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53-495: The name Sheikh Badin originates from name of the sufi saint Sheikh Baha-u-Din Shah, locally famous as Jandō Nekō who is buried at the main cemetery of the village. Traditional folklore describes the famous sufi saint Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gillani came to spend 40 days in recluse at the hill. Jandō Nekō was a descendant of Sufi Saint Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gillani, and came to live here circa 1600 AD in commemoration of his ancestor's recluse on

106-584: A convincing preacher who converted numerous Jews and Christians and who integrated Sufi mysticism with Islamic Law. Al-Gilani died in 1166 and was buried in Baghdad. His urs (death anniversary of a Sufi saint) is traditionally celebrated on 11 Rabi' al-Thani . During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I , Gilani's shrine was destroyed. However, in 1535, the Ottoman emperor Suleiman

159-630: A group of Iranian archaeologists that dates back to the late Chibanian . Yarshalman is a Middle Paleolithic shelter that was probably occupied by Neanderthals about 40,000 to 70,000 years ago. Later Paleolithic sites in Gilan are Chapalak Cave and Khalvasht shelter. It seems that the Gelae , or Gilites, entered the region south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (now called

212-477: A handsome portion of the proceeds. In the mid-19th century, a fatal epidemic among the silk worms paralyzed Gilan's economy, causing widespread economic distress. Gilan's budding industrialists and merchants were increasingly dissatisfied with the weak and ineffective rule of the Qajars . Re-orientation of Gilan's agriculture and industry from silk to production of rice and the introduction of tea plantations were

265-611: A large margin, the heaviest rainfall in Iran: reaching as high as 1,900 millimetres (75 in) in the southwestern coast and generally around 1,400 millimetres (55 in). Rasht, the capital of the province, is known internationally as the "City of Silver Rains" and in Iran as the "City of Rain". Rainfall is heaviest between September and December because the onshore winds from the Siberian High are strongest, but it occurs throughout

318-492: A partial answer to the decline of silk in the province. After World War I , Gilan came to be ruled independently of the central government of Tehran and concern arose that the province might permanently separate. Before the war, Gilanis had played an important role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran . Sepahdar-e Tonekaboni (Rashti) was a prominent figure in the early years of the revolution and

371-609: A result, it was one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Safavid annexation in the 16th century was at least partially motivated by this revenue stream. The silk trade, though not the production, was a monopoly of the Crown and the single most important source of trade revenue for the imperial treasury. As early as the 16th century and until the mid 19th century, Gilan was the major exporter of silk in Asia. The Shah farmed out this trade to Greek and Armenian merchants and, in return, received

424-614: A tennis court, a squash court, a storage pit and some officer residential houses. A Post Office Resort or Bungalow was constructed in the 1970s with panoramic views of the surrounding plains and villages of Lakki Marwat, but it has degraded to rubble due to lack of maintenance over the past few decades and is no longer functional. Government of Pakistan has decided to restore hill station Abdul Qadir Gilani Abdul Qadir Gilani ( Persian : عبدالقادر گیلانی , romanized :  'Abdulqādir Gīlānī , Arabic : عبد القادر الجيلاني , romanized :  ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī )

477-555: Is Bandar-e Anzali , formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi. Early humans were present at Gilan since Lower Paleolithic . Darband Cave is the earliest known human habitation site in Gilan province; it is located in a deep tributary canyon of the Siah Varud and contains evidence for the earliest prehistoric human cave occupation during the Lower Paleolithic in Iran. Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by

530-476: Is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gilan, Mazandaran and Qazvin provinces. Gilaki is one of the main languages spoken in the province of Gilan and is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and Galeshi (in the mountains of Gilan and Mazandaran). The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid Roud. Although Gilaki

583-412: Is also spoken in the province of Gilan as it is Iran's official language, requiring everyone to know Persian. Heritage language data as of 2022: Mother tongue data as of 2022: At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,381,063 people in 669,221 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,480,874 in 777,316 households. The 2016 census measured the population of

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636-472: Is mainly rock and minerals which holds little to no water reserves. The village is sustained by rainwater gathered in 7-8 pools, out of which are not always intact and need regular repairs. The population is composed of roughly 50 households, main tribes being Syeds and Sahibs. The main source of income for the villagers is livestock and business. Recently, with the interest of the provincial and federal governments, there has been some efforts to promote tourism and

689-585: Is the most widely spoken language in Gilan , the Talysh language is also spoken in the province. There are only two cities in Gilan where Talyshi is exclusively spoken: Masal and Masoleh (although other cities speak Talyshi alongside Gilaki) while Talyshi is spoken mostly in the city of Astara , Hashtpar and surrounding towns. The Kurdish language is used by Kurds who have moved to the Amarlu region. Persian

