The Langah Sultanate was a late medieval sultanate based in the Punjab region in the western Indian subcontinent between the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the dominant power of the lower Doab tract with Multan at its centre. The Langah Sultanate was annexed in 1527 but had autonomous authority until its merger with the Mughal Empire in 1530.
29-784: The sultanate gave the Derajat region to the Mirani mercenaries who ruled it as their direct vassals. There has been an ongoing debate as to the identity of the Langah Sultans of Multan. The 16th-century writer and author of the Tārīkh-i ḥaqqī , Abd Al-Haqq, detailed that Buddhan Khan, one of the Langah Sultans, was a descendant of the Langah tribe of the Balochs . However other non-contemporary sources have also assigned them as descendants of
58-415: A cultural area , cultural region , cultural sphere , or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities ( culture ). Such activities are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and with the territory it inhabits. Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state , or to smaller subdivisions of
87-616: A continental scale are also referred to as "worlds", "spheres", or "civilizations", such as the Islamic world . The term cultural bloc is used by anthropologists to describe culturally and linguistically similar groups (or nations) of Aboriginal peoples of Australia . It may have been coined first by Ronald Berndt in 1959 to describe the Western Desert cultural bloc , a group of peoples in central Australia whose languages comprise around 40 dialects. Other groups described as
116-679: A cultural bloc include the Noongar people of south-western Australia; the Bundjalung people of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland ; the Kuninjku / Bininj Kunwok bloc and the Yolngu cultural bloc in Arnhem Land , Northern Territory . A music area is a cultural area defined according to musical activity. It may or may not conflict with the cultural areas assigned to
145-480: A state. A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology in which a geographic region and time sequence ( age area ) is characterized by shared elements of environment and culture. A precursor to the concept of culture areas originated with museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits, combined with the work of taxonomy . The American anthropologists Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed this version of
174-743: Is a significant part of a society's culture, but it can also divide subgroups of the same ethnolinguistic group along more subtle criteria, such as the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line in German-speaking Switzerland, the Weißwurstäquator in Germany, or the Grote rivieren boundary between Dutch and Flemish culture. In the history of Europe , the major cultural boundaries are traditionally found: Macro-cultures on
203-672: Is also reflected in the construction of the Multani Caravanserai in Baku , Azerbaijan — which was built in the 15th century to house Multani merchants visiting the city. Legal records from the Uzbek city of Bukhara note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s. Another important feature of this era was migration of Baloch tribes and their settling in South Punjab. They soon became core of
232-506: Is now known as the " cultural turn ." The definition of culture areas is enjoying a resurgence of practical and theoretical interest as social scientists conduct more research on processes of cultural globalization. Allen Noble gave a summary of the concept development of cultural regions using terms such as: Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on
261-477: Is primarily associated with Carl O. Sauer and his colleagues. Sauer viewed culture as "an agent within a natural area that was a medium to be cultivated to produce the cultural landscape." Sauer's concept was later criticized as deterministic , and geographer Yi-Fu Tuan and others proposed versions that enabled scholars to account for phenomenological experience as well. This revision became known as humanistic geography. The period within which humanistic geography
290-469: The 2023 Census of Pakistan , the total population of Derajat (comprising Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Tank Districts) was 8,003,764. The main languages in Derajat are Saraiki , Pashto , and Balochi . In addition, Urdu and English are also used. 32°N 71°E / 32°N 71°E / 32; 71 Cultural region In anthropology and geography ,
319-836: The Dodai Nawabs , who ruled for about fifteen generations at Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan and also held Darya Khan and Bhakkar, east of the Indus. Early in the eighteenth century the Nawabs lost their supremacy, being overwhelmed by the Kalhoras of Sind. In 1739 after Nadir Shah had defeated the Mughals and acquired all the territory west of the Indus, he made the Wazir, Mahmud Khan Gujar, governor in Dera Ghazi Khan under
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#1732764696091348-752: The Langah clan of the Rajputs or the Jats . After the invasion of Emir Timur in 1398, the Delhi Sultanate greatly weakened and the city of Multan became independent of the Sultanate of Delhi. The inhabitants chose Shaikh Yousaf Qureshi, a descendant of the famous Sufi Baha-ud-din Zakariya , as ruler in 1438. He was a mild and inexperienced ruler. In 1445, Rai Sahra, chief of the Langah, attacked
377-861: The Sheikh Badin National Park among the Sheikh Badin range, which divides it from the Marwat plain, and south to the town of Jampur , having a length of 325 miles and breadth of 50 miles. The Derajat owes its existence as an historical area to the Baloch migration in the 15th century when Sultan Husseyn Shah of Langah Sultanate , being unable to hold his vast trans Indus possessions called in Baloch mercenaries, and assigned these territories to Malik Sohrab Dodai as jagir . Malik Sohrab's sons, Ghazi Khan, Ismail Khan and Fateh Khan, founded
406-723: The Districts of Dera Ghazi Khan in the Punjab and Dera Ismail Khan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslim refugees from India settled in Derajat while most Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India. Many of Derajat's Hindu residents settled in the Derawal Nagar colony of Delhi , India , while others were dispersed around in the states of Haryana , Punjab and Uttar Pradesh . Languages of Derajat (2023) According to
