59-559: Langshaw Marble Lime Works is a heritage-listed remains of a former lime kiln at 12 Julius Street, New Farm , City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia. It was built from c. 1878 to c. 1881 . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 October 1997. The lime kilns on the banks of the Brisbane River at New Farm, below Julius Street, appear to have been established in
118-502: A long, relatively cool calcining zone. Fuel consumption is in 4 to 4.5 MJ/kg range and the lime is typically medium burned. Rotary kilns started to be used for lime manufacture at the start of the 20th century and now account for a large proportion of new installations if energy costs are less important. The early use of simple rotary kilns had the advantages that a much wider range of limestone size could be used, from fines upwards, and undesirable elements such as sulfur can be removed. On
177-476: A pair of intermittent-firing kilns - one cooling and being drawn while the other was being charged and burnt. This was a simple and common form of burning lime, practised throughout the Australian colonies in the 19th century. Built into the side of the river embankment, limestone and fuel were layered alternately into each kiln from above, burnt for 3 days at 1,000 degrees Celsius, then allowed to cool ready for
236-525: A plasterer, James opened a small store in George Street , retailing building materials obtained from Sydney. Moreton Bay was passing through a recession at this period, and Campbell's first venture failed. He took odd jobs – timbergetting, fencing, carpentering, painting, bricklaying - until in 1854 he was able to acquire land in Creek Street , at the corner of Charlotte Street , where he erected
295-567: A single-storeyed building and commenced business as City Lime, Cement and Plaster Stores – the business which ultimately became James Campbell and Sons . Campbell's business prospered steadily through the 1850s and 1860s. In 1857 he bought additional land in Charlotte Street and in 1864 purchased 36 perches (910 m) in Creek Street, opposite the city wharves, where he erected a 2-storeyed timber store and residence which remained
354-456: A steep embankment below Pine Lodge . The site contains the remains of two lime kilns built into the steep embankment, with a level area extending to the river bank and remnants of a timber wharf adjacent. The remains of the kilns, consisting of masonry walls and hearths, are constructed abutting each other forming a D-shaped plan, with the northern kiln constructed of porphyry and the southern of brick. The Pine Lodge garage has been constructed at
413-504: A tourist destination. The ruins of the lime kilns can still be seen today. A lime kiln also existed in Wool Bay , South Australia . The large kiln at Crindledykes near Haydon Bridge , Northumbria, was one of more than 300 in the county. It was unique to the area in having four draw arches to a single pot. As production was cut back, the two side arches were blocked up, but were restored in 1989 by English Heritage . The development of
472-431: Is This reaction can take place at anywhere above 840 °C (1,540 °F), but is generally considered to occur at 900 °C (1,650 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO 2 is 1 atmosphere ), but a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO 2 is 3.8 atmospheres ) is usually used to make the reaction proceed quickly. Excessive temperature
531-458: Is also ancient, but agricultural use only became widely possible when the use of coal made it cheap in the coalfields in the late 13th century, and an account of agricultural use was given in 1523. The earliest descriptions of lime kilns differ little from those used for small-scale manufacture a century ago. Because land transportation of minerals like limestone and coal was difficult in the pre-industrial era, they were distributed by sea, and lime
590-480: Is around 20 kWh per tonne of lime. This additional input is the equivalent of around 20 kg CO 2 per ton if the electricity is coal-generated. Thus, total emission may be around 1 tonne of CO 2 for every tonne of lime even in efficient industrial plants, but is typically 1.3 t/t. However, if the source of heat energy used in its manufacture is a fully renewable power source, such as solar, wind, hydro or even nuclear; there may be no net emission of CO 2 from
649-690: Is avoided because it produces unreactive, "dead-burned" lime. Slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide ) can be formed by mixing quicklime with water. Because it is so readily made by heating limestone, lime must have been known from the earliest times, and all the early civilizations used it in building mortars and as a stabilizer in mud renders and floors. According to finds at 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan, Yiftahel in Israel, and Abu Hureyra in Syria dating to 7500–6000 BCE,
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#1732781141186708-578: Is located at the river bank, and the remains of a number of timber piles from an early wharf are located adjacent. Remains of the Langshaw Marble Lime Works was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 October 1997 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The remains of these late 1870s lime kilns survive as important evidence of lime manufacture in 19th century Queensland, illustrating
