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72-619: Shandong is a coastal province in East China . Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River . It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism , Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism . Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in

144-590: A governor . The People's Government is answerable to both the State Council and the Provincial People's Congress. The provincial branch of the CCP has a Provincial Party Congress every five years, and elects a Standing Committee to exercise its authority when not in session. The Provincial Party Secretary is the de facto most important position in the province. The first provinces were created in

216-444: A period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity , and China's second-most populous province . The economy of Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a GDP of CN¥8.3 trillion (US$ 1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to

288-525: A rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay , the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea , is bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai ; Jiaozhou Bay , which is much smaller, is surrounded by Qingdao . The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea . With Jinan serving as

360-566: A second time c.  1026 . Transmitted documents from the Western Zhou period are scant, but it is known that King Yi of Zhou ( r.   865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. During the time of King Xuan of Zhou ( r.   827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Zhou cultural sphere. The succession crisis following

432-470: A tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected Yan from encroaching Western Rong nomads; drove off Northern Di nomads after their invasions of Wey and Xing , providing

504-643: Is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences. Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton . Beginning in the Mesozoic , Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in

576-1650: Is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport. Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2.6 km (1.0 sq mi). Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located 30 km (19 mi) to Weihai Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) to Weihai railway station and 4 km (2.5 mi) to Weihai Harbor. Provinces of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present Provinces ( Chinese : 省 ; pinyin : Shěng ) are

648-466: Is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal . At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China. The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone

720-488: Is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology. Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by

792-600: Is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ( 青州 ) in the north and Yanzhou ( 兗州 ) in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei , which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over

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864-607: Is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula , where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer , Haier and Hisense . Besides, Dongying 's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite

936-675: Is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie . The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of

1008-502: Is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak , with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges. The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering

1080-561: Is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack

1152-493: Is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier , Hisense , Aucma, Sinopec , CSIC , CNOOC , CIMC etc. are all located in the zone. The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It

1224-620: The Battle of An in 589. In 579, the four great powers of Qin , Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532   BCE, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later,

1296-642: The Duke of Zhou 's regency during the Three Guards ' failed rebellion . The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi polities of Yan  [ zh ] , Xu , and Pugu , located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039   BCE, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed

1368-609: The Great Chinese Famine . In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces. Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River , and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula . Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to

1440-562: The Nature Index ranked Jinan ranked 32nd and Qingdao 43rd in the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research output. Shandong's name literally means 'east of the mountains', from 'mountain' ( 山 ) and 'east' ( 东 ). The name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains . A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu ( 齐鲁 ; 齊魯 ), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in

1512-454: The Tertiary . Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from Tyrannosaurus , Ankylosaurus , and other genera were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location. The Shandong Provincial People's Congress

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1584-748: The Yuan dynasty , and have remained one of the most stable forms of Chinese government since then. They were created to help the Imperial court manage local county governments, which were too numerous and far-flung to be managed directly. The number of provinces grew steadily during subsequent dynasties, reaching 28 by the time of the Republic of China . During the Warlord Era , provinces became largely or completely autonomous and exercised significant national influence. Province-level units proliferated and under

1656-470: The Zhou conquest of Shang , Jiang Ziya , a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu , the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang charged with ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to

1728-582: The circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north. The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996,

1800-618: The root systems. Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in Yantai ). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Gernischt , Merlot , Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be

1872-588: The state of Lu based in Qufu . Lu is famous for being the home of Confucius ; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Linzi , Jimo (near modern Qingdao ) and Ju . The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ( 刺史部 ) in what

1944-559: The "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition . He was succeeded by Han Fuju , who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek . Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian , nicknamed

2016-777: The "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule. In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War , which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed

2088-547: The 19th century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire , which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria . Shandong

2160-537: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan , on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India . The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit , one of

2232-573: The GDP of Mexico. If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous as of 2021. Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher education institutions , ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan . As of 2023,

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2304-415: The GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around the national average . Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021. Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton , wheat , and garlic as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds . It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in

2376-712: The Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths , heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines. As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over

2448-542: The Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India. The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to

2520-610: The Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the Yanzi Chunqiu . The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing

2592-410: The People's Republic of China . The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang . As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics. The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY ¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD $ 1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to

