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66-457: The original medieval wedding is re-enacted every four years, and everyone gets carried away with medieval jousting , pageantry, feasting and wedding processions for a short period in the summer. The festival is held in memory of the wedding between George of Bavaria , the son of the Bavarian duke, and Hedwig Jagiellon , daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland, in 1475. The wedding

132-453: A warhorse of the period. The two most common kinds of horses used for jousting were warmblood chargers and larger destriers . Chargers were medium-weight horses bred and trained for agility and stamina. Destriers were heavier, similar to today's Andalusian horse , but not as large as the modern draft horse . During a jousting tournament, the horses were cared for by their grooms in their respective tents. They wore caparisons ,

198-413: A cheval, cinq coups d'épée, cinq coups de dague et cinq coups de hache ). Later it could be as high as ten or even twelve. In the 1387 encounter, the first four courses of the joust were run without decisive outcome, but in the fifth Sir Thomas was unhorsed and lost consciousness. He was revived, however, and all the strokes and blows could be duly exchanged, without any further injury. On another instance,

264-577: A concert. It focuses on works of famous composers like Pierre de la Rue , Guillaume Dufay and Josquin des Prez , who was one of the most significant composers in the Middle Ages in Europe. The performance in St. Jodok also comprises short instrumental pieces. Time: Wednesday, Thursday, Friday evenings Place: Residenz (residence) Musicians and dancers of Landshut are invited to an atmospheric evening in

330-464: A joust, described as follows: When they had taken their stations, they gave to each of them a spear, and the tilt began; but neither of them struck the other, from the mettlesomeness of their horses. They hit the second onset, but it was by darting their spears. The meeting was then adjourned, and continued on the next day. They met each other roughly with spears, and the French squire tilted much to

396-531: A meeting with sharp lances was arranged to take place near Nantes , under the auspices of the Constable of France and the Earl of Buckingham. The first encounter was a combat on foot, with sharp spears, in which one of the cavaliers was slightly wounded; the pair then ran three courses with the lance without further mishap. Next Sir John Ambreticourt of Hainault and Sir Tristram de la Jaille of Poitou advanced from

462-458: A pedestrian-only zone; visitors approaching by car are informed of this at a 50 km perimeter around the town. Due to the great pains that the festival organisers and local participants take in ensuring the authenticity of historical clothing and other personal items (such as weapons and armour), visitors are not permitted to wear medieval-themed outfits, but are invited to join in the celebrations dressed in contemporary " civvies ". Along with

528-400: A special class of noblemen serving in cavalry developed, known as milites nobiles . By the end of the 13th century, chivalry ( chyualerye ) was used not just in the technical sense of "cavalry", but for martial virtue in general. It was only after 1300 that knighthood ( kniȝthod , originally a term for "boyhood, youth") came to be used as a junior rank of nobility. By the later 14th century,

594-636: A suit or smart-casual attire is the norm, "Mufti Fridays" allow employees to wear jeans, a polo shirt or even a t-shirt . Many schools in New Zealand dropped the term because New Zealand's Human Rights Commission claimed that use of the word to mean non-uniform dress represents an "appropriation" and that the "appropriation has a history of degradation and racism." Writes New Zealand historian Katie Pickles: It appears that officers started dressing in robes and slippers that they slightly mockingly thought resembled garments worn by Mufti. This happened at

660-517: A time when, with the objective of rendering them obsolete and powerless, the authority of Mufti in India was being extinguished. From there, the British Army started using the word “mufti” for their days out of uniform when they wore loose and comfortable clothing (including dressing gowns). One culture’s power dressing was another’s play clothes. We can now interpret the development of mufti as

726-428: A type of ornamental cloth featuring the owner's heraldic signs . Competing horses had their heads protected by a chanfron , an iron shield for protection from otherwise lethal lance hits. Other forms of equipment on the horse included long-necked spurs that enabled the rider to control the horse with extended legs, a saddle with a high back to provide leverage during the charge or when hit, as well as stirrups for

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792-577: Is a day where students attend school in casual clothing instead of school uniform. The term is commonly used in many countries where students are required to wear uniform, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Fiji, Australia, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Pakistan and Bangladesh. By extension, the term is used in reference to the practice of wearing " smart casual " attire to the office instead of business suits or other conventional clothing. Australia takes this even further, where even if

858-413: Is not only the actors who delve into the medieval times. It is customary among Landshut males to let the hair grow longer in the months before the event to match the medieval fashion better. Every citizen of Landshut will dress in medieval garments during festival days (even wrist watches are frowned upon) and the city’s decoration is retrofitted to a great extent. This of course means that the city becomes

924-510: Is one of a number of jousters who travel internationally to events. Civvies In UK English , Mufti is plain or ordinary clothes , especially when worn by one who normally wears, or has long worn, a military or other uniform, such as a school uniform . It is also called civies and civvies ( slang for " civilian attire"). The word originates from the Arabic " Mufti " ( مفتي ), meaning an Islamic scholar. It has been used by

990-656: Is presented in the 2012 television show Full Metal Jousting , hosted by Adams. The rules are inspired by Realgestech (also Plankengestech ), one of the forms of stechen practised in 16th-century Germany, where reinforcing pieces were added to the jousting armour to serve as designated target areas. Instead of using a shield, the jousters aim for such a reinforcing piece added to the armour's left shoulder known as Brechschild (also Stechtartsche ). A number of jousting events are held regularly in Europe, some organised by Arne Koets , including The Grand Tournament of Sankt Wendel and The Grand Tournament at Schaffhausen . Koets

