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54-694: Ladysmith Airport ( IATA : LAY , ICAO : FALY ) is an airport serving Ladysmith , a town in the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa . The airport is located on the outskirts of town just below Platrand at 28°34′48″S 29°45′10″E  /  28.58000°S 29.75278°E  / -28.58000; 29.75278  ( Ladysmith Aerodrome ) at an elevation of 3,548 feet (1,081 m) above mean sea level . It has one runway designated 11/29 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,200 by 15 metres (3,937 ft × 49 ft). NDB

108-500: A few grand 19th-century European buildings, most of the town is of much more recent origin. After 1949, the town's name was changed from Chefoo to Yantai, and it was opened to the world as an ice-free trade port in 1984. On 12 November 1911, the eastern division of Tongmeng Hui declared itself a part of the revolutionary movement. The next day, it established the Shandong Military Government ( 山東軍政府 ) and,

162-567: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

216-606: Is Zhifu , which used to be the largest independent city in the area. It was variously romanized as Chefoo , Che-foo , Chi-fu , and Chih-fou . Although this name was used for the city by foreigners prior to the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , the locals referred to the settlement as Yantai throughout. During the Xia and Shang dynasties , the region was inhabited by indigenous people vaguely known to

270-509: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

324-823: Is LY397.5 and VOR is LYV116.5. The airport is now managed by JetVision Airports Pty Ltd, IATA airport code The assignment of these codes is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn ,

378-813: Is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of the People's Republic of China . Lying on the southern coast of the Bohai Strait , Yantai borders Qingdao on the southwest and Weihai on the east, with sea access to both the Bohai Sea (via the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Strait) and the Yellow Sea (from both north and south sides of

432-623: Is around 80 km from the city centre of Yantai. Yangma Island is located in the north of Muping District , Yantai and has a large area. The climate on the island is pleasant, with no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer, making it suitable for leisure and vacation. It can be called the Maldives in China. Yangma Island has a long history. It is said that Emperor Qin Shihuang raised royal horses here during his eastward tour and

486-617: Is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as the list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and

540-523: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

594-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

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648-488: Is located close to Yantai port. An attempt to switch northern China from coal to natural gas resulted in shortages, and in 2017 the Chinese government implemented a new plan to convert half of northern China to clean energy for winter heating. Haiyang , a city under Yantai's prefecture , is anticipated to meet its total winter heating needs with nuclear power by 2021. Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area

702-543: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

756-585: Is one of the earliest approved state-level economic development zones in China. It now has a planned area of 10 km (3.9 sq mi) and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Yellow Sea. It adjoins downtown Yantai, merely 6 kilometers away from Yantai Port and 6 kilometers away from Yantai Railway Station (not to be confused with Yantai South Railway Station). Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ)

810-725: Is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 km (1.61 sq mi), in which the initial zone covers 3 km (1.2 sq mi). After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, with standard workshops of 120,000 m (1,300,000 sq ft) and bonded warehouses of 40,000 m (430,000 sq ft). Up to now, owing to an excellent investment environment, YTEPZ has attracted investors from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden,

864-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

918-571: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

972-812: The Chinese as the " Eastern Barbarians " ( Dongyi ). Under the Zhou , they were colonized and sinicized as the state of Lai . Lai was annexed by Qi in 567 BC. Under the First Emperor ( Shi Huangdi ), the area was administered as the Qi Commandery . Under the Han , this was renamed as the Donglai Commandery ( 東 萊 郡 ). Following the Three Kingdoms period , the area was organized by

1026-817: The Jin as the Donglai Kingdom or Principality , later returning to prefecture status as a jùn and then zhōu . Under the Tang and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , it was known as Deng Prefecture and organized with the Henan Circuit . It was then organized as the Laizhou ( 萊 州 府 ) and then, under the Qing , Dengzhou Prefecture ( 登 州 府 ). Up to the 19th century, however,