2664-558: The Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park. Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km (75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km (14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km (4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port

2736-464: The State Council. Covering an area of 677 km (261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km (150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating

2808-454: The Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai . In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The Warring States period ended with the Qin conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and

2880-807: The United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference . Weihai followed in 1930. Shandong's return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang , nicknamed

2952-642: The Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter. During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched-earth Three Alls policy ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura . This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over

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3024-462: The area during the Spring and Autumn period . Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home of Confucius , and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation of Lǔ ( 鲁 ; 魯 ). With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain , Shandong

3096-680: The area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem , led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement . Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after

3168-525: The discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong 's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism ). The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit  –

3240-476: The early People's Republic there were over 50. Political boundaries are, in part, established to counterbalance the influence of economic factors. For instance, the Yangtze Delta is divided among the provinces of Zhejiang , Jiangsu , and Anhui . This division ensures that economic strength is distributed, preventing any single region from potentially overpowering the state. State of Qi During

3312-510: The era of Imperial China began. Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu , composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the Classic of Documents , there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of

3384-503: The executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee . Provinces are the most common form of province-level governments. The legislative bodies of the provinces are the Provincial People's Congresses. The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by

3456-610: The first use of its current name. The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty , where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning . After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders. On 25 July 1668, an  earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an  epicenter  just northeast of Linyi devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people. During

3528-750: The golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%. Major producers Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council . The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km (15 sq mi). Since its foundation,

3600-405: The landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties ( 縣 ; xiàn ) ruled directly by ministers of the state court. Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including Tan – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of Legalism . In 667   BCE,

3672-529: The left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow. While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music ( 韶 ) therein. During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's Jixia Academy , where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands

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3744-461: The lords of Qi, Lu , Song , Chen , and Zheng assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou pronounced him Bà ( 霸 ; 'big brother '), the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the Son of Heaven (the Zhou king). The first of five such hegemons, he earned

3816-512: The most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan , currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC). The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as

3888-469: The mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of Qingdao . Its total length has been estimated at 600 km (370 miles). Most of the wall is still visible. Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the " Girl " lunar mansion in the " Black Turtle " symbol . Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in

3960-411: The next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao , then Former Yan , then Former Qin , then Later Yan , then Southern Yan , then the Liu Song dynasty , and finally the Northern Wei dynasty , the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period. In 412 AD,

4032-403: The next four years of the Chinese Civil War , they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China ) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ( 熊 ) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The People's Republic of China

4104-399: The north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively. Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12.5 km (4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value

4176-408: The northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu. The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain . The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province

4248-401: The people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer Cai and thereby block the northward expansion of Chu . After Duke Huan's death, a war of succession between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632   BCE, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu , only to be defeated by Jin itself at

4320-462: The primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China. The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture. Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of

4392-698: The province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao , Weihai , and Yantai . Shandong has a temperate climate : humid continental (Köppen Dwa ); it is bordering humid subtropical (C wa under the Köppen climate classification ) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −9 to 1 °C (16 to 34 °F) in January and 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation

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4464-454: The sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee , higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has

4536-591: The south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the ancestral temple , to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations. Smaller estates known as chengyi ( 城邑 ) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter

4608-495: The titular sage, Yu the Great , throughout each of the regions. Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu , written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi , the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said: Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization

4680-400: The violent death of King You of Zhou led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi ( r.   685–643   BCE ). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of

4752-503: The world. Other important crops include sorghum and maize . Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China. Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong

4824-404: The world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius , and later became the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After

4896-434: Was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli ( c.  6500–5500 BC ), Beixin ( c.  5300–4100 BC ), Dawenkou ( c.  4100–2600 BC ), Longshan ( c.  3000–2000 BC ), and Yueshi cultures ( c.  1900–1500 BC ). The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong

4968-406: Was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the Central Plain . Following the annexation of Lai  [ zh ] by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became sinicized . During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods , power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi , and

5040-404: Was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years. Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for

5112-428: Was proclaimed in October of that year. Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province , but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today. About six million people starved to death in Shandong during

5184-690: Was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center. The Great Wall of Qi ( 齊長城 ) is the oldest existing Great Wall in China . Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of Jin and Yue . Construction ended during the Warring States period , with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like Ju , Lu , and Chu . The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, Jinan , running across

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