102-456: Ladyhawke may refer to: Ladyhawke (musician) (born 1979), New Zealand singer-songwriter Ladyhawke (album) , her 2008 studio album Ladyhawke (film) , a 1985 film starring Matthew Broderick, Rutger Hauer and Michelle Pfeiffer Ladyhawke (novel) , a 1985 novelization of the film by Joan D. Vinge See also [ edit ] Ladyhawk (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
204-569: A disulfiram -like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase , which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the liver enzymes that break down the antibiotic compound. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms ,
306-501: A molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons . Since the first pioneering efforts of Howard Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria , production of the active compounds is carried out using fermentation , usually in strongly aerobic conditions. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR)
408-497: A Japanese bacteriologist working with Ehrlich in the quest for a drug to treat syphilis , achieved success with the 606th compound in their series of experiments. In 1910, Ehrlich and Hata announced their discovery, which they called drug "606", at the Congress for Internal Medicine at Wiesbaden . The Hoechst company began to market the compound toward the end of 1910 under the name Salvarsan, now known as arsphenamine . The drug
510-643: A biological cost, thereby reducing fitness of resistant strains, which can limit the spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria, for example, in the absence of antibacterial compounds. Additional mutations, however, may compensate for this fitness cost and can aid the survival of these bacteria. Paleontological data show that both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are ancient compounds and mechanisms. Useful antibiotic targets are those for which mutations negatively impact bacterial reproduction or viability. Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of
612-534: A coma, and she came close to dying. As an adult, Brown was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome . She believes that the large amount of her childhood she spent absorbed in music, be it listening to the radio or to her mother's Beatles and Pretenders albums, was attributable to this syndrome. While attending Chanel College , she played in several grunge bands. After high school, Brown moved from Masterton to Wellington. In 2001 in Wellington, Brown formed
714-637: A daughter named Billie Jean, was born on 20 October that year. Sami and Brown announced the end of the relationship in 2023. Brown is a fan of video games, describing herself as "a big, big gamer". Brown has a contralto vocal range. The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Antibacterial An antibiotic
816-453: A dissertation, " Contribution à l'étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes " (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes), the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of moulds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his thesis, Duchesne proposed that bacteria and moulds engage in
918-509: A long while ago; within moments of meeting it was clear we had a deep connection." In 2021, Ladyhawke collaborated with Broods on the song 'Guilty Love", which appears on Ladyhawke's fourth album, Time Flies . In August 2024, Lawyhawke on stage in Sydney playing her self titled debut in full confirmed she had been working with Nick Littlemore on their 2007 project Teenager with new music to be released. Several crowd members had been yelling
1020-466: A million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections." On 26 May 2016, an E. coli " superbug "
1122-518: A musical family, with her mother being a singer/guitarist and her stepfather a jazz drummer. During her childhood, various illnesses and allergies kept her in and out of the hospital. At age ten she contracted erysipeloid , a disease that is common in seagulls and sharks but had not been seen in humans in New Zealand for twenty years. Her allergies to antibiotics and antihistamines greatly complicated treatment efforts and almost put her into
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#17327943459691224-517: A patient is infected with a β-lactamase -producing strain of bacteria. Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities, killing
1326-460: A perpetual battle for survival. Duchesne observed that E. coli was eliminated by Penicillium glaucum when they were both grown in the same culture. He also observed that when he inoculated laboratory animals with lethal doses of typhoid bacilli together with Penicillium glaucum , the animals did not contract typhoid. Duchesne's army service after getting his degree prevented him from doing any further research. Duchesne died of tuberculosis ,
1428-465: A resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were, for a while, well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half
1530-418: A room making music" after being diagnosed with Clark's level-four melanoma soon after the birth of her daughter. “There were a couple of weeks where they couldn't tell me if I was going to live....that it had not spread was something of a miracle. The level of it was so bad that it sort of should have gone everywhere." Ladyhawke was cleared by her specialist after undergoing treatment and recovered. She started
1632-507: A scheduled tour of Australia with Modey Lemon , after which they were due to play at SXSW in Austin, Texas . Brown then made the impulsive decision to take her flight to Australia anyway, and she relocated to Melbourne . Some time after Brown's move to Melbourne, Sydney-based musician Nick Littlemore of Pnau (he later formed Empire of the Sun ) heard of her relocation and asked her if she
1734-507: A song entitled "Just One Kiss", which was eventually released on his 2018 album As I Was Now . In 2011, Ladyhawke collaborated with New Zealand singer Nik Brinkman, better known as Junica, on the single "Living in My House". Also in 2011, she remixed the song "Sister Wife" by American singer Alex Winston . In 2014, Ladyhawke appeared on the Tiësto album A Town Called Paradise with
