42-536: Perthshire ( locally : [ˈpɛrθʃər] ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Pheairt ), officially the County of Perth , is a historic county and registration county in central Scotland . Geographically it extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south; it borders the counties of Inverness-shire and Aberdeenshire to
84-542: A short leet is a list of selected job applicants, and a remit is a detailed job description. Provost is used for "mayor" and procurator fiscal for "public prosecutor". Often, lexical differences between Scottish English and Southern Standard English are simply differences in the distribution of shared lexis, such as stay for "live" (as in: where do you stay? ). The progressive verb forms are used rather more frequently than in other varieties of standard English, for example with some stative verbs ( I'm wanting
126-442: A drink ). The future progressive frequently implies an assumption ( You'll be coming from Glasgow? ). In some areas perfect aspect of a verb is indicated using "be" as auxiliary with the preposition "after" and the present participle: for example "He is after going" instead of "He has gone" (this construction is borrowed from Scottish Gaelic ). The definite article tends to be used more frequently in phrases such as I've got
168-477: A single burgh. In 1947 Pitlochry was created a small burgh. In 1894 parish councils were established for the civil parishes, replacing the previous parochial boards. The parish councils were in turn replaced by district councils in 1930. Following the boundary changes caused by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, the county contained the following civil parishes: In 1930 the landward area of
210-677: A small shop can become a wee shoppie . These diminutives are particularly common among the older generations and when talking to children. The use of "How?" meaning "Why?" is distinctive of Scottish, Northern English and Northern Irish English . "Why not?" is often rendered as "How no?". There is a range of (often anglicised) legal and administrative vocabulary inherited from Scots, e.g. depute /ˈdɛpjut/ for deputy , proven /ˈproːvən/ for proved (standard in American English), interdict for '"injunction", and sheriff-substitute for "acting sheriff". In Scottish education
252-475: A uniform two-tier system of regional and district councils (except in the islands, which were given unitary, all-purpose councils). In England and Wales , the Local Government Act 1972 established a similar system of two-tier administrative county and district councils. The act abolished previous existing local government structures and created a two-tier system of regions and districts on
294-547: Is rare. Here are other syntactical structures: In Scottish English, the first person declarative I amn't invited and interrogative Amn't I invited? are both possible. Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 (c. 65) is an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that altered local government in Scotland on 16 May 1975. The act followed and largely implemented
336-954: Is slightly different from the variety spoken in the Lowlands in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by a Gaelic substratum . Similarly, the English spoken in the North-East of Scotland tends to follow the phonology and grammar of Doric . Although pronunciation features vary among speakers (depending on region and social status), there are a number of phonological aspects characteristic of Scottish English: Scotticisms are idioms or expressions that are characteristic of Scots , especially when used in English. They are more likely to occur in spoken than written language. The use of Scottish English, as well as of Scots and of Gaelic in Scotland, were documented over
378-690: Is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Scotland . The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English ( SSE ). Scottish Standard English may be defined as "the characteristic speech of the professional class [in Scotland] and the accepted norm in schools". IETF language tag for "Scottish Standard English" is en-scotland. In addition to distinct pronunciation, grammar and expressions, Scottish English has distinctive vocabulary, particularly pertaining to Scottish institutions such as
420-677: The Act of Union , Perthshire returned members to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708. In 1885 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed: Perthshire received three seats. In 1918 there was a further redistribution. Perthshire was combined with Kinross-shire to form a parliamentary county, divided into two constituencies: These boundaries continued in use until 1983, when new constituencies were formed based on
462-493: The Church of Scotland , local government and the education and legal systems. Scottish Standard English is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum , with focused broad Scots at the other. Scottish English may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots. Many Scots speakers separate Scots and Scottish English as different registers depending on social circumstances. Some speakers code switch clearly from one to
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#1732765929595504-796: The North Sea ; along the north shore lies the Carse of Gowrie , an extremely flat area of land given over to agriculture. Within the Forth can be found the small island of Mugdrum . The Highland Main Line railway line connects Perth to Inverness, and in the far west the West Highland Line criss-crosses the Perthshire-Argyllshire boundary. Other lines in the south-east link Perth to the towns of Fife and Stirlingshire. Following
546-522: The Watsonian vice-counties , registration counties and many of the lieutenancy areas of Scotland are based on them. However, the sheer size of some regions meant that it became cumbersome to administer all functions on a region-wide basis. By 1977 Strathclyde Regional Council had established unelected sub-regional councils, which resembled the county councils that the regional council had replaced. The two-tier system of local government introduced by
