pretence , Prince of Taranto, traditionally borne by the representative heir to the historical throne of Naples, which was heritable in the female line. The only son of the 1910 marriage of Charlotte de La Trémoïlle with Prince Henri Florent de Ligne (1881–1967), head of the Antoing cadet branch of that princely family, had de La Trémoïlle appended to his own surname in the Kingdom of Belgium as " Jean Charles, Prince de Ligne de La Trémoille " (1911–2005) on 20 December 1934, and his only son, Prince Charles-Antoine (born 1946), bears

1155-621: The Catholics. Finally, the royal debt and the King's desire to seek a peaceful solution led to yet another truce, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in August 1570, which again granted concessions to the Huguenots. On 26 November 1570, Charles married Elisabeth of Austria , with whom he fathered one daughter, Marie Elisabeth . In 1573, Charles fathered an illegitimate son, Charles, Duke of Angoulême , with his mistress, Marie Touchet . After

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1210-913: The Feudal Dues Law of 1980 of Guernsey, the style of Dame or Seigneur is legally authorized for use by Seigneurs and Dames of Fiefs of the Crown Dependency of Guernsey. Guernsey or the Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of the Channel Islands that is a Crown Dependency . Guernsey still has feudal law and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has a Seigneur and/or Dame that owns the fief. The Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs have long existed before baronies and are part of Normandy . While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of

1265-527: The French throne and husband to Queen Jeanne III of Navarre , was appointed Lieutenant-General of France. In 1560, a group of Huguenot nobles at Amboise had planned to try to abduct King Francis II and arrest the Catholic leaders Francis, Duke of Guise , and his brother Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine . The plot was discovered ahead of time, and the Guises were prepared, executing hundreds of Huguenots. This

1320-583: The La Trémoïlle claimed the title "Prince of Tarento", along with the inheritance of Montmorency-Laval (it had passed to the Rieux family on the death of Guy XVI in 1531, then through Claude de Rieux, comtesse de Laval et Montfort, to François de Coligny in 1547, and on the death in 1605 of his grandson Guy XX, to the La Trémoïlle). Henri-Charles (1599–1674), duc de Thouars, received royal confirmation of

1375-518: The accusative singular of senior ("elder"), the comparative form of senex ("old, elderly"). It is a doublet of the English words senior , sir , sire , seignior, sieur , and monsieur and shares the same provenance as the Italian signore , Portuguese senhor , and Spanish señor , which—like mister —referred to feudal lords before becoming general words of respectful address towards men. The noble title and land title of

1430-552: The birth of their only son in September 1588, she was imprisoned on suspicion of having poisoned her husband to prevent the child's rejection as a bastard, although the king recognized the child as premier prince du sang and heir presumptive to the crown until the birth of his own son, the future Louis XIII , in 1601. The third duc de Thouars, Henri (1599–1674), was present at the Siege of La Rochelle in October 1628, after which he

1485-498: The concessions given to the Huguenots. After the military leaders of both sides were either killed or captured in battles at Rouen , Dreux , and Orléans , the regent mediated a truce and issued the Edict of Amboise (1563). The war was followed by four years of an uneasy "armed peace", during which time Catherine united the factions in the successful effort to recapture Le Havre from the English. After this victory, Charles declared his legal majority in August 1563, formally ending

1540-562: The conclusion of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1570, the king increasingly came under the influence of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny , who had succeeded the slain Prince of Condé as leader of Huguenots after the Battle of Jarnac in 1569. Catherine, however, became increasingly fearful of Coligny's unchecked power, especially since he was pursuing an alliance with England and the Dutch. Coligny

1595-499: The congresses of Munster, Nijmegen and Ryswyk, but without success. On November 6, 1748, the La Trémoïlle family made a final protest concerning their rights to the kingdom of Naples which had been yielded by the Treaty of Vienna of 1738 to the King of Sicily. Louis Jean Marie de La Trémoille (8 February 1910 – 9 December 1933), prince and 12th duc de La Trémoille, 13th duc de Thouars , 13th prince de Tarente and 17th prince de Talmond,

1650-437: The counties of Boulogne and Guînes . His rivalry with Arthur de Richemont , rather than hostility to Joan of Arc , is believed to have slowed her crusade's momentum against the English, allowing them to capture and burn her at the stake in 1431. His family's rise to wealth and power made him a target, and he was ransomed after capture thrice; after the Battle of Agincourt , once again by the English, and at Chinon , whence he

1705-568: The duc de La Trémoïlle's assumption of "Prince of Taranto " as a title of pretence and, by patent issued in 1629, granted him and his family the rank and prerogatives of princes étrangers at the French court . In 1648, Louis XIV allowed him to send a representative in presented their claims before the Congress of Munster , where the Treaty of Westphalia was concluded. The princes de Tarente also sought to their dynastic rights recognized at