767-400: Is particularly corrosive. Equipment is installed to trap this dust, typically in the form of electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. The dust usually contains a high concentration of elements such as alkali metals , halogens and sulfur. The lime industry is a significant carbon dioxide emitter. The manufacture of one tonne of calcium oxide involves decomposing calcium carbonate, with
826-410: Is the "primary" and B the "secondary" shaft, the combustion air is added from the top of shaft A, while fuel somewhat below via burner lances. The flame is top-bottom. The hot gases pass downward, cross to shaft B via the so-called "channel" and pass upward to exhaust of shaft B. At same time in both shafts cooling air is added from the bottom to cool the lime and to make exhaust of gases via the bottom of
885-538: The "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014). [REDACTED] Media related to Langshaw Marble Lime Works at Wikimedia Commons Lime kiln A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to produce the form of lime called quicklime ( calcium oxide ). The chemical equation for this reaction
944-531: The Black Country Living Museum which opened in 1976, although the kilns were last used during the 1920s. It is now among the last in a region which was dominated by coalmining and limestone mining for generations until the 1960s. The theoretical heat (the standard enthalpy ) of reaction required to make high-calcium lime is around 3.15 MJ per kg of lime, so the batch kilns were only around 20% efficient. The key to development in efficiency
1003-652: The Brisbane River in 1890 and 1893 - which caused extensive damage at Campbell's Creek Street warehouse and is likely to have inundated the New Farm lime kilns - resulted in the firm relinquishing the Langshaw property in the early 1890s. In June 1894 title passed to the Queensland National Bank , and three years later to Thomas William Hanmer, who held the interest in a £ 7,000 mortgage on
1062-521: The Carrick group of companies, but retained the name of James Campbell and Sons . In 1954 the firm celebrated 100 years of trading, and survived into the 1990s as Campbell's Timber and Hardware, until absorbed into the BBC Hardware chain c. 1995 . The remains of the Langshaw Marble Lime Works' lime kilns are located on a level site fronting the Brisbane River to the west, at the base of
1121-708: The Langshaw Estate - marketed as prime residential real estate with frontages to the Brisbane River, Bowen Terrace and the New Farm Road (Brunswick Street), suitable for gentlemen's villa residences. It appears that Langshaw, Barker and Moray Streets were surveyed at this time, but they are not listed in the Brisbane Post Office Directories until 1883–84. Between June 1876 and December 1878 James Campbell acquired title to subdivisions 47-50 of ESA 15 and subdivision 51 of ESA 15A, on
1180-524: The Langshaw Estate, all of which had frontages to the Brisbane River and Moray Street, below Langshaw Street. It is not known if any structures existed on these blocks at the time of purchase. In February 1877 Campbell wrote to the Brisbane Municipal Council , requesting permission to erect a lime kiln at Bowen Terrace, on the Langshaw Estate, and a year later raised a mortgage of £ 1,500 on the property from James Gibbon . He advertised
1239-487: The Langshaw Marble Lime Works in Pugh's Almanac of 1881, for the first time. A c. 1890 sketch and an 1896 survey plan indicate that two D-shaped sets of kilns were constructed, but only the southern "D", comprising two kilns, currently survives. The two kilns comprising this southern set are constructed of different materials, with the stone kiln likely to pre-date the brick kiln. They may have functioned together as
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#17327811411861298-404: The base (the "eye"), constructed of brick. Limestone was crushed (often by hand) to fairly uniform 20–60 mm (1– 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) lumps – fine stone was rejected. Successive dome-shaped layers of limestone and wood or coal were built up in the kiln on grate bars across the eye. When loading was complete, the kiln was kindled at the bottom, and the fire gradually spread upwards through
1357-411: The bottom. The cycling produces a long burning zone of constant, relatively low temperature (around 950 °C) that is ideal for the production of high quality soft burned reactive lime. With exhaust gas temperatures as low as 120 °C and lime temperature at kiln outlet in 80 °C range the heat loss of the regenerative kiln is minimal, fuel consumption is as low as 3.6 MJ/kg. Due to these features
1416-730: The business the Albion Brick and Pottery Works. This was the start of Campbell's focus on Albion. In 1890, their Coochin Creek Sawmills were closed and an extensive new sawmill was opened at Albion, which became the focus of Campbell's sawmilling interests in Brisbane until the middle of the 20th century. The establishment of the Albion works, combined with the Australia-wide depression of the early 1890s and severe flooding of