742-708: The Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus' . Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route , selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged

795-593: The Caspian Sea . During his stay in the city of Baghdad , Gilani was called ajami (non-Arab), which according to Bruce Lawrence may be because he spoke Persian alongside Arabic. According to the al-Nujūm al-ẓāhira by the 15th-century historian Ibn Taghribirdi (died 1470), Gilani was born in Jil in Iraq , but this account is questioned by French historian Jacqueline Chabbi . Modern historians (including Lawrence) consider Gilani to have been born in Gilan. The region

848-643: The Ilkhan Öljeitü conquered the region. This was the first time the region came under the rule of the Mongols after the Ilkhanid Mongols and their Georgian allies failed to do it in the late 1270s. After 1336, the region seemed to be independent again. Before the introduction of silk production (date unknown but a pillar of the economy by the 15th century AD), Gilan was a poor province. There were no permanent trade routes linking Gilan to Persia. There

901-699: The Ottoman Empire without rendering tribute to the Sublime Porte , in 1534 and 1591. The Safavid emperor, Shah Abbas I ended the rule of Khan Ahmad Khan (the last semi-independent ruler of Gilan) and annexed the province directly to his empire. From this point onward, rulers of Gilan were appointed by the Persian Shah . In the Safavid era, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians , Circassians , Armenians , and other peoples of

954-890: The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (commonly known as the Socialist Republic of Gilan), which lasted from June 1920 until September 1921. In February 1921 the Soviets withdrew their support for the Jangali government of Gilan and signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) with the central government of Tehran. The Jangalis continued to struggle against the central government until their final defeat in September 1921 when control of Gilan returned to Tehran. Gilaks form

1007-862: The Sefid-Rud ) in the second or first century BCE, Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii who were living there previously. It is more likely that they were a separate people, had come from the region of Dagestan , and taken the place of the Kadusii. That the native inhabitants of Gilan have some originating roots in the Caucasus is supported by genetics and language, as the Y-DNA of Gilaks most closely resemble that of Georgians and other South Caucasus peoples, while their mtDNA closely resembles other Iranian groups. Their languages shares typologic features with

1060-638: The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence ( fiqh ) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school ( madhhab ), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously. This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani, may Allah be pleased with him,

1113-509: The Sheikh of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad. In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his teacher, al-Mazkhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir , and in the afternoon he discoursed on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran . He was said to have been

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1166-584: The languages of the Caucasus . Gilan province was the place of origin of the Ziyarid dynasty and Buyid dynasty in the mid-10th century. Previously, the people of the province had a prominent position during the Sassanid dynasty through the 7th century, so that their political power extended to Mesopotamia . The first recorded encounter between Gilak and Deylamite warlords and invading Muslim armies

1219-470: The Caucasus whose descendants still live or linger across Gilan. Most of these Georgians and Circassians are assimilated into the mainstream Gilaks. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi , the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi , and the Circassian settlements by Pietro Della Valle , among other authors. The Safavid empire became weak towards

1272-588: The Deylamites were the only warriors in the Caspian region who could fight the fearsome Varangian Vikings as equals. Deylamite mercenaries served as far away as Egypt , al-Andalus , and in the Khazar Kingdom . The Buyids established the most successful of the Deylamite dynasties of Iran. In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repeated military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on

1325-488: The Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine. Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani converted thousands of people to Islam through his compassionate and inclusive approach to Inner purification and devotion towards Allah. His emphasis on inner purification, divine love, and ethical living resonated deeply with many, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds. One of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani's most significant contributions

1378-404: The area due to harsh climate and absence of the possible way up. The hill station is at an average altitude of 1300 meters from sea level. Due to the significant elevation, the climate is less severe compared to surrounding areas and summers are relatively pleasant while winters are harsh and dry. Occasional snowfall is recorded in the months of January and February. The composition of the mountain

1431-721: The end of the 17th century CE. By the early 18th century, the once-mighty empire was in the grips of civil war and uprisings. The ambitious Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) sent a force that captured Gilan and many of the Iranian territories in the North Caucasus , Transcaucasia , as well as other territories in northern mainland Iran, through the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) and the resulting Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) . Gilan and its capital of Rasht, which

1484-416: The epithet Baghdadi , referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad. He was also known as Gauth Al-Azam. Gilani was born in 1077 or 1078. Despite his popularity, his background is uncertain. His father (or perhaps grandfather) had the Iranian name of Jangi Dust, which indicates that Gilani was of Persian stock. His nisba means "from Gilan ", an Iranian region located on the southwestern coast of