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1760-507: The ducs de Noirmoutier (extinct 1733). The eldest son of François de La Trémoïlle, Louis III (1521–1577), was the first of his family to obtain ducal status when Charles IX conferred that honor upon him in 1563. His son with Jeanne de Montmorency , Claude (1566–1604), had the dukedom elevated into a peerage in 1595, although it was not registered as hereditary in the Parlement until 1599. He had converted to Protestantism and fought for

1815-511: The fiefs actually convene each year at the Court of Chief Pleas under the supervision of His Majesty's Government. There are approximately 24 private fiefs in Guernsey that are registered directly with the Crown. Some Fief Seigneurs own more than one Fief or have several Fiefs within their Fief territory. Charles IX of France Charles IX (Charles Maximilien; 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574)

1870-583: The fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion . Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Condé , brother of the Lieutenant-General and the suspected architect of the Amboise conspiracy , had already prepared for war and, taking Wassy as the pretext, assumed the role of a protector of Protestantism and began to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire Valley . In response, the monarchy revoked

1925-440: The king's fragile mental and physical constitution weakened drastically. His moods swung from boasting about the extremity of the massacre to exclamations that the screams of the murdered Huguenots kept ringing in his ears. Frantically, he blamed alternately himself – "What blood shed! What murders!", he cried to his nurse. "What evil counsel I have followed! O my God, forgive me... I am lost! I am lost!" – or his mother – "Who but you

1980-496: The marriage of his sister Margaret to Henry of Navarre , a major Protestant nobleman in the line of succession to the French throne, in a last desperate bid to reconcile his people. Facing popular hostility against this policy of appeasement and at the instigation of his mother Catherine de' Medici , Charles oversaw the massacre of numerous Huguenot leaders who gathered in Paris for the royal wedding, though his direct involvement

2035-499: The martyrdom at English hands of Joan of Arc five centuries earlier, who had been betrayed by the young duke's ancestor, Georges de La Trémoïlle , founder of the family's fortune in France. Although the 1944 Almanach de Gotha states that his successor, as 14th duchesse de Thouars, was the eldest of his four sisters, Charlotte (1892–1971), the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels of 1991 refrains from doing so,

2090-508: The massacres weakened Huguenot power, they also reignited war, which only ceased after the Edict of Boulogne in 1573 granted Huguenots amnesty and limited religious freedom. However, the year 1574 saw a failed Huguenot coup at Saint-Germain and successful Huguenot uprisings in Normandy, Poitou and the Rhône valley, setting the stage for another round of war. In the aftermath of the massacre,

2145-466: The position of Premier Gentilhomme de la Chambre du Roi , which had become a family sinecure . In 1725 he married his cousin, Marie Hortense de La Tour d'Auvergne (1704–1788), daughter of Emmanuel-Théodose, Duke of Bouillon. In the 17th century the La Trémoïlle family put forth a claim to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples . Henry de La Trémoïlle, in representation of his great-grandmother Anne de Laval (1505–1554) , wife of François de la Trémoïlle ,

2200-442: The rank of foreign prince in 1651; he bore as arms Quarterly Or a chevron gules between three eagles azure (La Trémoïlle), France, Bourbon-Montpensier and Montmorency-Laval . His eldest son Charles-Belgique-Hollande (1655–1709) bore Quarterly France and Two-Sicilies, over all La Trémoïlle , the younger son Frédéric-Guillaume (d. 1739) was titled prince de Talmond; he acquired the lordship of Châtellerault and had it raised to

2255-497: The regency. However, Catherine continued to play a principal role in politics, and often dominated her son. In March 1564, the King and his mother set out from Fontainebleau on a grand tour of France . Their tour spanned two years and brought them through Bar, Lyon , Salon-de-Provence (where they visited Nostradamus ), Carcassonne , Toulouse (where the King and his younger brother Henry were confirmed ), Bayonne , La Rochelle , and Moulins . During this trip, Charles IX issued

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2310-573: The same title and name. Viscounts of Thouars (elevated to duke 1563), Princes of Talmont , etc. The family was divided into several branches including, among others: Seigneur A seigneur ( French pronunciation: [sɛɲœʁ] ) or lord is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution , in New France and British North America until 1854, and in

2365-411: The street, Parisians mutilated the body. The mob action then erupted into the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , a systematic slaughter of Huguenots that was to last five days. Henry of Navarre managed to avoid death by pledging to convert to Catholicism. Over the next few weeks, the disorder spread to more cities across France. In all, up to 10,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and the provinces. Though

2420-597: The wake of the French Revolution , seigneurialism was repealed in France on 4 August 1789 and in the Province of Canada on 18 December 1854. Since then, the feudal title has only been applicable in the Channel Islands and for sovereign princes by their families. The English seigneur is borrowed from the French seigneur , which descends from Middle French seigneur , from Old French seignor (oblique form of sire ), from Latin seniōrem ,