1475-453: The calcination process. Less energy is required in production per weight than portland cement , primarily because a lower temperature is required. Wainmans Double Arched Lime Kiln – Made Grade II Listed Building – 1 February 2005 Details & Image: https://web.archive.org/web/20140522012536/http://cowlingweb.co.uk/local_history/history/wainmanslimekiln.asp Brisbane Municipal Council Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1534-401: The charge. The degree of burning can be adjusted by changing the rate of withdrawal of lime. Heat consumption as low as 4 MJ/kg is possible, but 4.5 to 5 MJ/kg is more typical. Due to temperature peak at the burners up to 1200 °C in a shaft kiln conditions are ideal to produce medium and hard burned lime. These typically consist of a pair of shafts, operated alternately. First, when shaft A
1593-431: The charge. When burnt through, the lime was cooled and raked out through the base. Fine ash dropped out and was rejected with the "riddlings". Only lump stone could be used, because the charge needed to "breathe" during firing. This also limited the size of kilns and explains why kilns were all much the same size. Above a certain diameter, the half-burned charge would be likely to collapse under its own weight, extinguishing
1652-486: The design shown, a circle of shafts (typically 8–15) is arranged around the kiln riser duct. Hot limestone is discharged from the shafts in sequence, by the action of a hydraulic "pusher plate". Kilns of 1000 tonnes per day output are typical. The rotary kiln is the most flexible of any lime kilns able to produce soft, medium, or hard burned as well as dead-burned lime or dolime. All the above kiln designs produce exhaust gas that carries an appreciable amount of dust. Lime dust
1711-524: The drawing of the lime - a cycle of 6 or 7 days for each kiln in alternation. In addition to the kilns, Campbell built a small wharf at the New Farm site, to which his ships transported limestone, and later timber, following the establishment of the Langshaw Planing Mills and Joinery Works on the property in 1882. These latter shipments included New Zealand White Pine from 1885 and Oregon Pine from 1887. A c. 1881 photograph shows
1770-454: The earliest use of lime was mostly as a binder on floors and in plaster for coating walls. This use of plaster may in turn have led to the development of proto-pottery, made from lime and ash. In mortar, the oldest binder was mud. According to finds at Catal Hüyük in Turkey, mud was soon followed by clay, and then by lime in the 6th millennium BCE. Knowledge of its value in agriculture
1829-509: The establishment and development of local industry, particularly that related to the building trade. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. Although by no means evidence of the earliest lime burning undertaken at Moreton Bay, they are rare surviving 19th century lime kiln remains which provide important information about the process and role of lime manufacture in Queensland, and have
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1888-466: The family business. In the mid-1870s, Campbell established his own fleet of ships and acquired his first sawmill, at Capalaba Creek , in 1876. This was closed in 1881 when his Coochin Creek Sawmill (Campbellville) was established. Between 1876 and 1936 the firm bought and sold at least 11 sawmills in southeast Queensland. The New Farm riverbank on which Campbell's lime kilns were established in
1947-419: The fire. So kilns always made 25–30 tonnes of lime in a batch. Typically the kiln took a day to load, three days to fire, two days to cool and a day to unload, so a one-week turnaround was normal. The degree of burning was controlled by trial and error from batch to batch by varying the amount of fuel used. Because there were large temperature differences between the center of the charge and the material close to
2006-510: The firm's headquarters until replaced in 1909 by an imposing five-storeyed brick warehouse. From the early 1860s, Campbell is understood to have operated lime kilns at Breakfast Creek and Lytton , supplied with shell and coral collected from Moreton Bay by sub-contractors. In the 1870s James Campbell entered the timber trade, and from this point the business prospered rapidly, particularly after his two eldest sons, John Dunmore Campbell (born 1854) and James Mitchell Campbell (born 1860), entered
2065-424: The formation of 785 kg of CO 2 in some applications, such as when used as mortar ; this CO 2 is later re-absorbed as the mortar goes off. If the heat supplied to form the lime (3.75 MJ/kg in an efficient kiln) is obtained by burning fossil fuel it will release CO 2 : in the case of coal fuel 295 kg/t; in the case of natural gas fuel 206 kg/t. The electric power consumption of an efficient plant