1836-548: A spokesperson stated that it was not due to be released until 2012. It was later announced that the album was due for release in March 2012, and that it would be titled Anxiety . Anxiety' s release date was later pushed back to May 2012. In an interview with Digital Spy , Ladyhawke said "I've made an album I'm really proud of, so I just can't wait to start playing with the band again, and touring and having some fun. I can't wait to get back into it." "Black White & Blue"
1938-469: A track called " Last Train "; Firebeatz also appeared on the track. In 2019, Ladyhawke was featured on the single "Never Dance Alone", from Australian alternative dance group Crooked Colours ' album Langata . In December 2020, Ladyhawke released " River ", her second collaboration with Pnau. Pnau vocalist Nick Littlemore spoke of their experience working together again, stating "It seems every time we’ve collaborated with her it’s been incendiary. We met
2040-537: A wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year break in discovering classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibiotics were introduced to clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin ), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline ), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid ), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin ). With advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example,
2142-811: Is a naturally occurring process. AMR is driven largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. Yet, at the same time, many people around the world do not have access to essential antimicrobials. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a common phenomenon mainly caused by the overuse/misuse. It represents a threat to health globally. Each year, nearly 5 million deaths are associated with AMR globally. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria
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#17327943459692244-447: Is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria . It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections , and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as
2346-477: Is almost always used as a partner drug. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections may be treated with a combination therapy of fusidic acid and rifampicin. Antibiotics used in combination may also be antagonistic and the combined effects of the two antibiotics may be less than if one of the antibiotics was given as a monotherapy . For example, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are antagonists to penicillins . However, this can vary depending on
2448-486: Is also one of the treatment options for some skin conditions including acne and cellulitis . Advantages of topical application include achieving high and sustained concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection; reducing the potential for systemic absorption and toxicity, and total volumes of antibiotic required are reduced, thereby also reducing the risk of antibiotic misuse. Topical antibiotics applied over certain types of surgical wounds have been reported to reduce
2550-399: Is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since
2652-563: Is collaborating with Ladyhawke and members of The Horrors and Klaxons on his second solo album. "I've been working with Josh [Hayward], the guitarist from The Horrors and Stefan [Halperin], the drummer from the Klaxons and right now we can only do stuff when our other bands aren't doing things. But when we do get together, it's really explosive and it'll be well worth waiting for. I've also got Ladyhawke singing on it." In December 2011, Burgess revealed that he had collaborated with Ladyhawke on
2754-479: Is considered one of the drivers of antibiotic misuse. Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and
2856-703: Is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health , as well as other US agencies. A non-governmental organization campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working . In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in
2958-626: Is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. To avoid surgery, antibiotics may be given for non-complicated acute appendicitis . Antibiotics may be given as a preventive measure and this is usually limited to at-risk populations such as those with a weakened immune system (particularly in HIV cases to prevent pneumonia ), those taking immunosuppressive drugs , cancer patients, and those having surgery . Their use in surgical procedures
3060-557: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ladyhawke (musician) Phillipa Margaret "Pip" Brown (born 13 July 1979), better known by her stage name Ladyhawke , is a New Zealand singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. She took her stage name from Richard Donner 's 1985 film Ladyhawke . Brown was part of the Wellington -based band Two Lane Blacktop (2001–2003), before moving to Australia where, in 2004, she formed
3162-607: Is driven largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. Yet, at the same time, many people around the world do not have access to essential antimicrobials. The World Health Organization has classified AMR as a widespread "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country". Each year, nearly 5 million deaths are associated with AMR globally. Global deaths attributable to AMR numbered 1.27 million in 2019. The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life",
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3264-489: Is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment . Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains. Resistance may take
3366-494: Is to help prevent infection of incisions . They have an important role in dental antibiotic prophylaxis where their use may prevent bacteremia and consequent infective endocarditis . Antibiotics are also used to prevent infection in cases of neutropenia particularly cancer-related. The use of antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is not supported by current scientific evidence, and may actually increase cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and