2475-451: The wedding, which was set for 18 August 1572. On 22 August, a failed attempt on Coligny's life put the city in a state of apprehension, as both visiting Huguenots and Parisian Catholics feared an attack by the other side. In this situation, in the early morning of 24 August 1572, the Duke of Guise moved to avenge his father and murdered Coligny in his lodgings. As Coligny's body was thrown into

2530-485: Was King of France from 1560 until his death in 1574. He ascended the French throne upon the death of his brother Francis II in 1560, and as such was the penultimate monarch of the House of Valois . Charles' reign saw the culmination of decades of tension between Protestants and Catholics. Civil and religious war broke out between the two parties after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, following several unsuccessful attempts at brokering peace, Charles arranged

2585-533: Was also hated by Henry, Duke of Guise, who accused the Admiral of having ordered the assassination of his father Francis of Guise during the siege of Orléans in 1563. During the peace settlement, a marriage was arranged between Charles' sister Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre, the future King Henry IV, who was at that time heir to the throne of Navarre and one of the leading Huguenots. Many Huguenot nobles, including Admiral de Coligny, thronged into Paris for

2640-562: Was created Duke of Orléans after the death of his elder brother Louis , his parents' second son, who had died in infancy on 24 October 1550. The royal children were raised under the supervision of the governor and governess of the royal children, Claude d'Urfé and Françoise d'Humières , under the orders of Diane de Poitiers . On 14 May 1564, Charles was presented the Order of the Garter by Henry Carey . Charles' father died in 1559, and

2695-683: Was followed by cases of Protestant iconoclasm and Catholic reprisals. The regent Catherine tried to foster reconciliation at the Colloquy at Poissy and, after that failed, made several concessions to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain in January 1562. Nonetheless, the Massacre of Vassy , perpetrated on 1 March 1562, when the Duke of Guise and his troops attacked and killed or wounded over 100 Huguenot worshipers and citizens, brought France spiralling towards civil war. The massacre lit

2750-505: Was killed, along with three of his sons, on 8 February 1250 in battle at Mansoura in Egypt. In 1269 another Guy de La Trémoïlle, who is numbered "I" in the family lineage, paid homage to his liege , Alphonse, Count of Poitou , and died sometime after 1301. Guy IV (d. 1350), predeceased his father, Guy III, having been designated Grand Panetier of France . His son, Guy V (1346–1398), was called "The Valiant" according to Père Anselme , being

2805-517: Was obliged to abjure Protestantism for Catholicism while face-to-face with the victorious Cardinal Richelieu . He fought for France thereafter, at Pas-de-Suze in 1629, at the siege of Corbie in 1636, and was wounded at Carignano in 1629. Of his marriage with his cousin in 1619, Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne (1601–1665), daughter of Henri, Duke of Bouillon , was born Henri-Charles de La Trémoïlle (1620–1672), fourth duc de Thouars and prince de Tarente. He lived much of his life outside of France, serving as

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2860-522: Was succeeded by Charles' elder brother, King Francis II . Francis II died in 1560. The ten-year-old Charles was immediately proclaimed king on 5 December 1560, and the Privy Council appointed his mother, Catherine de' Medici , as governor of France ( gouvernante de France ), with sweeping powers, at first acting as regent for her young son. On 15 May 1561, Charles was consecrated in the cathedral at Reims . Antoine of Bourbon , himself in line to

2915-544: Was taken from the king's side and held prisoner at Montrésor . His grandson Louis II (1460–1525), commanded French troops in the conquest of Lombardy for Louis XII . Defeated and wounded fighting the Swiss at Novarra in 1513, he redeemed his reputation by raising the siege of Marseilles against the Constable de Bourbon 's Imperial troops in 1523 before being killed at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. In 1485 he had wed

2970-595: Was the only son and heir of Louis Charles de La Trémoïlle, 12th duc de Thouars and 12th Prince of Taranto , and was the last male of the historic La Trémoille family. He died, unmarried and childless, at the age of 23 at the estate of Leander J. McCormick (son of L. Hamilton McCormick ) in Whitchurch, Hampshire . It was noted in the New York Times at the time that his mysterious death by fire in England evoked

3025-483: Was the sole heir to King Frederick of Naples . Ferdinand I (1423–1494), an illegitimate son of King Alfonso V of Aragon , managed to become king of Naples in 1458, although upon his death his son Alfonso II (1452–1504) was driven out by France. Alfonso II's only legitimate child, Charlotte (1480–1506), was married in 1500 to Nicolas de Montmorency , comte de Laval. Her younger daughter Anne married in 1521 Louis I de La Trémoïlle, vicomte de Thouars. By this connection

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