2124-611: The high water mark with a short wharf, and remnants of the Langshaw Sawmill. In 1914 title passed to James Green, a Brisbane timber merchant, who had moved his Wickham Street business to the New Farm site by 1916. By 1921, Rosenfeld & Co. (Qld) Ltd, timber merchants, were operating a saw mill from this location, and title to the property passed to Julius Rosenfeld in January 1924. A disastrous fire in February 1931 destroyed
2183-422: The kiln impossible via maintaining a positive pressure. The combustion air and cooling air leave the kiln jointly via exhaust on top of shaft B, preheating the stone. The direction of flow is reversed periodically (typically 5–10 times per hour) shaft A and B changing the role of "primary" and "secondary" shaft. The kiln has three zones: preheating zone on the top, burning zone in the middle, and cooling zone close to
2242-419: The late 1870s by Brisbane merchant James Campbell , who traded as James Campbell and Sons from 1882 and James Campbell and Sons Ltd from 1896, and who had established the Langshaw Marble Lime Works on the New Farm site by 1881. The firm of James Campbell and Sons was one of Brisbane's earliest and longest established suppliers of building materials, which in the second half of the 19th century specialised in
2301-445: The late 1870s was part of a larger parcel of land alienated in 1845 by John McConnel (of Cressbrook and later Durundur ), who acquired most of the land south of Brunswick Street to the Brisbane River, between Kent and Sydney Streets - an area of almost 113 acres (46 ha). In the mid-1870s part of this land, Eastern Suburban Allotments 14 and 15 (by then owned by Frederick Hamilton Hart and William Henry Barker) were subdivided as
2360-455: The lime kiln remains. James Campbell and Sons Ltd became one of the great success stories of locally derived Queensland commerce/industry. James Campbell died in 1904, James Mitchell Campbell in 1906 and John Dunmore Campbell in 1909, but the business was sustained and flourished through the first half of the 20th century by three generations of the Campbell family. In 1951 it became part of
2419-543: The mill and lime works on part of the land acquired by his father in the 1870s. By the late 1880s, James Campbell and Sons had developed an extensive building supplies business which embraced timber, lime, brick, stone, asphalt, and hardware. In September 1883 they had acquired a half interest in George Fischer's Pottery at Albion (established c. 1861 ), the new firm being styled George Fischer & Co. - two years later they bought out Fischer and renamed
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2478-479: The mill, and in 1933 Rosenfeld subdivided the land into residential allotments around a short cul-de-sac, Julius Street, which was dedicated by the Brisbane City Council in 1934. In 1935 a set of flats Aloha Court - later renamed Pine Lodge was erected on the subdivision containing the kilns, and at this time a garage associated with the flats was erected at the edge of the cliff, in part resting on
2537-463: The national rail network made the local small-scale kilns increasingly unprofitable, and they gradually died out through the 19th century. They were replaced by larger industrial plants. At the same time, new uses for lime in the chemical , steel and sugar industries led to large-scale plants. These also saw the development of more efficient kilns. A lime kiln erected at Dudley , West Midlands (formerly Worcestershire ) in 1842 survives as part of
2596-447: The other hand, fuel consumption was relatively high because of poor heat exchange compared with shaft kilns, leading to excessive heat loss in exhaust gases. Old fashioned "long" rotary kilns operate at 7 to 10 MJ/kg. Modern installations partially overcome this disadvantage by adding a preheater, which has the same good solids/gas contact as a shaft kiln, but fuel consumption is still somewhat higher, typically in range of 4.5 to 6 MJ/kg. In
2655-457: The potential to contribute to more exhaustive studies on these topics, to the analysis of kiln type, and to our general understanding of Queensland history. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history. Although by no means evidence of the earliest lime burning undertaken at Moreton Bay, they are rare surviving 19th century lime kiln remains which provide important information about
2714-436: The process and role of lime manufacture in Queensland, and have the potential to contribute to more exhaustive studies on these topics, to the analysis of kiln type, and to our general understanding of Queensland history. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. The lime kiln remains are significant for their association with
2773-407: The property taken out by James Campbell in 1886. A search of the Brisbane Post Office Directories indicates that following James Campbell and Sons ' removal c. 1894 , the site of the former Langshaw mills and lime works remained unoccupied for about 20 years. A plan of Campbell's Wharf New Farm, thought to date to 1904, shows lime kiln ruins with an adjoining iron shed, a retaining wall at
2832-490: The regenerative kilns are today mainstream technology under conditions of substantial fuel costs. Regenerative kilns are built with 150 to 800 t/day output, 300 to 450 being typical. These contain a concentric internal cylinder. This gathers pre-heated air from the cooling zone, which is then used to pressurize the middle annular zone of the kiln. Air spreading outward from the pressurized zone causes counter-current flow upwards, and co-current flow downwards. This again produces
