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49-457: Lamezia is located on the eastern border of the coastal plain commonly called Piana di Sant'Eufemia, which was created by drying a wide marshy area. The municipality borders with Conflenti , Curinga , Falerna , Feroleto Antico , Gizzeria , Maida , Martirano Lombardo , Nocera Terinese , Platania , San Pietro a Maida and Serrastretta . The municipality of Lamezia Terme was formally created on 4 January 1968. Its territory includes those of

98-568: A Muslim army at the famous Battle of Cerami . Even if Goffredo Malaterra reports an utterly exaggerated account of the battle, we know that Serlo II , Roger's nephew, led a smaller army in the conflict. According to legend, Saint Michael Archangel , shining with light, appeared galloping in front of the Christians and guided them to victory. After putting together an army of 500 soldiers, Roger tried to seize control of Palermo , but after three months of scarce results, he decided to abandon

147-517: A great lady surrounded by doves ", ′′ a noble matron surrounded by angels ", ′′ a celesta majestic reigns ", ′′ a noble lady ", ′′ a heavenly matron ", ′′ a vague noble lady ". All seers, besides their vision, feel a ′′ heavenly soft harmony ′′ and go into ecstasy. For everyone the Virgin Mary has the same message: the request for the erection of a temple in Visora. The laying of the first stone of

196-495: A long and difficult siege . The fort of Squillace , where the Byzantine soldiers took refuge, was taken too. From the fortresses of Calabria, the two brothers started planning the conquest of Sicily , at the time controlled by Muslims . At the time, Sicily was ruled by Muslims , and the population was composed mostly of Byzantine Greek Christians . The Arab princes controlling the island had become all but independent from

245-513: A time, Roger lived like a bandit in his castle of Scalea , near Cosenza . In a treaty of 1062, the brothers divided the conquest so that each "was to have half of every castle and town in Calabria". Roger then established his court at Mileto . On Christmas 1061, he married Judith d'Evreux , daughter of the count of Évreux , William . The two brothers then conquered Reggio , the only city in Calabria still under Greco-Roman control, after

294-465: A white embroidered linen free. On the chest to the right, a star is camping. A series of five-to-five gold globes adorn the rest of the cloth. On the left, in the arms of the Virgin, sits the child holding a book in his left hand, while with the right he blesses. A gold-colored double tiadem surrounds the mother and son's head. The Virgin depicted in this picture, defined as miraculous and painted by angels,

343-662: Is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of southern Italy . It is located at the foot of the Reventino mountain. Conflenti is a small town in the province of Catanzaro, located at 540 m. above sea level, at the ground of Mount Reventino (1417 m. ). Conflenti appears in the beautiful wall map of the Belvedere Gallery in the Vatican depicting Calabria Citeriore, part of

392-516: The apostolic legateship of the island. Roger created new Latin bishoprics at Syracuse , Girgenti and elsewhere, nominating the bishops personally, while he turned the archbishopric of Palermo into a Catholic see. Of these bishops and other important clergy positions, a minority were French, and of those even fewer were Norman. Of the five new sees he founded, one bishop was Norman and three others were from other parts of France. He practiced general toleration towards Arabs and Greeks, even sponsoring

441-684: The Arabs innumerable". Nevertheless, the Latin element began to prevail, as Lombards and other Italians flocked to the island in the wake of the conquest, and the conquest of Sicily proved decisive in the steady decline of Muslim power in the western Mediterranean from this time. Roger I died on 22 of June 1101 in Mileto and was buried at the Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Trinity. The abbey

490-626: The Count gave the Maltese their red and white flag by cutting a part of his banner. Mass is said once a year in remembrance of the Count at the Cathedral of Mdina, as a recognition for the count's role in liberating Maltese Christians from Muslim dominance and rule. Politically supreme, the count also became master of the island's church. The Papacy, favouring a prince who had recovered Sicily from Greeks and Muslims, in 1098 granted Roger and his heirs

