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57-452: In 5th-4th century BCE the territory of Giugliano was settled by the Osci , who founded, among the many cities, Atella and Liternum , both of them flourished under the dominion of Rome . The area is that known as Terra di Lavoro , which was the most fertile part of Campania felix . Near " Lake Patria ", there was the ancient city of Liternum . In 194 BC it became a Roman colony . The town

114-491: A century. Cosimo, with his influence, obtained the concession of the jurisdiction which administratively freed the fief of Giugliano from Aversa's interference. In 1545 he had the ducal palace built there, at the time the center of power. In this period there was a notable boost to the economy and to the cultural and social growth of the Giugliano university , leaving various artistic testimonies. In 1639 Galeazzo Pinelli sold

171-402: A first, outer layer subject to marine erosion, and a second strip that is stabilized by vegetation. Local vegetation consists of halophilic plants on the coast, while the interior is characterized by Mediterranean scrub . There is increasing interest in these natural habitats, as it is believed that some of the local flora are native only to this area. Further inland, the environment supports

228-399: A system of dense vegetation, made up of oak forest on a dry, sandy soil, which was repeatedly cited by Roman authors for the pleasant atmosphere it produces. There was once a lake (Lake Licola) in this interior region, before the land was reclaimed. The reclaimed land is now used for agriculture , typically vineyards and orchards, due to the high fertility of the soil. Licola is subject to

285-788: A wider conspiracy with the Latin League . They appointed Lucius Furius Camillus dictator, halted business, drafted an army on the spot and sent it into the field against the Aurunci, but "the war was finished in the very first battle". The Romans used the army to complete the conquest of the Volsci at Sora . The Samnites in 343 BC "made an unprovoked attack upon the Sidicini", who appealed to Campania for military assistance and received it. After losing two battles and being penned within Capua ,

342-497: Is a land in the province of Naples which takes its name from Lago dei Follicoli , a lake which formerly occupied most of the area. The current population of Licola ranges between 4000 and 5000. Licola is a strip of land facing the sea, and is roughly three kilometers by ten kilometers in size. It begins at the foot of Mount Cuma and ends in Marina di Varcaturo . The Licola area is divided between two municipalities. In particular,

399-423: Is home to the falanghina vineyards Campi Flegrei and pedirosso Campi Flegrei. The services sector is based primarily on tourism, showing a remarkable development of seaside resorts and hotel facilities. Campsites and hotels provide about 2,500 beds. In addition, the area is home to many tourist attractions, restaurants, swimming pools, water parks, discos and resorts. These attract a considerable flow of people from

456-612: Is home to the studios of the television broadcaster Tele Club Italia, active in documenting news, sports and politics in the northern area of Naples. The city of Giugliano is mentioned several times in the episodes of the Gomorrah series, when the Savastano Clan decides to intervene in the municipal elections. On the occasion of the patronal feast, January 27, it is customary to cook meatballs with sauce called palle di san Giuliano (Italian for balls of San Giuliano). Giugliano

513-642: Is located in via Giuseppe Verdi. There are several high schools active in Guigliano, including the Scientific and linguistic high school; Commercial and hotel institute; Industrial Technical Institute; Classical high school; and the Institute for Industry and Crafts. Since 1931, the Marist Brothers religious institute has been present in the city, operating primary and secondary schools. The city

570-536: Is mainly famous as the residence of the elder Scipio Africanus , who withdrew from Rome and died there. His tomb and villa are described by Seneca the Younger . In 455, the town was pillaged and destroyed by Genseric and his Vandals . The surviving population migrated to the present historical center of Giugliano. The city remained a small center until 1207, when Cuma was destroyed by the Neapolitans ; some of

627-652: Is served by Naples–Aversa railway , a railway suburban train connection to the Naples Metro . Another station, Giugliano- Qualiano , is located some kilometers outside the city. It is part of the Villa Literno–Naples line , a branch of the Rome–Formia–Naples railway . In 2023, archaeologists uncovered a well-preserved, unsealed 2000-year-old tomb with frescoes in Giugliano in Campania. It dates back to

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684-552: Is the oldest square in the town. The town of Licola, together with the neighboring towns of Lago Patria and Varcaturo, comprise the territory formerly inhabited by the Osci in the 5th to 4th century BC. The Osci founded many cities in Campania, including Liternum, the remains of which are located just north of Licola. This town experienced a remarkable development, especially during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire . The first reference to Liternum dates from Roman times:

741-528: Is thought that the territory of Licola covers an old Roman road, the Domitian Way , and the remains of an amphitheater of the same period whose precise location has yet to be discovered. The important archeological site of the town of Liternum (containing the tomb of Scipio Africanus ) is located about one kilometer north of Licola, in Lago Patria (where a lake of the same name is located which has

798-751: The Campanians offered themselves to Rome with tears and prostrations in the Senate House. The Senate accepted the offer and granted assistance on the grounds that Campania would be an ally in the rear of the Aequi and Volsci in case of further conflict with them. When Roman envoys presented the Samnite Senate with demands for withdrawal from Campania, the answer was no; moreover, the envoys were allowed to hear staged orders of Samnite commanders to their troops to march on Campania immediately. So began

855-695: The French Revolution . With the French decade of Joseph Bonaparte , the subversive laws of feudalism were enacted decreeing the end of all feudal privileges in the Kingdom of Naples and the beginning of the municipal administration. Therefore the last to govern the Giuglianese feud was the Colonna dynasty, after which power passed into the hands of the citizens. Lords of the city were, in sequence,

912-725: The Oscan language , also spoken by the Samnites of Southern Italy . Although the language of the Samnites was called Oscan , the Samnites were never referred to as Osci, nor were the Osci called Samnites. Traditions of the Opici fall into the legendary period of Italian history , roughly from the beginning of the first millennium BC until the foundation of the Roman Republic . No consensus can be reached concerning their location and language. By

969-644: The Volsci in their struggle against Rome. In 495 BC, putting an army on the march for Rome, they sent envoys ahead to demand the withdrawal of the Romans from Volscian territory. The consul Publius Servilus Priscus Structus met them on the march at Arricia and "in one battle finished the war". No more is heard of the Oscans for almost a century. In the last half of the 4th century BC, the remaining Oscan populations (who were not Samnites ) lived in three sovereign states:

1026-538: The Volsci , a tribe occupying the Volsci Mountains overlooking and including the Pontine Marshes . During the final revolt of the Volsci, the Romans had sacked and levelled Satricum about 346 BC and had sold the remaining 4,000 fighting men into slavery. For whatever reasons, the Aurunci chose this moment to send a marauding expedition against the Romans. Panic ensued in the city. The senators saw

1083-582: The "high sea" near Sicily was still named Ausonian even though the Ausonians never lived near it. Aurunci is the Roman name for Ausones by a commonplace change of an s to an r in Latin: *Ausuni> *Auruni> *Aurunici> Aurunci. They were perhaps the same people in the early Roman Republic . In the 4th century BC, the names came to be applied to distinct tribes. A people called the Aurunci by Livy appear

1140-675: The 1970s and 1980s. These have now all been closed owing to environmental and archeological regulations imposed by the Cultural and Environment Heritage Ministry and the Archeological Heritage Ministry. Licola is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea . It is bordered to the north by Varcaturo and Lago Patria, hamlets within Giugliano , to the east by Monterusciello and Monte Grillo , and to

1197-506: The First Samnite War (343–341 BC). The Roman Senate declared war, the people ratified the declaration, and two consular armies were sent into Samnium and Campania respectively. For two years the Romans knew only victories until at last the Samnites sued for the restoration of their former alliance with one condition: they would be free to war on the Sidicini if they wished. The Romans had an agreement with Campania, but none with

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1254-532: The Latin camp, received separate treaties from Rome. In 337, the Sidicini attacked the Aurunci for no reason given by Livy. The Roman Senate decided that the terms of the latter's treaty warranted military intervention, but meanwhile the Aurunci abandoned their towns in Campania in favour of a mountain stronghold, Suessa , which they renamed Aurunca. Further events escalated the conflict: the Ausones of Cales joined

1311-544: The Licola-Cumae beach, between the island of Ischia and Ventotene, contains a submarine canyon , the Canyon of Cumae, which provides a home for cetaceans such as dolphins and rorquals . The economy of Licola is based substantially on agriculture and tourism. In the region, there are highly developed orchards and vineyards, which thanks to the fertility of the soil provide good quality crops. Of special note, this area