1080-557: The unequal 1858 Treaty of Tianjin , including Tengchow (now Penglai ). Its port being found inadequate, Zhifu—about 30 miles (48 km) away—was selected to act as the seat of the area's foreign commerce. The mooring was at considerable distance from shore, necessitating more time and expense in loading and unloading, but the harbor was deep and expansive and business grew rapidly. The harbor opened in May 1861, with its status as an international port affirmed on 22 August. The official decree

1134-520: The Japanese, who turned Yantai into a summer station for their Asian fleet. They also set up a trading establishment in the town. The different foreign influences that shaped this city are explored at the Yantai Museum, which used to be a guild hall. However, the city's colourful history has not left a distinctive architectural mark, there has never been a foreign concession, and though there are

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1188-526: The Shandong Peninsula). It is the largest fishing seaport in Shandong. Its population was 7,102,116 during the 2020 census , of whom 3,184,299 lived in the built-up area made up of the 5 urban districts of Zhifu , Laishan , Fushan , Muping , and Penglai . The name Yantai ( lit .   " Smoke Tower ") derives from the watchtowers constructed on Mount Qi in 1398 under

1242-573: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Yantai 37°27′53″N 121°26′52″E  /  37.4646°N 121.4478°E  / 37.4646; 121.4478 Yantai , formerly known as Chefoo ,

1296-648: The United States, Canada, etc., as well as domestic investors, to operate in the zone. The following is a list of prominent Yantai higher education institutions. China Agricultural University and Binzhou Medical College house campuses in Yantai. It houses a Korean international school, Korean School in Yantai . Chefoo School previously educated foreign children. Yantai Penglai International Airport provides scheduled flights to major airports in China as well as Seoul, Osaka, and Hong Kong. The Lancun–Yantai railway ends at Yantai. The Qinggrong Intercity Railway,

1350-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

1404-681: The Zhifu area consisted of nothing but small unwalled fishing villages of little importance. Under the Ming , these were first troubled by the Wokou and then by the overreacting "Sea Ban" , which required coastal Chinese to give up trading and most fishing and relocate inland upon pain of death. Following the Second Opium War , the Qing Empire was obliged to open more treaty ports by

1458-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

1512-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

1566-502: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

1620-472: The day after that, renamed itself the Yantai Division of the Shandong Military Government ( 山東煙台軍政分府 ). In 1914, Jiaodong Circuit ( 膠東道 ) was established with Yantai as the capital. Jiaodong Circuit was renamed Donghai Circuit ( 東海道 ) in 1925. On 19 January 1938, Yantai participated as part of an anti-Japanese revolutionary committee. After the creation of the People's Republic of China , Yantai

1674-602: The edible seaweed grown in the shallows of the Russian settlements around Port Arthur (now Dalian 's Lüshunkou District ). In 1875, the murder of the British diplomat Augustus Margary in Tengchong , Yunnan , led to a diplomatic crisis that was resolved in Zhifu by Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang the next year. The resultant Chefoo Convention gave British subjects extraterritoriality throughout China and exempted

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1728-934: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

1782-664: The first intercity high-speed railway in Shandong Province, has been put into operation, cutting the travel time of the fastest train from Qingdao to Yantai from about 4 hours and 30 minutes to about 1 hour and 15 minutes. Penglai City's Dan Cliffs ( 丹崖 ) is said to be the departure point of the Eight Immortals on their trip to the Conference of the Magical Peach. It is important to note that Penglai

1836-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

1890-478: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

1944-423: The foreign merchants' enclaves from the likin tax on internal commerce. Its healthy situation and good anchorage made it a favorite coaling station for foreign fleets, giving it some importance in the conflicts over Korea, Port Arthur, and Weihaiwei. Award-winning Chefoo bobbin lace was produced following the introduction of the craft by British missionaries, reportedly becoming a popular export. Chefoo lace