1537-415: The hill station has been declared a national park to preserve the natural flora and fauna and historical artifacts. Around 10 tourist huts have been constructed at the main village site and electricity provided to the village, although the service is not reliable and power outages are long and unpredictable. Roads are unpaved and mostly dilapidated due to annual rainfall and lack maintenance. Most notable of

1590-495: The hill was the mughal forces general Mirza Imam Baksh Tarbiyat Khan who on the order of aurangzeb fought the Battle of Torna and Battle of rajgarh successfully conquering the maratha fortress. Mahraja Dilip Singh place a bounty of 80 thousand dirhim on Tarbiyat khans head. He lived on shiekh badin for 87 years and at the time of death his age was 160.Tarbiyat khan is buried in the mughal cemetery where tourists often make visits to view

1643-567: The hill. An annual religious fair, the "Sadra", is held by the devotees of the Syed Tribe in the month of April. Devotees from the nearby districts climb the hill and present gifts to the locals and make recitations and prayers on the graves of the ancient Syeds buried in the village.The second tribe present on the hill are the descendants of mughals which came here after the war of Independence in 1857 and are settled permanently on shiekh badin and nearby villages.The first among mughals to arrive on

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1696-499: The historical artifacts is the zyarat of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gillani 's recluse at the top of the highest hill in the village. For its milder climate, the hill station was used as a summer station by the British era civil servants and has many artifacts from the British era. These include the ruins of Imperial British administrative offices, a police station and a British cemetery which are partially intact. Other British era artifacts are

1749-591: The main trading port between Iran and Europe. The Jangalis are glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Gilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions. However, in 1920 British forces invaded Bandar-e Anzali , while being pursued by the Bolsheviks . In the midst of this conflict, the Jangalis entered into an alliance with the Bolsheviks against the British. This culminated in the establishment of

1802-557: The majority are Talysh, and Azerbaijanis make up a significant portion of the population. There are also Kurdish-speaking Gormanj in Talysh county who are immigrants from Khalkhal of Ardabil province . Persians are concentrated in the city of Rasht and are divided into immigrants from Tehran and other central Iranian cities, and the local Gilak people who have adopted the Persian language and became Persianized. The Gilaki language

1855-747: The majority of the population, while Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Talysh and Persians are significant minorities in the province. Gilaks live in most of the cities and villages in the province, except Astara and Hashtpar counties. The city and county of Astara are inhabited by majority Azerbaijanis , and a Talysh minority. There are four groups of Kurds in the province with different origins. Amarlou in Rasht and Rudbar (Districts of Ammarlu, Deylaman, and Raḥmatabad), Reshvand in Rasht , Jalalvand in Langroud , and Kormanj in Hashtpar . In Talysh county (Hashtpar),

1908-446: The military theaters of Iran and Mesopotamia were openly Zoroastrian (for example, Asfar Shiruyeh a warlord in central Iran, and Makan, son of Kaki, the warlord of Rey) or were suspected of harboring pro-Zoroastrian (for example Mardavij ) sentiments. Muslim chronicles of Varangian (Rus', pre-Russian Norsemen) invasions of the littoral Caspian region in the 9th century record Deylamites as non-Muslim. These chronicles also show that

1961-480: The principles advocated by the Shaykh, which contributed to their own reforms and successes. Gilan Province Gilan province ( Persian : استان گیلان ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran , in the northwest of the country. Its capital is the city of Rasht . The province lies along the Caspian Sea , in Iran's Region 3 , west of the province of Mazandaran , east of the province of Ardabil , and north of

2014-412: The province as 2,530,696 people in 851,382 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Gilan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,598,765 people (over 63% of the population of Gilan province) live in the following cities: Gilan has a humid subtropical climate with, by

2067-426: The province of his birth. In 1095, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil . He studied hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq . Gilani belonged to

2120-429: The provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin . It borders Azerbaijan ( Astara District ) in the north. The northern section of the province is part of the territory of South (Iranian) Talysh . At the center of the province is Rasht . Other cities include Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh , Astara , Fuman , Hashtpar , Lahijan , Langarud , Masuleh , Manjil , Rudbar , Rudsar , Shaft , Siahkal , and Sowme'eh Sara . The main port

2173-546: The region had Russian schools and significant traces of Russian culture can be found today in Rasht. Russian class was mandatory in schools and the significant increase of Russian influence in the region lasted until 1946 and had a major impact on Iranian history, as it directly led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution . Gilan was a major producer of silk beginning in the 15th century CE. As