1368-530: The Opici lived in "the part of Italy towards Tyrrhenia " and were also called Ausones . Antiochus of Syracuse agreed that the Opici were Ausones and placed them in Campania . Strabo , however, the chief source for the fragments of Antiochus, himself distinguished between the Osci and the Ausones, remarking that the Osci had disappeared, but the Romans still used their dialect as a literary language, and that

1425-509: The Roman Republican and Imperial eras. One notable fresco portrays Cerberus earning the tomb the designation "Tomb of Cerberus". The scene corresponds to the final of Heracles ' twelve labors , during which he successfully captures Cerberus. Osci The Osci (also called Oscans , Opici , Opsci , Obsci , Opicans ) were an Italic people of Campania and Latium adiectum before and during Roman times. They spoke

1482-520: The Roman state. The Osci kept their independence by playing one state against another, especially the Romans and Samnites. Their sovereignty was finally lost during the Second Samnite War when, prior to invading Samnium, the Romans found it necessary to secure the border tribes. After the war, the Oscans assimilated quickly to Roman culture. Their cultural legacy survived only in place names and literary references. According to Aristotle ,

1539-642: The Romans defeated the Latin League , taking away the sovereignty of its tribal states, who subsequently assimilated to Rome. The consul, Lucius Furius Camillus, asked the Senate: "Do you wish to adopt ruthless measures against a people that have surrendered and been defeated? ... Or do you wish to follow the example of your ancestors and make Rome greater by conferring her citizenship on those whom she has defeated?" The Senate chose to offer different terms to different Latin cities. Colonists were placed throughout Latium. The Aurunci and Sidicini, who had been perforce in

1596-462: The Sidicini, the Aurunci and the Ausones . The Sidicini's capital city was Teanum , which minted its own coins bearing inscriptions in the Oscan language . The town of Cales was the capital of the Ausones . The beginning of the end of Oscan sovereignty was their attempted exploitation of an opportunity to maraud against the Romans in the period of instability following a major victory against

1653-451: The Sidicini. In 335, the Romans sent a consular army under Marcus Valerius Corvus to lay siege to Cales. Informed by an escaped prisoner (who broke his chains and climbed the wall in plain sight without being observed) that the enemy were all drunk and sleeping, Corvus took the city in a night-time rout and garrisoned it. The Senate voted to send 2,500 colonists, to whom enemy land was distributed. The Ausoni were never again sovereign. After

1710-591: The Sidicini. The Senate bought peace by ratifying the treaty and paying off their army. The Samnites used their army to attack the Sidicini again. In desperation, the latter offered themselves to Rome but were turned down on the grounds that they were too late. The Sidicini allied with a force being raised by the Latin league against the Samnites. They were joined by the Campanians. A multi-national army began to devastate Samnium. The Samnites now appealed to Rome under

1767-480: The Vulcano, Filomarino, Pignatelli , D'Aquino , Pinelli and Colonna . After the unification of Italy , in 1863, the specific "In Campania" was added to the name "Giugliano" to distinguish it from the homonyms then existing. It is located in a fertile coastal plain north-west of Naples, the so-called Agro giuglianese , thus serving as a market for agricultural products to the city. The plain on which it sits

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1824-543: The citizens from that town, including the clergy and the cathedral capitular, took shelter in Giugliano. The first documents mentioning a fief in Giugliano dates from 1270. In 1495 Charles VIII of France , having occupied the Kingdom of Naples , gave the feud to Count Michele Riccio , from whom it was taken away with the defeat of the French. Carbones in 1536 and then Carafas in 1542 sold their shares to Cosimo Pinelli , whose family administered Giugliano correctly for about

1881-412: The city prospers. Smith accords with the general conclusion that between 335 and 326, most likely in 334, the Sidicini consented to lay down their arms and become part of the greater Roman municipality. Livy's omission remains unexplained. The Aurunci similarly disappeared from tradition after they became subject to Rome. After the Samnites were pacified, the region kept the peace and was prosperous. It

1938-510: The climate of Licola with extreme precision. The accompanying table shows the figures for 2006: The territory of Licola preserves not only an invaluable archaeological heritage but also popular and religious traditions and a significant commercial, cultural and tourist function. According to the latest archaeological findings, which emerged during excavations carried out by the Archeological Heritage Authority, it