588-461: The "Perth and Kinross Joint County Council", serving the combined area of the two counties. As part of the same reforms, the county council took over the functions of the abolished Perthshire Education Authority. The education authority had bought the former County and City Infirmary on York Place in Perth (completed 1838) in 1920 to serve as its headquarters; after 1930 it served as the headquarters of
630-590: The 10th highest peak in Scotland. Most towns are fairly small, with the larger ones being clustered in the flatter south-east of the county. In the far south along the borders with Clackmannanshhire and Kinross-shire lie the Ochil Hills , and in the south-east part of the Sidlaw Hills lie within the county, continuing on into Angus. Perthshire borders the Firth of Tay in the south-east, which provides access to
672-641: The 20th century by the Linguistic Survey of Scotland at the University of Edinburgh . Scotticisms are generally divided into two types: covert Scotticisms, which generally go unnoticed as being particularly Scottish by those using them, and overt Scotticisms, usually used for stylistic effect, with those using them aware of their Scottish nature. Scottish English has inherited a number of lexical items from Scots, which are less common in other forms of standard English. General items are wee ,
714-737: The British Isles), oatcake (now widespread in the UK), tablet , rone (roof gutter), teuchter , ned , numpty (witless person; now more common in the rest of the UK) and landward (rural); It's your shot for "It's your turn"; and the once notorious but now obsolete tawse . The diminutive ending "-ie" is added to nouns to indicate smallness, as in laddie and lassie for a young boy and young girl. Other examples are peirie (child's wooden spinning top) and sweetie (piece of confectionery ). The ending can be added to many words instinctively, e.g. bairn (see above) can become bairnie ,
756-573: The Local Government Act 1972 in England and Wales, the 1973 act in Scotland used the term region for the upper tier of the two-tier system. This has caused far less confusion over the identity of the counties in Scotland. The counties still enjoy wide public recognition. Even though they no longer play any direct part in local government, counties are used in many other systems: Royal Mail continued to use them as postal counties, and
798-544: The Local Government councils (the part outside of burgh boundaries) was divided into five districts, replacing the parish councils established in 1894: The county forms part of the Highland geographic area; it consists of predominantly mountainous and hilly land within the Grampian Mountains , interspersed with numerous lochs and glens. The highest point is Ben Lawers at 1,214 m (3,983 ft), making it
840-407: The Local Government regions and districts created in 1975. Perthshire was represented in House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1975 to 2005. Perthshire has two constituencies and two Members of Parliament . 56°30′N 4°00′W / 56.500°N 4.000°W / 56.500; -4.000 Scottish English Scottish English ( Scottish Gaelic : Beurla Albannach )
882-592: The Perthshire Gentlemen and Yeomanry Cavalry, was also Lord Lyon King of Arms at the time, and he presented the arms to the county in 1800. The grant document was discovered in the Lyon Office in 1890, and forwarded to the newly formed Perth County Council. The shield is very similar to the Scottish royal arms , reflecting that Perthshire was the home county of the House of Dunkeld and contains
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#1732765929595924-609: The Scots word for small (also common in Canadian English , New Zealand English and Hiberno-English probably under Scottish influence); wean or bairn for child (the latter from Common Germanic, cf modern Swedish , Norwegian , Danish , Icelandic , Faroese barn , West Frisian bern and also used in Northern English dialects ); bonnie for pretty, attractive, (or good looking, handsome, as in
966-737: The case of Bonnie Prince Charlie ); braw for fine; muckle for big; spail or skelf for splinter (cf. spall ); snib for bolt; pinkie for little finger; janitor for school caretaker (these last two are also standard in American English ); outwith , meaning 'outside of'; cowp for tip or spill; fankle for a tangled mess; kirk for 'church' (from the same root in Old English but with parallels in other Germanic languages, e.g. Old Norse kirkja , Dutch kerk ). Examples of culturally specific items are Hogmanay , caber , haggis , bothy , scone (also used elsewhere in
1008-625: The church, educational and legal structures remained separate. This leads to important professional distinctions in the definitions of some words and terms. There are therefore words with precise definitions in Scottish English which are either not used in English English or have a different definition. The speech of the middle classes in Scotland tends to conform to the grammatical norms of the written standard, particularly in situations that are regarded as formal. Highland English
1050-488: The cold/the flu , he's at the school , I'm away to the kirk . Speakers often use prepositions differently. The compound preposition off of is often used ( Take that off of the table ). Scots commonly say I was waiting on you (meaning "waiting for you"), which means something quite different in Standard English. In colloquial speech shall and ought are scarce, must is marginal for obligation and may
1092-458: The county council's jurisdiction: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 divided burghs into two classes from 1930: large burghs , which were to gain extra powers from the county council, and small burghs which lost many of their responsibilities. Of the twelve burghs in Perthshire, only Perth was made a large burgh. There were ten small burghs: Blairgowrie and Rattray being united into
1134-420: The courthouse (built 1819) which also served as the meeting place for the commissioners. The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries, with exclaves being transferred to a county they actually bordered, and parishes which straddled more than one county being adjusted such that each parish was entirely in a single county. There were several such changes affecting the boundaries of Perthshire, notably including
1176-499: The exclaves of Culross and Tulliallan being transferred to Fife . Reforms in 1930 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 saw the burgh of Perth brought within the administrative area of the county council, and merged the county councils of Perthshire and the neighbouring small county of Kinross-shire for most purposes. The two county councils continued to be elected as separate bodies, but operated together as