1998-597: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

2052-487: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

2106-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

2160-662: The old town of Zhifu was located above the mouth of the Yi ( 沂 河 , Yí Hé ). Yantai has a monsoon-influenced climate which under the Köppen climate classification , Yantai falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dwa ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or a humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Summers are hot, humid, and rainy while winters are cold and dry. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −12.8 °C (9 °F) (unofficial record of −15 °C (5 °F)

2214-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

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2268-668: The poorer classes, a Catholic and a Protestant church were erected, and a large hotel did business with foreigners who employed the town as a summer resort. The principal traders were the British and Americans, followed by the Germans and Thais . In the 1870s, the principal imports were woolen and cotton goods, iron , and opium and the principal exports were tofu , soybean oil , peas , coarse vermicelli , vegetables , and dried fruit from Zhifu itself, raw silk and straw braid from Laizhou , and walnuts from Qingzhou . The town also traded Chinese liquors and sundries for

2322-490: The prefecture became a prefecture-level city . Yantai is located along the north coast of the Shandong Peninsula , south of the junction of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and parallel to the southern coast of Liaoning . The topographical breakdown consists of: About 2,643.60 km (1,020.70 sq mi) is urbanized. Only Qixia City is located entirely inland. All other county-level entities are coastal, with Changdao consisting entirely of islands. The total coastline of

2376-412: The prefecture is 909 kilometers (565 mi). The summits in the hill country vary from 100–300 meters (330–980 ft); the average peak in the mountainous region is 500 meters (1,600 ft), and the highest point of elevation is the summit of Mount Kunyu ( 昆 崳 山 ) at 922.8 meters (3,028 ft). There are 121 rivers over 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) in length, the largest being: The core of

2430-487: The region's largest industry is agriculture. It is famous throughout China for a particular variety of apple and Laiyang pear, and is home to the country's largest and oldest grape winery, Changyu . The county-level city of Longkou is well known throughout China for its production of cellophane noodles . Yantai derives most of its energy from a large coal power plant using bituminous coal , and fitted with coal gasification technology to minimize pollution. The plant

2484-551: The reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty . The towers were used to light signal fires and send smoke signals , called langyan from their supposed use of wolf dung for fuel. At the time, the area was troubled by the Japanese pirates ( Wokou ), initially raiders from the warring states in Japan but later principally disaffected Chinese. It was also formerly romanized as Yen-tai . The major district of Yantai

2538-506: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

2592-500: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

2646-515: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

2700-529: The use of two letters allowed only a few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

2754-498: Was accompanied by the construction of the Donghai Customs House ( 東海 關 ). It quickly became the residence of a circuit intendant ("taotai"), customs house , and a considerable foreign settlement located between the old native town and the harbor. Britain and sixteen other nations established consulates in the town. The town was initially expanded with well-laid streets and well-built stone houses, even for

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2808-647: Was exhibited at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Yantai received German economic activities and investments for about 20 years. In the run-up to the First World War , its trade continued to grow but was limited by the poor roads of the area's hinterland and the necessity of using pack animals for portage. The trade items remained largely the same as before. After the Germans were defeated by Allied forces in World War I, Qingdao and Yantai were occupied by

2862-471: Was officially awarded city status with the outlying towns of Laiyang and Wendeng tacked on as "Special Regions" ( 专区 ) in 1950. Wendeng was merged into Laiyang six years later, and this larger Laiyang Special Region was combined with Yantai City to become Yantai Prefecture ( 烟台地区 ). Yantai is of strategic importance to China's defense, as it and Dalian , directly across the Bohai Sea from it, are primary coastal guard points for Beijing . In November 1983,

2916-447: Was set on 10 January 1931) to 38 °C (100 °F). The prefecture-level city of Yantai administers 12 county-level divisions , including 5 districts , 6 county-level cities , and one development zone. ( 开发区 ) These are further divided into 148 township-level divisions , including 94 towns , six townships , and 48 subdistricts . Yantai is currently the second largest industrial city in Shandong, next to Qingdao. However,

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