1995-446: The earliest in history. In 503 BC, the Latin colonies of Cora and Pometia rebelled against Roman authority, obtaining the assistance of the Aurunci, seat unknown. Two consular armies sent against them won after a hard-fought battle in which "many more were killed than were taken prisoners; the prisoners were everywhere butchered, even the hostages ... fell a victim to the enemy's bloodthirsty rage". The enemy fell back on Pometia, which

2052-483: The end of this period, the Oscan language had evolved and was spoken by a number of sovereign tribal states. By far the most important of these in terms of military prowess and wealth was the Samnites , who rivalled Rome for about 50 years in the second half of the 4th century BC, sometimes being allies, and sometimes at war with the city, until they were finally subdued with considerable difficulty and were incorporated into

2109-527: The entire provinces of Naples and Caserta, with peak seasons being spring and summer. The main routes into Licola are rail and road transport. The first is the Circumflegrea railway , a suburban railway linking the coast of Licola – Cuma with the center of Naples; it is considered the first underground railway to be built in Italy. Construction of the line, which started in 1948, proceeded very slowly, and

2166-524: The fall of Cales, both consular armies were sent against the Sidicini , who fortified themselves in Teanum with a large army. Livy does not reveal the outcome of this campaign. The Romans were struck by a plague (the most typical plague in the region was malaria , carried by the marsh mosquitos); both consuls were relieved for suspicion of impiety, but the Roman army remained among the Sidicini. Livy changes

2223-401: The historian Livy wrote that in 194 BC thirty Roman families set up a colony there. Later many additional colonies were added and in the 2nd century Liternum was already among the most prosperous prefectures of the "fertile countryside" of Campania (Latin: Campania felix ). The archaeological remains of the forum, temple, church and theater of Liternum are preserved from this period. Liternum

2280-494: The locality of the same name on its banks. The lake is not of volcanic origin, but residual behind the dunes, i.e. generated by the closure of sand dunes towards the sea. Giugliano in Campania borders the following municipalities: Aversa , Casapesenna , Castel Volturno , Lusciano , Melito di Napoli , Mugnano di Napoli , Parete , Pozzuoli , Qualiano , Quarto , San Cipriano d'Aversa , Sant'Antimo , Trentola-Ducenta , Villa Literno and Villaricca . The municipal library

2337-688: The magnificent Arco Felice Vecchio. Licola now contains the Regional Park of the Phlegraean Fields (Campi Flegrei), which preserves the dunes and habitat specific to the area and has been declared a Site of Importance to the Community and a Special Protection Zone owing to the rarity of the species living there, such as the sea daffodil . North Licola is in the Natural Reserve of "Foce Volturno - Costa di Licola". Along with

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2394-669: The remains of the Cumaean Acropolis, the Regional Park of the Phlegraen Fields also contains an area of rare Mediterranean evergreen forest, known to the ancients as the Silva Gallinaria . Numerous species of both migrating and non-migrating birds—many endangered—take refuge in the marshes and green areas of Licola. Most notably, the heron has returned to the area, while on the beaches there have been sightings of loggerhead sea turtles . The seabed along

2451-460: The shares due to Cesare D'Aquino . The period of the lordship of the D'Aquinos created chaos and discontent among the population, who asked the viceroy for help for the abuses suffered. In 1647, Henry I, Duke of Guise descended into Italy with his army, with claims to the crown of Naples, and set up his camp in Giugliano with about 5,000 soldiers. During the seventeenth century the Mancini family

2508-462: The south by the town of Bacoli , while to the west lies the Tyrrhenian Sea . The morphological and geological aspects of Licola are substantially the same as those of Cuma which it borders. The coast has an unusually straight contour in its north-south extension due to the erosion of the walls of tuff spread all throughout zone. The dunes of Licola can be separated into two distinct zones:

2565-533: The southern part is divided between the villages Licola Center (also known as Licola Village) and Licola Lido (also known as Lido di Licola) of the municipality (or comune ) of Pozzuoli , bordering the Arco Felice section of the municipality. The northern part, Licola Mare, is part of the hamlet of Varcaturo , which is a section of the municipality of Giugliano , part of the constituency of Licola- Lago Patria . The town revolves around Piazza San Massimo, which

2622-535: The statue; a Latin envoy, Lucius Annaeus, slipped on the stairs while railing against Jupiter and hit his head, becoming unconscious. At that moment, a thunderstorm burst on the Senate House. Interpreting these events as a sign the Romans declared war on the Latins and their allies and allied themselves with the Samnites. The two years of conflict, 340–338, is known as the Latin War . In a number of legendary battles,