3468-551: Is to try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too many of them." Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, potential harm from antibiotics extends beyond selection of antimicrobial resistance and their overuse is associated with adverse effects for patients themselves, seen most clearly in critically ill patients in Intensive care units . Self-prescribing of antibiotics
3570-714: Is unclear whether she was referring to the 1968 album or the 1975 album ), Rumours (1977), and Tango in the Night (1987). She has also described video game music as an influence, particularly retro Japanese chiptune music from the 8-bit and 16-bit eras . Ladyhawke appeared as herself in the third episode of the British ITV2 sitcom FM , originally aired 11 March 2009. Also in 2009, she designed Music Inspired Art labels for limited edition bottles of Beck's . Labels were illustrated by Sydney-based artist Sarah Larnach , who lived with Ladyhawke back when she
3672-406: Is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects. Therefore, potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Antibiotics such as metronidazole , tinidazole , cephamandole , latamoxef , cefoperazone , cefmenoxime , and furazolidone , cause
3774-560: The 2008 countdown ; "My Delirium" at number eleven and "Paris Is Burning" at number twenty-six. Pnau's song " Embrace ", which features Ladyhawke, was voted in at number twelve. Brown was nominated for an NME Award for Best Solo Artist. A limited 7-inch version of " Back of the Van "—each one hand painted by Sarah Larnach —was sold on eBay . All proceeds were given to the Parkinsons Society of New Zealand. In August 2009 it
3876-458: The beta-lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium ), the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones —are produced solely by chemical synthesis . Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with
3978-441: The bioenergetic failure of immune cells seen in sepsis . They also alter the microbiome of the gut, lungs, and skin, which may be associated with adverse effects such as Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhoea . Whilst antibiotics can clearly be lifesaving in patients with bacterial infections, their overuse, especially in patients where infections are hard to diagnose, can lead to harm via multiple mechanisms. Before
4080-558: The sulfonamides . In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not. The term "antibiotic" derives from anti + βιωτικός ( biōtikos ), "fit for life, lively", which comes from βίωσις ( biōsis ), "way of life", and that from βίος ( bios ), "life". The term "antibacterial" derives from Greek ἀντί ( anti ), "against" + βακτήριον ( baktērion ), diminutive of βακτηρία ( baktēria ), "staff, cane", because
4182-424: The "Time Flies Universe", with digitized versions of the album tracks providing the soundtrack. Brown is a lesbian . On 9 January 2015, she married New Zealand actress, comedian, and filmmaker Madeleine Sami . She moved from London to Los Angeles in 2013. On 20 June 2017 she announced her pregnancy. After a police shooting occurred near their apartment, she returned to Auckland , NZ in 2017. Her first child,
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4284-402: The 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics. Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of
4386-660: The American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association , and the American Public Health Association . Despite pledges by food companies and restaurants to reduce or eliminate meat that comes from animals treated with antibiotics, the purchase of antibiotics for use on farm animals has been increasing every year. There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In
4488-713: The UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the European Union has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (including the World Health Organization, the National Academy of Sciences , and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ) have advocated restricting the amount of antibiotic use in food animal production. However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit
4590-810: The United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for
4692-410: The United States. On 28 March 2013 Ladyhawke announced she would return to the studio to record her third solo album. By the middle of 2015, the album was finished. In the first half of 2016, it was announced that the record was titled Wild Things . In anticipation, two songs, "A Love Song" and "Sweet Fascination", were made available. The album was released on 3 June 2016. Her song "Let It Roll"
4794-565: The activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy. In important infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, combination therapy (i.e.,
4896-438: The administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days. When the responsible pathogenic microorganism is already known or has been identified, definitive therapy can be started. This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on its cost. Identification
4998-511: The album as "a pop record, albeit a particularly exotic species that equally suggests creative guile and hints of self-indulgence ... 'Pony' is the closest the album comes to cheap genre holidaying, approximating rock attitude when the organic and desperate growth of 'Bound And Gagged' is so much more impressive". Brown and Littlemore co-wrote "Alone Again" and "West" for Teenager. Soon after the album's appearance Brown left to concentrate on her career as Ladyhawke, she later credited Littlemore: I
5100-419: The album, "Guilty Love", which is a collaboration with Broods vocalist Georgia Nott, was released on 5 March 2021. On 27 May 2021, the album title Time Flies was revealed, and the video for the second single, "Mixed Emotions," debuted. The album was set for release on 8 October 2021, but the release date was moved to 19 November 2021. Ladyhawke stated how she was "....lucky and privileged to be alive and in