435-752: The Kalhora chief, who also became his vassal. Under Ahmad Shah Durrani the Kalhoras, now in a state of decadence, contended for possession of Dera Ghazi Khan, but Mahmud Khan Gujar appeared to have been its real governor. He was succeeded by his nephew, who was killed in 1779, and the Durranis then appointed governors directly for a period of thirty two years. Meanwhile, the last of the chiefs of Dera Ismail Khan had been deposed in 1770, and his territories were also administered from Kabul. In 1794 Humayun Shah attempted to deprive Zaman Shah Durrani of his kingdom, but he
464-532: The area where the provinces of Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and Balochistan meet. Derajat includes the present-day administrative districts of Dera Ismail Khan , Dera Ghazi Khan , Rajanpur , Taunsa and Tank in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces. The "Baloch Derajat" (consisting of Dera Bugti , Dera Allah Yar and Dera Murad Jamali ) is adjacent to Derajat towards the southwest in Balochistan. The people of Derajat are called Derawal , and
493-478: The city at night with the help of his tribesmen, arrested Sheikh Yousaf and proclaimed himself sultan. In this way Multan passed to the Langah clan, thus establishing the Langah Sultanate. The reign of Sultan Husayn I , who ruled from 1469 to 1498, is considered to be the most illustrious of the Langah sultans. Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in
522-478: The city at the invitation of Shah Husayn. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi sultans led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah . He fought off attempts to reinstall Shiekh Yousaf, who had taken refuge under Delhi sultans. Eventually, he signed a peace treaty with Sikander Lodhi and abducted in the favour of his son. His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited
551-478: The concept on the premise that cultural areas represent longstanding cultural divisions. This iteration of the concept is sometimes criticized as arbitrary, but the organization of human communities into cultural areas remains a common practice throughout the social sciences . Cultural geography also utilizes the concept of culture areas. Cultural geography originated within the Berkeley School, and
580-513: The governor was thrown out of the city. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently but in 1541, Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and the sultanate ended. The position of Multan as trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world remained dominant during the sultanate era. During their reign, Multan became the principle caravan route between Qandahar and Delhi . The extent of Multan's influence
609-535: The military and held political positions in regions like Derajat . Following is the list of known ministers of Langah Sultanate: Derajat Derajat ( Urdu : ڈیرہ جات , the plural of the word 'dera' lit. ' Camps ' ) is a historical and cultural region in central Pakistan , bounded by the Indus River to the east and the Sulaiman Mountains to the west. It is located in
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#1732764696091638-411: The particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs dress, or architecture vs language. Another version of cultural area typology divides cultural areas into three forms: A cultural boundary (also cultural border) in ethnology is a geographical boundary between two identifiable ethnic or ethnolinguistic cultures. A language border is necessarily also a cultural border, as language
667-549: The reign of Mahmud Langah, his Vizier rebelled and declared himself independent ruler of Sorkot. The city was invaded during the reign of Sultan Husseyn II by ruler Shah Husayn of the Arghun dynasty , probably at Babur 's insistence. Multan fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful Amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shortly after Shah Husayn departed Multan for Thatta , however,
696-520: The sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot . During the rule of the Langah, a large number of Baloch tribes were allowed to settle in the Derajaat Border in turn for military service. Sultan Husayn I being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around Dera Ismail Khan to Sardar Malik Sohrab Dodai in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagirdar". During
725-455: The three Deras or 'settlements' named after them. During Babar 's conquest of Northern India in 1526 the chiefs of Derajat submitted to him, and at his death the Derajat became a dependency of his son Kamran Mirza , the ruler of Kabul . Under Humayun the Baloch immigration increased, and they gradually pushed the Nahars farther south. All the Baloch tribes acknowledged the overlordship of
754-494: The varieties of Saraiki they speak are collectively called Derawali dialect , also known locally as Hindki . Pashto and Balochi languages are spoken in the northern and western parts of Derajat, respectively. The Derajat is a level plain between the Indus River and the Sulaiman Mountains , lying between 29°30′ and 34°15′ N. and 69°15′ and 72′ E., the name derives its name from, the three Deras : Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Fateh Khan, and Dera Ghazi Khan. It extends north to
783-498: Was also occupied; but Dera Ismail Khan, to which Hafiz Ahmad Khan was permitted to retire on the fall of Mankera, remained independent till 1836, when Nao Nihal Singh deposed Muhammad Khan, the son of Hafiz Ahmad Khan, and appointed Diwan Lakhi Mal to be Kardar. Diwan Lakhi Mal held this post till his death in 1843, and was succeeded by his son Diwan Daulat Rai, who enjoyed the support of the Multani Pathan Sardars. He
812-576: Was bitterly opposed by Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana, who had also procured a nomination as Kardar from the Sikh Durbar. These rivals contended for supremacy with varying success until 1847, when the Diwan then in possession was deposed on the recommendation of Herbert Edwardes , who appointed General Van Cortlandt to be Kardar. The Derajat passed to the British in 1849, and is now (in 1911) divided between
841-555: Was defeated and fell into the hands of Muhammad Khan Sadozai , governor of the Sind Sagar Doab . As a reward for this capture, Zaman Shah bestowed the province of Dera Ismail Khan on Nawab Muhammad Khan, who governed it from Mankera by deputy. His son-in-law, Hafiz Ahmad Khan, surrendered at Mankera to Ranjit Singh in 1821, and at the same time tribute was imposed by the Sikhs on the chiefs of Tank and Sagar. Dera Fateh Khan
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