2679-472: The terms of the treaty. As the price for submitting to Rome, the Latins demanded a new common government, with one consul and half the Senate to be elected from the Latins. When Titus Manlius Torquatus , one of the consuls for 340 BC, heard these conditions, he swore by Jupiter's statue that if the Senate accepted them he would kill every Latin in the Senate House with drawn sword. Emotional posturing began around

2736-527: The terms of their treaty, asking if in fact, Rome was sovereign over Campania. The Romans disavowed any agreement that would restrain the Campanians and Latins from making war on whomever else they pleased. Encouraged by Roman refusal to assume leadership, the Latins made plans to turn their army against Rome once the Samnite threat had been neutralized. Word of the plans leaked to the Romans, who reacted by inviting ten Latin chiefs to Rome to receive orders under

2793-485: The topic to relations with the Samnites in preparation for his account of the Second Samnite War (326–304 BC). The Sidicini do not appear in that war or ever again in history, but Teanum goes on as Teanum Sidicinum and its territory as Sidicinus ager. If the Romans had fought a great battle and had obliterated the Sidicini there would be some mention of it or some evidence of a discontinuity at Teano. Instead,

2850-463: The typical Mediterranean climate with hot summers, dry winters, and temperate rainy periods in autumn and spring. Over 75% of the days in an average year are sunny, and its climatic classification refers to the town of Pozzuoli as class "C". The Professional Institute of State for Agriculture and the Environment (IPAA) has established an advanced station for weather data collection that monitors

2907-571: The unusual characteristic of being heart-shaped). It was there that Scipio chose to remain in voluntary exile from Rome and where he founded a Roman colony along with his most trusted legionaries and their families. To the south, Cumae preserves an invaluable acropolis as well as the Cave of the Sibyl, famous for the prophesies uttered there by the Cumaean Sibyl , while slightly further south lies

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2964-755: Was a popular vacation spot, being on high ground away from the pestilential air, which today is recognized to be the malaria mosquito. Their debauchery was adopted by the larger Roman society over time, and the term Osci loqui or Obsci loqui came to mean licentious or lewd language. Another vestige of the Oscans at Rome was the Atellan Farce , also known as the Oscan Games, which were masked improvised farces in Ancient Rome . The Oscan athletic games were very popular, and usually preceded by longer pantomime plays. Licola, Pozzuoli Licola

3021-601: Was also one of the four oldest cities in Campania in which Christianity was introduced and widely practiced, in the 1st and 2nd century AD. In the 1930s and 1940s, the ONC ( Opera Nazionale Combattenti , ‘National Soldiers Works’, a welfare agency formed aftermath of the disastrous Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto) directed a large agricultural business in Licola. With the start of World War II, this business ceased activity and

3078-482: Was besieged by the Romans. The Aurunci sallied out, burned the siege towers, massacred the troops and grievously wounded one of the consuls. The Romans withdrew but returned later in greater force. Taking the town, they beheaded the Aurunci officers, sold the Pometians into slavery, levelled the buildings and put the land up for sale. The Aurunci appear one more time in the early republic in a failed attempt to support

3135-519: Was invested, probably for a short time, with the barony of Giugliano with Domenico Nicola II, former Marquis of Fusignano and Vice Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Naples . In 1691 the feud passed to Francesco Grillo who acquired the title of "Duke of Giugliano". With the death of Duke Domenico Grillo, without children, it was devolved to the Royal Court. The Viceroy and Prince of Stigliano, Marcantonio Colonna , bought it in 1778 and held it until

3192-532: Was known in ancient Roman times as the Campania Felix, the only relief being Monte San Severino. The altitude difference is between a few meters above sea level in the maritime area and 97 m above sea level in the historic centre. The coastal stretch, low and sandy, extends on the Domitian coast for over 3 km, from Marina di Varcaturo to Lido di Licola . Within the territory is Lago Patria, with

3249-469: Was subsequently dismantled. In the 1960s and 1970s Licola emerged as a significant tourist attraction. After the Irpinia earthquake in 1980 and the bradyseism of 1982, however, many displaced people sought shelter in Licola and its tourist industry went into a period of decline. A strong revival in tourism occurred subsequently in the 1990s. Numerous quarries for the extraction of sand were opened in

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