539-692: The D'Aquino. The city was nearly destroyed after an earthquake in 1638 (more than 100 inhabitants died), and the abbey was turned into ruin. The castle, built by the Normans and enlarged by Emperor Frederick II and the Angevine kings, crumbled down. Floods and a further earthquake followed in the 18th century. Until the 18th century, in Nicastro and its surroundings sericulture was a very widespread and prosperous activity, so much so that five thousand pounds of raw silk were produced every year. According to

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588-597: The Fearless . Little is known about his and his brothers' lives before the expeditions to Southern Italy . Roger arrived in Southern Italy as a young man in the summer of 1057. The Benedictine monk Goffredo Malaterra , who compares Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger to " Joseph and Benjamin of old," gives this description of Roger: He was a youth of the greatest beauty, of lofty stature, of graceful shape, most eloquent in speech and cool in counsel. He

637-638: The Muslims resisted for 5 months. Then Guiscard managed to open a door for his brother to enter the city, and on 10 January 1072 Palermo was finally taken. Few cities remained for Sicily to be fully controlled. When Robert died in 1085, Roger, being the senior member in the family, had to return to Apulia to settle the dispute among Bohemond , Robert's first son by Alberada (considered illegitimate), and Roger Borsa , Robert's first son by Sikelgaita . In return for supporting Roger Borsa, he got to keep Calabria, which had been given to him by Robert, for himself, and

686-557: The Normans, together with Castrogiovanni , as they were both held by emir Kamut . During the siege of Butera in 1089, Roger was notified about the arrival of Pope Urban II at Troina , and had to leave the work to his men. He treated the Pope with utter respect and was given precious gifts. He then returned to Butera, which fell in 1090. Arrived at Mileto to celebrate his marriage to Adelaide del Vasto , he received some ambassadors from

735-728: The Roman itinerary Tabula Peutingeriana , indicating the village was an important destination of the time. A library edition of the map is kept at the Lamezia Terme Town Library in Lamezia Terme in its historical and specialist section, the Casa del Libro Antico (House of the Ancient Book) . The thermal baths of Sambiase were a great and famous place of comfort and rest for wayfarers, soldiers, and messengers. In

784-579: The Sant'Eufemia Treasure preserved in the British Museum ). With the fall of the ancient Roman empire, Turres was abandoned and devastated by the Ostrogoths . Byzantine monks who escaped to Calabria from Sicily in the 7th century helped Sambiase become an exporter of farm products. The monks erected numerous monasteries, including that of St. Blase, from which the city's name derived, and taught

833-407: The ancient times they were called "Aque Ange". The Romans knew Sambiase by the name of Turres, or "towers", after the two observation towers situated there. But Sambiase already existed during the ancient Greek period, first with the name of Melea (here they are placed in fact its ancient boundaries), and then Terina (of which numerous coins have been found again in the fraction Acquafredda and also

882-724: The city of Noto who asked for peace and surrendered to Sicily. Finally, in 1091, Roger controlled the whole island. Roger's rule in Sicily became more absolute than that of Robert Guiscard in Italy. In addition, due to immigration by Lombards and Normans, Latin Christianity gradually replaced that of the Greek Byzantine tradition. At the enfeoffments of 1072 and 1092, no great undivided fiefs were created. The mixed Norman, French and Italian vassals all owed their benefices to

931-473: The construction of over twelve Greek monasteries in the Val Demone region. In the cities, the Muslims, who had generally secured such rights in their terms of surrender, retained their mosques, their qadis, and freedom of trade; in the country, however, they became serfs. Roger drew the mass of his infantry from the Muslims; Saint Anselm , visiting him at the siege of Capua , 1098, found "the brown tents of

980-402: The count. No feudal revolt of importance arose against Roger. In 1091 Roger, in order to avoid an attack from North Africa, set sail with a fleet to conquer Malta . His ship reached the island before the rest. On landing, the few defenders the Normans encountered retreated and the following day Roger marched to the capital Mdina . Terms were discussed with the local qadi . It was agreed that