5202-485: The antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". In 1874, physician Sir William Roberts noted that cultures of the mould Penicillium glaucum that is used in the making of some types of blue cheese did not display bacterial contamination. In 1895 Vincenzo Tiberio , Italian physician, published a paper on the antibacterial power of some extracts of mold. In 1897, doctoral student Ernest Duchesne submitted
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#17327943459695304-503: The art rock band Teenager with Nick Littlemore of Pnau . In 2007 she moved to London , around 2013 to Los Angeles , and then subsequently relocating back to her native New Zealand after the release of her third album, Wild Things . Brown's debut solo album, Ladyhawke , was released on 22 September 2008 through Modular Recordings , and topped the RIANZ Albums Chart . It spawned five singles of which " My Delirium "
5406-423: The bacteria. Protein synthesis inhibitors ( macrolides , lincosamides , and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic , inhibiting further growth (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as gram-negative or gram-positive , whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect
5508-413: The band Two Lane Blacktop with some friends, playing lead guitar. She described the group as being "like Iggy and The Stooges meets The Clash ". She cites her experience playing the notorious New York City club CBGB with Two Lane Blacktop as being a defining moment. In 2003 Two Lane Blacktop disbanded when their lead singer, Matt Harrop, and drummer, Phil Smiley, both quit the band two days prior to
5610-437: The blood. Women with menstrual irregularities may be at higher risk of failure and should be advised to use backup contraception during antibiotic treatment and for one week after its completion. If patient-specific risk factors for reduced oral contraceptive efficacy are suspected, backup contraception is recommended. In cases where antibiotics have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for
5712-568: The broad-spectrum antibiotic rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibiotics that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . More studies on
5814-406: The car, and he drove me out to his parents' house, and we recorded that song ... that was the start for me, where he helped me get the confidence. Still close with Littlemore, Brown decided to leave Teenager to focus on a personal project she had been developing for some time, a persona she had dubbed Ladyhawke. She named herself so after a character played by Michelle Pfeiffer in the 1985 film of
5916-438: The concurrent application of two or more antibiotics) has been used to delay or prevent the emergence of resistance. In acute bacterial infections, antibiotics as part of combination therapy are prescribed for their synergistic effects to improve treatment outcome as the combined effect of both antibiotics is better than their individual effect. Fosfomycin has the highest number of synergistic combinations among antibiotics and
6018-497: The early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2,000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials to treat infections . Nubian mummies studied in the 1990s were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline . The beer brewed at that time
6120-605: The first systemically active antibacterial drug, Prontosil , was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 or 1933 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a naturally occurring process,
6222-399: The first bacteria to be discovered were rod-shaped. Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, and sometimes protozoan infections . ( Metronidazole is effective against a number of parasitic diseases ). When an infection is suspected of being responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified, an empiric therapy is adopted. This involves
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#17327943459696324-514: The first synthetic antibacterial organoarsenic compound salvarsan , now called arsphenamine. This heralded the era of antibacterial treatment that was begun with the discovery of a series of arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics by both Alfred Bertheim and Ehrlich in 1907. Ehrlich and Bertheim had experimented with various chemicals derived from dyes to treat trypanosomiasis in mice and spirochaeta infection in rabbits. While their early compounds were too toxic, Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata ,
6426-508: The first time. I love how music evokes memories of a certain time, I wanted to see if I could find a method of songwriting that would evoke those feelings from me on writing the song and then on the individual when listening to it for the first time." Ladyhawke's debut album, Ladyhawke , was released on 22 September 2008 by Modular Recordings . The album topped the albums chart in New Zealand one year after its release, in October 2009, and
6528-444: The form of biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, such as sulfamethazine-degrading soil bacteria introduced to sulfamethazine through medicated pig feces. The survival of bacteria often results from an inheritable resistance, but the growth of resistance to antibacterials also occurs through horizontal gene transfer . Horizontal transfer is more likely to happen in locations of frequent antibiotic use. Antibacterial resistance may impose
6630-923: The genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange . For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when
6732-441: The highest consumption with a rate of 64.4. Burundi had the lowest at 4.4. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most frequently consumed. Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects before their approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse side effects ranging from mild to very severe depending on
6834-401: The late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would colour human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug,
6936-409: The location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. The bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since