1218-483: The former royal capital, Scone . Further royal references are made on the canton , which shows Scone Palace surmounted by the Crown of Scotland . The crest is a Highland soldier, reflecting that the famous Black Watch were formed in the county. The supporters are an eagle and a warhorse, the former from the arms of the city of Perth. By the 1890s the county contained the following burghs , which were largely outside
1260-415: The functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The burgh of Perth was deemed capable of managing its own affairs and so was excluded from the administrative area of the county council, although the county council still chose to base itself there. Perthshire County Council held its first official meeting on 22 May 1890 at Perth Sheriff Court , then also known as County Buildings,
1302-479: The historic county of Perthshire are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county . The coat of arms of the County of Perth appears to have been granted for use on the colours and standards of the volunteer and militia units of the county raised at the end of the eighteenth century. The Earl of Kinnoull , a native of Perthshire, and commanding officer of
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1344-457: The history of Scottish English. Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms, hypercorrections and spelling pronunciations . (See the section on phonology below.) Convention traces the influence of the English of England upon Scots to the 16th-century Reformation and to the introduction of printing . Printing arrived in London in 1476, but the first printing press
1386-665: The joint county council, and was renamed County Offices . Perthshire was abolished as an administrative area in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 . It was split between the Central and Tayside Regions: The two-tier system introduced in 1975 was superseded by a system of unitary authorities in 1996. The districts of Tayside and Central Scotland all became unitary authorities, with Longforgan being transferred from Dundee to Perth and Kinross. The majority of historic Perthshire lies in Perth and Kinross . The exceptions are
1428-521: The language and style of their verse to the tastes of the English market". To this event McClure attributes "the sudden and total eclipse of Scots as a literary language". The continuing absence of a Scots translation of the Bible meant that the translation of King James into English was used in worship in both countries. The Acts of Union 1707 amalgamated the Scottish and English Parliaments. However
1470-817: The mainland and a unitary system in the islands. The former counties remained in use for land registration purposes. The act also established the Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland , with the remit to make proposals to the Secretary of State for effecting changes which it thought desirable in the interests of effective and convenient local government. The Act also abolished the use of Fiars Prices for valuing grain. Several districts were later renamed: Merrick becoming Wigtown , Argyll to Argyll and Bute , Bishopbriggs and Kirkintilloch to Strathkelvin , Cumbernauld to Cumbernauld and Kilsyth , and Lanark to Clydesdale . Unlike
1512-465: The north, Angus to the east, Fife , Kinross-shire , Clackmannanshire , Stirlingshire and Dunbartonshire to the south and Argyllshire to the west. Perthshire is known as the "big county", or "the Shire", due to its roundness and status as the fourth largest historic county in Scotland . It has a wide variety of landscapes, from the rich agricultural straths in the east, to the high mountains of
1554-579: The other while others style shift in a less predictable and more fluctuating manner. Generally, there is a shift to Scottish English in formal situations or with individuals of a higher social status. Scottish English resulted from language contact between Scots and the Standard English of England after the 17th century. The resulting shifts to English usage by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers by linguists unfamiliar with
1596-594: The report of the Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland in 1969 (the Wheatley Report ), and it made the most far-reaching changes to Scottish local government in centuries. It swept away the counties , burghs and districts established by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 , which were largely based on units of local government dating from the Middle Ages, and replaced them with
1638-482: The sheriffs. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term "county" came to be used interchangeably with the older term "shire". Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 , taking most of
1680-464: The southern Highlands . Perthshire's origins as a shire (the area administered by a sheriff ) are obscure, but it seems to have been created during the reign of David I (reigned 1124–1153). The Sheriff of Perth had authority over several provinces , including Atholl , Breadalbane , Gowrie , Menteith and Strathearn . Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to
1722-636: The southwestern part that is now in the Stirling council area and a few parishes that are now in Clackmannanshire . Perth and Kinross also contains some areas that were not historically in Perthshire, such as Kinross-shire. The lieutenancy areas in the area of historic Perthshire are mostly coterminous with the council areas, the exception being that the Stirling council area forms part of a larger Stirling and Falkirk lieutenancy. The boundaries of
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1764-485: Was not introduced to Scotland for another 30 years. Texts such as the Geneva Bible , printed in English, were widely distributed in Scotland in order to spread Protestant doctrine. King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England in 1603. Since England was the larger and richer of the two Kingdoms, James moved his court to London in England. The poets of the court therefore moved south and "began adapting
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