2891-689: The retailing of lime, cement, plaster, paints and timber, and operated saw and planing mills, plantations, lime works and pottery kilns in a number of locations in southeast Queensland, as well as Campbell's wharf and warehouse at Creek Street, Brisbane , and a substantial fleet of freight vessels. James Campbell was born in 1830 in Perthshire, Scotland, and in his youth was apprenticed as a plasterer. He married Isabella Mitchell in February 1853 shortly before emigrating to Moreton Bay , where they arrived in June that year. Finding little employment in Brisbane for
2950-504: The top is first dried then heated to 800 °C, where de-carbonation begins, and proceeds progressively faster as the temperature rises. Below the burner, the hot lime transfers heat to, and is cooled by, the combustion air. A mechanical grate withdraws the lime at the bottom. A fan draws the gases through the kiln, and the level in the kiln is kept constant by adding feed through an airlock. As with batch kilns, only large, graded stone can be used, in order to ensure uniform gas-flows through
3009-433: The top of the embankment, with the rear of the structure surmounting the kilns. The porphyry kiln has squared rubble coursing, with an arched hearth with three layers of bricks forming the extrados, and is currently used as an outdoor fireplace. The second kiln is constructed of English bond brickwork, and is mainly overgrown. The site also contains a number of mature trees. A recently constructed tiered stone retaining wall
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#17327811411863068-552: The town of Waratah in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia produced a majority of the quicklime used in the city of Melbourne as well as around other parts of Gippsland. The town, now called Walkerville , was set on an isolated part of the Victorian coastline and exported the lime by ship. When this became unprofitable in 1926 the kilns were shut down. The present-day area, though having no town amenities as such, markets itself as
3127-507: The wall, a mixture of underburned (i.e. high loss on ignition ), well-burned and dead-burned lime was normally produced. Typical fuel efficiency was low, with 0.5 tonnes or more of coal being used per tonne of finished lime (15 MJ/kg). Lime production was sometimes carried out on an industrial scale. One example at Annery in North Devon , England , near Great Torrington , was made up of three kilns grouped together in an 'L' shape and
3186-418: The wharf extant. In 1882 Campbell took his two eldest sons (John Dunmore and James Mitchell) into partnership as James Campbell and Sons . JD Campbell, (who from 1896 was chairman and managing director of James Campbell and Sons Ltd), supervised the Langshaw planing mills and lime works, and from at least 1883 he and his young family resided at Rocky Bank, overlooking the Brisbane River at New Farm, adjoining
3245-449: The work of the important early Queensland firm of James Campbell and Sons , whose building supplies business, established in 1854, survived into the late 20th century. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from
3304-437: Was alight for several days, and then the entire kiln was emptied of the lime. In a draw kiln, usually a stone structure, the chalk or limestone was layered with wood, coal or coke and lit. As it burnt through, lime was extracted from the bottom of the kiln, through the draw hole. Further layers of stone and fuel were added to the top. The common feature of early kilns was an egg-cup shaped burning chamber, with an air inlet at
3363-426: Was most often manufactured at small coastal ports. Many preserved kilns are still to be seen on quaysides around the coasts of Britain. Permanent lime kilns fall into two broad categories: "flare kilns" also known as "intermittent" or "periodic" kilns; and "draw kilns" also known as "perpetual" or "running" kilns. In a flare kiln, a bottom layer of coal was built up and the kiln above filled solely with chalk. The fire
3422-536: Was situated beside the Torrington canal and the River Torridge to bring in the limestone and coal, and to transport away the calcined lime in the days before properly metalled roads existed. Sets of seven kilns were common. A loading gang and an unloading gang would work the kilns in rotation through the week. A rarely used kiln was known as a "lazy kiln". In the late 19th and early 20th centuries
3481-455: Was the invention of continuous kilns, avoiding the wasteful heat-up and cool-down cycles of the batch kilns. The first were simple shaft kilns, similar in construction to blast furnaces . These are counter-current shaft kilns. Modern variants include regenerative and annular kilns. Output is usually in the range 100–500 tonnes per day. The fuel is injected part-way up the shaft, producing maximum temperature at this point. The fresh feed fed in at
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