7038-516: The occurrence of stroke. There are many different routes of administration for antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics are usually taken by mouth . In more severe cases, particularly deep-seated systemic infections , antibiotics can be given intravenously or by injection. Where the site of infection is easily accessed, antibiotics may be given topically in the form of eye drops onto the conjunctiva for conjunctivitis or ear drops for ear infections and acute cases of swimmer's ear . Topical use
7140-513: The ones which cause the common cold or influenza . Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi . Drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs . Sometimes, the term antibiotic —literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι anti , "against" and βίος bios , "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes , but in
7242-707: The patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. The lack of rapid point of care diagnostic tests, particularly in resource-limited settings
7344-511: The possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion , a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. Mitochondrial damage cause oxidative stress in cells and has been suggested as a mechanism for side effects from fluoroquinolones . They are also known to affect chloroplasts . There are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases
7446-447: The possible interactions between antibiotics and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption
7548-520: The recording process for Time Flies during the COVID-19 pandemic , with sessions taking place during video calls with producers Tommy English and Josh Fountain . Ladyhawke mentioned future plans with PNAU in 2023 while touring Australia. Ladyhawke collaborated with Pnau on " Embrace " from the duo's 2007 self-titled album . The Charlatans ' Tim Burgess said in September 2010 that he
7650-536: The risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with birth control pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum levels in
7752-790: The risk of surgical site infections. However, there are certain general causes for concern with topical administration of antibiotics. Some systemic absorption of the antibiotic may occur; the quantity of antibiotic applied is difficult to accurately dose, and there is also the possibility of local hypersensitivity reactions or contact dermatitis occurring. It is recommended to administer antibiotics as soon as possible, especially in life-threatening infections. Many emergency departments stock antibiotics for this purpose. Antibiotic consumption varies widely between countries. The WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption published in 2018 analysed 2015 data from 65 countries. As measured in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Mongolia had
7854-415: The same name because she sees herself as "a sort of pop superwoman creating radio-friendly songs with a single bound". Brown says she started Ladyhawke out of a desire to do her own project where she could completely express herself in any way she wanted. She says: "I wanted to make music that could put a smile on people's faces and give them a feeling of nostalgia even though they may be hearing my songs for
7956-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ladyhawke . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladyhawke&oldid=1216690396 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
8058-551: The school disco. Bands from the nineties have that effect on me." Peaches , to whom Ladyhawke's music has been compared, remixed the single "Paris Is Burning", and the two have performed together, with Peaches taking DJ duties. Ladyhawke's music has also been likened to that of Cyndi Lauper , Pat Benatar , Kim Wilde , Annie and New Young Pony Club . Brown has stated that her five favourite albums of all time are Hunky Dory (1971) by David Bowie , Time (1981) by ELO and three Fleetwood Mac albums: Fleetwood Mac (it
8160-471: The song titles from the project such as 'Alone Again' which the singer responded to an audience member by confirming the project. Ladyhawke is noted as being influenced by 1980s music. She has been linked to a wave of 1980s-influenced, individualistic, androgynous female musicians in their twenties who emerged in the late 2000s. Brown also draws inspiration from music of the '90s, including Nirvana. "Listening to Nirvana takes me back to being fourteen at
8262-494: The species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile . Taking probiotics during the course of antibiotic treatment can help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as
8364-402: The species of bacteria. In general, combinations of a bacteriostatic antibiotic and bactericidal antibiotic are antagonistic. In addition to combining one antibiotic with another, antibiotics are sometimes co-administered with resistance-modifying agents. For example, β-lactam antibiotics may be used in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors , such as clavulanic acid or sulbactam , when
8466-442: The type of antibiotic used, the microbes targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . Common side effects of oral antibiotics include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of
8568-493: The use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations. Studies have shown that common misconceptions about the effectiveness and necessity of antibiotics to treat common mild illnesses contribute to their overuse. Other forms of antibiotic-associated harm include anaphylaxis , drug toxicity most notably kidney and liver damage, and super-infections with resistant organisms. Antibiotics are also known to affect mitochondrial function, and this may contribute to
8670-508: The use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including
8772-445: The use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567–1650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) discovered modern day penicillin in 1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during wartime. The first sulfonamide and