1029-496: The documents of the time. In the years of the plague, Conflenti came to find himself at the center of attention for a series of puzzling events that made news throughout the Kingdom of Naples and even in the Vatican. These events (appearances and miracles) have been handed down, as well as tradition, from a precious manuscript of the era, including the dossier drawn up by the notary chancellor Nicolangelo Baratta in 1578-1579, when he

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1078-554: The farmers to read and write. They developed alliances with great Byzantine cities in Taranto , Naples , and Gaeta , Italy, and Greece and Turkey. Thanks to their work, Sambiase succeeded in exporting its own products, including olives, grapes, corn, and wheat to the whole empire. They formed numerous orthodox monasteries and churches, such as the Sts. Forty Martyrs, Saint Sophia, and St. Constantine, important centers of culture comparable to

1127-401: The following centuries until it became famous in 1578, the year when the wonders and appearances of the Virgin Mary happened in the place where today a beautiful sanctuary rises. Divided into Conflent soprano and subtains, it preserves almost intact the two historic centers with the distinctive gates and stone houses attached to each other like the niches of a hive. At the end of ' 700 it was at

1176-602: The former municipalities of Nicastro , Sambiase and Sant'Eufemia Lamezia . Nicastro 's origins trace back to the 9th century, when Calabria was part of the Byzantine Empire , when a fortress called Neo Castrum ("New Castle") was created. A great Benedictine abbey, St. Eufemia, was founded here in 1062 by the Norman count Robert Guiscard . It was for a long time a fief of the Caracciolo family and, later, to

1225-591: The former to leave Sicily, but he quickly returned along with Countess Judith to defend the inhabitants of Troina , then threatened by the Muslims. He was well received by the Greek peasants. While Roger was seizing Nicosia , however, the same Greeks tried to capture the poorly-guarded countess, and Roger had to turn back to save his wife. Despite the Muslims joining forces with the Greeks, Roger managed to defeat them and continued his advance. In June 1063, Roger defeated

1274-427: The great European courts. By the 10th century Sambiase had numerous churches, of which today only five remain. Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard and his brother, Roger I of Sicily , stopped at the thermal baths together with their team of soldiers during the difficult attempt to conquer Calabria. After the Norman conquest of Calabria and Sicily , Sambiase became home to an important and famous Norman university and

1323-540: The heart of the upsetting events of sanfedism by Nicola Gualtieri Panedigrano, who became major in the Bourbon army and right arm of Cardinal Ruffo in the march of Saint Faith to liberate the kingdom from the French....... It was then one of the largest universities (today's municipalities) with a territory that reached the vicinity of the lametine plateau. The two tenants (Don Antonio Montoro and Don Antonio Folino) who held

1372-516: The historian Giuseppe Maria Galanti , at the end of the 18th century, sericulture alongside the cultivation of mulberry trees for the breeding of silkworms were still practiced, however there was a remarkable decline in the production. Nicastro experienced the highest rate of emigration during the late 19th and the early 20th century (some 8,000 citizens), as well as after the Second World War . The baths of Sambiase are mentioned in

1421-617: The idea. His demeanor kept increasing, and he won another important victory at the Battle of Misilmeri in 1068, against a much bigger Islamic army. After Duke Robert conquered Bari , last Byzantine holding in Italy , in 1070, he redirected his focus to Sicily, and helped Roger in the conquest of the island's major cities. In 1071, Roger was given the title of Grand Count of Sicily , while Robert kept Messina and Val Demone for himself. The two brothers besieged Palermo on opposite sides, and

1470-498: The islands would become tributaries of the count himself and that the qadi should continue to administer the islands. With the treaty many Greek and other Christian prisoners were released, who chanted to Roger the Kyrie eleison . He left the islands with many who wished to join him and so many were on his ship that it nearly sank, according to Geoffrey Malaterra. The invasion was romanticized in later centuries, and legends arose that