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2226-496: The tomb of Tarbiyat Khan and other descendents which have taken part in the war of Independence against Britain.The tribe is now headed by the descendants of Tarbiyat Khan, one of which is named Bahadur Khan, Mirza Iqbal Azam Engr. Rtd from agricultural department of Pakistan , and have control of the most of area of the hill and observe judgment and decision in so called local jirga because the Law and control agencies are mostly inactive in

2279-495: The way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intervention, particularly from the British and Russian empires. During and several years after the Bolshevik Revolution , the region saw another massive influx of Russian settlers (the so-called White émigrées ). Many of the descendants of these refugees are in the region. During the same period, Anzali served as

2332-490: The westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Gilan and Mazandaran , taking slaves and goods. The Turkish invasions of the 10th and 11th centuries CE, which saw the rise of Ghaznavid and Seljuk dynasties, put an end to Deylamite states in Iran. From the 11th century CE to the rise of Safavids , Gilan was ruled by local rulers who paid tribute to the dominant power south of the Alborz range but ruled independently. In 1307

2385-427: The year though least abundantly from April to August. Humidity is very high because of the marshy character of the coastal plains and can reach 90 percent in summer for wet bulb temperatures of over 26 °C (79 °F). The Alborz range provides further diversity to the land in addition to the Caspian coasts. The coastline is cooler and attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists. Large parts of

2438-550: Was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya , one of the oldest Sufi orders. He was born in 1077 or 1078 in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan , Persia , and died in 1166 in Baghdad . The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a " reviver of religion ". Gilani ( Arabic al-Jilani ) refers to his place of birth, Gilan . However, Gilani also carried

2491-404: Was a small trade in smoked fish and wood products. It seems that the city of Qazvin was initially a fortress-town against marauding bands of Deylamites, another sign that the economy of the province did not produce enough on its own to support its population. This changed with the introduction of the silk worm in the late Middle Ages. Gilan recognized twice, for brief periods, the suzerainty of

2544-713: Was at the Battle of Jalula in 637 AD. Deylamite commander Muta led an army of Gils, Deylamites, Persians and people of the Rey region. Muta was killed in the battle, and his defeated army managed to retreat in an orderly manner. However, this appears to have been a Pyrrhic victory for the Arabs, since they did not pursue their opponents. Muslim Arabs never managed to conquer Gilan as they did with other provinces in Iran. Gilanis and Deylamites successfully repulsed all Arab attempts to occupy their land or to convert them to Islam. In fact, it

2597-706: Was conquered between late 1722 and late March 1723, stayed in Russian possession for about ten years. Qajars established a central government in Persia (Iran) in the late 18th century CE. They lost a series of wars to Russia (Russo-Persian Wars 1804–1813 and 1826–28 ), resulting in an enormous gain of influence by the Russian Empire in the Caspian region , which would last up to 1946 . The Gilanian cities of Rasht and Anzali were all but occupied and settled by Russians and Russian forces. Most major cities in

2650-524: Was instrumental in defeating Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar . In the late 1910s, many Gilanis gathered under the leadership of Mirza Kuchik Khan , who became the most prominent revolutionary leader in northern Iran in this period. Khan's movement, known as the Jangal movement of Gilan , had sent an armed brigade to Tehran that helped depose the Qajar ruler Mohammad Ali Shah . However, the revolution did not progress

2703-720: Was the Deylamites under the Buyid king Mu'izz al-Dawla who finally shifted the balance of power by conquering Baghdad in 945. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, allowed the Abbasid caliphs to remain in comfortable, secluded captivity in their palaces. The Church of the East began evangelizing Gilan in the 780s, when a metropolitan bishopric was established under Shubhalishoʿ . In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, Deylamites and later Gilanis gradually converted to Zaydi Shiʿism . Several Deylamite commanders and soldiers of fortune who were active in

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2756-821: Was the establishment of the Madrasah al-Qadiriyya in Baghdad. This institution became a center for Islamic learning and spirituality, attracting students from various regions. The curriculum included the study of the Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and Tasawwuf (Sufism), providing a comprehensive religious education. The influence of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani extended to political and military leaders of his time. His teachings inspired rulers to adopt more just and ethical governance. Prominent figures such as Nur ad-Din Zangi and Salahuddin Ayyub i were known to respect and follow

2809-526: Was then politically semi-independent and divided between local chieftains from different clans. Gilani is claimed to have been a descendant of Muhammad 's grandson Hasan ibn Ali ; this claim is generally considered genuine by the Muslim community, including the Qadiriyya . Lawrence finds this claim inconsistent with Gilani's apparent Persian background, and considers it to have been "traced by overzealous hagiographers." Gilani spent his early life in Gilan,

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