8874-903: The usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin ) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics ) are fully synthetic . However, both classes have the same effect of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy . "Antibacterials" include bactericides , bacteriostatics , antibacterial soaps , and chemical disinfectants , whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed . Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia , China , Serbia , Greece, and Rome. The first person to directly document
8976-529: Was announced that she would co-headline a North American tour with Ida Maria , starting 10 September in Atlanta and concluding 3 October in Los Angeles . The tour was sponsored by celebrity blogger Perez Hilton . In April 2011, Ladyhawke stated that she was preparing to release new material in the following months. Her second album was initially scheduled for an October 2011 release, but in September,
9078-563: Was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for sales in excess of 15,000 copies. In both Australia and the United Kingdom, it reached number sixteen, and was certified gold. Its biggest hit single was " My Delirium ", which charted inside the top ten in both New Zealand and Australia. Ladyhawke appeared for the first time in a Triple J Hottest 100 with two entries in
9180-477: Was conjectured to have been the source. The use of antibiotics in modern medicine began with the discovery of synthetic antibiotics derived from dyes. Various Essential oils have been shown to have anti-microbial properties. Along with this, the plants from which these oils have been derived from can be used as niche anti-microbial agents. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in
9282-528: Was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 or 1933 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany, for which Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sulfanilamide, the active drug of Prontosil, was not patentable as it had already been in use in the dye industry for some years. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . Research
9384-489: Was first getting started on her music career. In 2016, Ladyhawke was featured as part of the group going on a road trip in Air New Zealand 's safety video, Summer of Safety . In 2021, Ladyhawke released a limited-edition video game cartridge keychain in conjunction with the release of her fourth album, Time Flies . The game takes Ladyhawke on a journey to complete her album while encountering characters from
9486-431: Was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide ). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as
9588-423: Was identified in the United States resistant to colistin , "the last line of defence" antibiotic . In recent years, even anaerobic bacteria, historically considered less concerning in terms of resistance, have demonstrated high rates of antibiotic resistance, particularly Bacteroides , for which resistance rates to penicillin have been reported to exceed 90%. Per The ICU Book , "The first rule of antibiotics
9690-487: Was interested in joining an art rock band he had started called Teenager . Brown liked Littlemore's music and, in 2004, decided to join. Brown and Littlemore played together for two years, with Brown relocating to Sydney to be closer to the band, as well as other people she enjoyed playing and writing music with. Teenager issued their debut album, Thirteen , as well as the related singles "Pony" and "Bound and Gagged", in 2006. Mess + Noise ' s Craig Mathieson described
9792-511: Was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis . These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman , an American microbiologist, in 1947. The term antibiotic
9894-486: Was quite happy playing guitar [in Teenager], contributing my ideas and stepping back [...] [Littlemore] heard me singing a song, and rushed in and said, "What's that?" I was like, "It's just like, you know..." [...] I had a Myspace page, calling myself Ladyhawke with a couple of rough demos up there. Nick was like, "That's cool, you should really follow that up. You just need to get in a studio and record it". So we jumped in
9996-459: Was released as Anxiety' s lead single on 24 January 2012, the song was featured in the soundtracks of the video games Forza Horizon , FIFA 13 , and Sleeping Dogs . The single "Sunday Drive" followed in April, and the album itself was released in late May. In July 2012, a third single, "Blue Eyes", was released. In February 2014, her song "Blue Eyes" was used in a series of Verizon commercials in
10098-434: Was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials. Observations about the growth of some microorganisms inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms have been reported since the late 19th century. These observations of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in
10200-775: Was the most successful. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009 , Ladyhawke won Breakthrough Artist in both album and single categories. Brown's second solo album, Anxiety , was released in May 2012, her third solo album, Wild Things , in June 2016 and her fourth album, Time Flies , in November 2021. Phillipa Margaret Brown was born on 13 July 1979 in Masterton , a town in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand. She came from
10302-430: Was used in an advertisement for Australian telecommunications company Optus . "The River" and "A Love Song" are featured in the soundtrack of the 2016 racing video game Forza Horizon 3 . On 24 September 2020, Ladyhawke announced that she was in the studio mixing a new record that would be available soon. In March 2021, she revealed that she had signed a new label and publishing deal with BMG . The first single from
10404-577: Was used to treat syphilis in the first half of the 20th century. In 1908, Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology . Hata was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and 1913. The first sulfonamide and the first systemically active antibacterial drug, Prontosil ,
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