1519-733: The main transport hub of the region. The city is situated adjacent to the A2 Salerno-Reggio Calabria Motorway , and the state road 288 runs to Catanzaro from Lamezia. The central railway station , on the main line leading from Reggio to Naples, is a major terminal for goods traffic. Secondary branches connect to Catanzaro and Crotone . Lamezia is the site of the Lamezia Terme International Airport , built in 1976. The airport has both national and international connections. Conflenti Conflenti ( Calabrian : Cujjìanti )

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1568-616: The possessions of the ancient abbey of the Saint Forty Martyrs, including the Selva del Mitoio and the church. The prosecutor of Abbey and its assets was the priest Don Francesco Maria Stranges, parish priest of St. Nicholas church in Conflenti soprano. The prosecution was entrusted to him by Abbot Commendatario Don Guglielmo Winspeare resident of Naples........ The Mythio forest was the famous ′′ pitch selva ′′ remembered in all

1617-426: The presence of an ancient settlement in the area of Sant'Eufemia dates back to 1865, when a gold diadem and a treasure of jewels of the 4th century BC were found by chance. At the end of the same century, it was sold to the British Museum of London, where it is still preserved today. Sant'Eufemia Lamezia (nowadays Sant'Eufemia Vetere) was created upon a hill not long after the 1638 earthquake. The current quarter

1666-401: The spectacular cycle of map frescoes made in 1580 by Egnazio Danti.......... Is this proof that Conflenti late ' 500 had strategic importance on the borderline between Calabria Citeriore and Ultra and was a religious reference place....... The first housing core arose in the th century around a Basilian cenobium, then transformed into a Christian church named S. Nicola. Nicola. It developed in

1715-421: The sultan of Tunis . Robert and Roger found the excuse to invade Sicily after the request for help from Ibn al-Thumna , emir of Catania , who was at war with his brother-in-law, Ibn al-Hawwas , emir of Agrigento . In May 1061 the brothers crossed from Reggio and captured Messina . From then on, they advanced almost undisturbed all the way to Castrogiovanni . A disagreement between Roger and Robert led

1764-557: The temple wanted by the Conflentes in Visora took place on March 9, 1580. Amid a multitude of faithful people from all sides, the bishop, after celebrating the mass and delivering a short speech, outlined the boundaries of the church. The foundations, as the documents read, were excavated in just 4 days. Work proceeded with incredible speed. Thus, after just seven months, precisely in October, the structures were finished. Thereafter he

1813-540: Was a Norman nobleman who became the first Grand Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101. As a member of the House of Hauteville , he participated in several military expeditions against the Emirate of Sicily (beginning in 1061). He was later invested with part of Sicily by his brother, Robert Guiscard , Duke of Apulia , in 1071. By 1090, he had conquered the entire island. In 1091, he conquered Malta . The state he created

1862-591: Was a most important place for the Spanish and Italian economy. Main point was the strictness and the share of Sambiase to the Italian wars of independence. Notable figures born in Sambiase include the politician Giovanni Nicotera , the philosopher Francesco Fiorentino , and the poet [Franco Costabile] . The current Sant'Eufemia Lamezia corresponds to the ancient city location. The most ancient settlement

1911-622: Was among the preferred places of the Norman sovereigns such as the Guiscards, King Frederick II and Manfred, King of Sicily , who also strengthened the power of some abbeys of Sambiase, such as St. Constantine. With the Aragonese kingdom, Sambiase strengthened its own influence on the central government of Naples. Many students of the ancient university gained important court positions as mathematicians, astronomers and chamberlains. Sambiase

1960-604: Was appointed Bishop of Martirano, Perblessedetti to ascertain Their truthfulness, instructing a true process. From this manuscript the priest Carlo Montoro in 1862 brought the SACRE MEMORIES OF GOD'S GRAN MOTHER in which appearances are narrated starting June 7, 1578. The stories made by them to the Bishop's Chancellor Baratta have many particulars in common, so much so that all appearances are essentially identical: ′′

2009-656: Was built in the Fascist era after the drying of a marshy area. Lamezia Terme has a deep-rooted agricultural tradition, known for the production of different varieties of typical Mediterranean crops. The most popular productions are: The "Papa Benedetto XVI" industrial area covers an area of about 1,100 hectares and is the largest of the South after the one in Bagnoli . The typical industry produces local red clay pottery. The central location of Lamezia Terme in Calabria has made it

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2058-681: Was chosen as protector and patroness of the Conflentes who pledged to keep a lamp lit night and day in front of her altar. The feast of the Virgin Mary of Visora was celebrated on June 24 and it was for another 27 years. On 26 August 1607 the church was proclaimed and consecrated 'basilica', which involved great honorific privileges. This Calabrian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Roger I of Sicily Roger I ( Italian : Ruggero ; Arabic : رُجار , romanized :  Rujār ; Maltese : Ruġġieru ; Norse : Rogierr ; c. 1031 – 22 June 1101), nicknamed " Roger Bosso" and " Grand Count Roger" ,

2107-493: Was destroyed in the earthquake of 1783. Its ruins are currently located in the Mileto Antica archaeological park. Upon Roger's death, his son, Simon of Hauteville , became the Count of Sicily, with his mother, Adelaide del Vasto , acting as his regent. On 28 September 1105, at the age of 12, Simon died, and the title of count passed to his younger brother, Roger II of Sicily , with Adelaide continuing on as regent, being

2156-423: Was far-seeing in arranging all his actions, pleasant and merry all with men; strong and brave, and furious in battle. His travel to Italy, together with his brother Robert , was caused by the death of their older half-brother Humphrey , Count of Apulia . While Robert, being the oldest among the two, inherited the main title, Roger became his vassal after being given the newly conquered County of Calabria . For

2205-410: Was found. The fact tasted miraculous. The picture, immediately defined as ′′ divine ", placed very high above the high altar, a canvas of m. 1 by cm 80. The image of the Virgin, wrapped in a blue mantle that descends from the head to the back, stands out against a golden background. The colorful face is dark, blond hair, dark pupils, purple red lips. The mantle, tight forward, leaves the hands that shake

2254-683: Was later given Palermo in 1091. Returned to Sicily, Roger went to war with Benavert , emir of Syracuse and Noto . On May 1086, together with his son Jordan , Roger marched to Syracuse. In the middle of the night they attacked the Saracen fleet, taken by surprise. Roger directly jumped of Benavert's galley , and the emir, frightened, tried to jump on another boat, but failed and drowned because of his heavy armor. Benavert's death caused confusion, and in October Syracuse surrendered because of hunger. After Syracuse, in 1087 Agrigento fell to

2303-582: Was merged with the Duchy of Apulia in 1127 and became the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130. His descendants in the male line continued to rule Sicily down to 1194. Roger was born in Normandy , probably in the village of Hauteville-la-Guichard , of which his father was seigneur . He was the youngest son of Tancred de Hauteville and his second wife Fressenda . Through his mother he was possibly grandson of Richard

2352-463: Was the Greek city of Terina , whose ruins were excavated in 1997. The city of Terina is linked to the myth of Ligea, one of the three Sirens of Homer 's Odyssey . Ancient coins have been found, on which Ligea's face is imprinted, in some she is sitting on a stone, while playing ball and in others she appears filling an amphora with the water, coming out of a lion's mouth. Other material evidence of

2401-419: Was worried about painting a picture of the Virgin Mary to be placed in the new temple. The painter Muzio Roblani of Messina was given the assignment. On the morning of July 9, 1581 the painter, who arrived in Conflenti, went to church together with a commission to decide how to prepare and where to fix the effigy. Well, as tradition tells us, just opened the temple door, the picture already painted and put in place

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