1056-521: The Rennzeug , the shield was attached to the armour with a mechanism of springs and would detach itself upon contact. In France, the death of King Henry II in 1559 from wounds suffered in a tournament led to the end of jousting as a sport. The tilt continued through Henry VIII and onto the reign of Elizabeth I. Under her rule, tournaments were seen as more of a parade or show than an actual martial exercise. The last Elizabethan Accession Day tilt

1122-794: The British Army since 1816 and is thought to derive from the vaguely Eastern style dressing gowns and tasselled caps worn by off-duty officers in the early 19th century. Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1886) notes that the word was "perhaps originally applied to the attire of dressing-gown , smoking-cap , and slippers, which was like the Oriental dress of the Mufti". A "mufti day" (also known as "casual clothes day", " casual Friday ", "colour day", "own-clothes day", "home-clothes day", "plain-clothes day", "non-uniform day", "free-dress day", "civvies day", "dress-down day", and "uniform-free day")

1188-520: The Chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon as wounded in 1382 at Roosebeke , and again in 1386; in 1399 was in the service of the duke of Bourbon —yelled out to the English, Is there among you any gentleman who for the love of his lady is willing to try with me some feat of arms? If there should be any such, here I am, quite ready to sally forth completely armed and mounted, to tilt three courses with

1254-493: The High Middle Ages . By the 14th century, many members of the nobility, including kings, had taken up jousting to showcase their own courage, skill and talents, and the sport proved just as dangerous for a king as a knight, and from the 15th century on, jousting became a sport ( hastilude ) without direct relevance to warfare. From the 11th to 14th centuries when medieval jousting was still practised in connection with

1320-517: The horse armour more than a functional suit of armour. Such forms of sportive equipment during the final phase of the joust in 16th-century Germany gave rise to modern misconceptions about the heaviness or clumsiness of "medieval armour", as notably popularised by Mark Twain 's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court . The extremely heavy helmets of the Stechzeug are explained by

1386-530: The knight in Romantic medievalism . The term is derived from Old French joster , ultimately from Latin iuxtare "to approach, to meet". The word was loaned into Middle English around 1300, when jousting was a very popular sport among the Anglo-Norman knighthood. The synonym tilt (as in tilting at windmills ) dates c.  1510 . Jousting on horse is based on the military use of

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1452-547: The "Turnierplatz" Around two thousand Landshut people take part in the wedding procession. The guests, such as noblemen, citizens, servants and poor people, move through the city to the church of St. Martin where the archbishop of Salzburg celebrated the marriage ceremony in 1475. After that the procession ends at the Turnierplatz (Tournament place). Time: Sunday afternoon/evening (after the wedding march) Place: Turnierplatz (Place of challenge) The wedding march leads to

1518-713: The 18th century. Ring tournaments were introduced into North America, and jousting continues as the state sport of Maryland. One attempt to revive the joust was the Eglinton Tournament of 1839 . Jousting reenactors have been active since the 1970s. A more popular modern-day jousting show took place in 1972 at the Principality of Gwrych in North Wales near Abergele . Various companies, such as Knights Limited, held organized shows with anywhere between five and fifty actors present. Between 1980 and 1982,

1584-712: The Danish museum Middelaldercentret , daily jousting tournaments are held during the season. The Knights of Valour was a theatrical jousting group formed by Shane Adams in 1993. Members of this group began to practice jousting competitively, and their first tournament was held in 1997. Adams founded the World Championship Jousting Association (WCJA) as a body dedicated to jousting as a combat sport , which held its inaugural tournament in Port Elgin, Ontario on 24 July 1999. The sport

1650-663: The Little England theme park in Orlando, Florida was planned to become a jousting stadium, ultimately being cancelled due to high interest rates. Other companies such as Medieval Times include this sport in its dinner show. Jousting shows are also held seasonally at Warwick Castle and Hever Castle in England. Groups like the Knights of Royal England travel around Britain and Europe staging medieval jousting tournaments. At

1716-432: The bridge. Suero and his men swore to "break 300 lances" before moving on. The men fought for over a month, and after 166 battles Suero and his men were so injured they could not continue and declared the mission complete. During the 1490s, emperor Maximilian I invested much effort into perfecting the sport, for which he received his nickname of "The Last Knight". Rennen and Stechen were two sportive forms of

1782-483: The case of the 1380 duel between Gauvain Micaille and Joachim Cator. Jousting lances are modified from their original war form for sports and entertainment. For warfare, lances are made of metal, but jousting lances are made of wood and tipped with metal, which allows them to break on impact with the opponent's shield. The lance is typically constructed from 1.25-or-1.5-inch-thick (3.2 or 3.8 cm) wood, depending on

1848-524: The courtyard of the Residenz . They depict the history of Mr. Asinus, a farmer who became a nobleman. Time: Thursday and Friday evenings Place: Salzstadel The proprietor of the tavern offers different things to eat and good wine or beer. Comedians, called "Joculatores", celebrate an evening full of voluptuousness to put some life into the party. Time: Saturday evening and Sunday morning Place: Old Town ("Altstadt") At this weekend some groups liven up

1914-425: The development of the courtly ideals of chivalry in the late medieval period, the joust became more regulated. This tendency is also reflected in the pas d'armes in general. It was now considered dishonourable to exploit an opponent's disadvantage, and knights would pay close attention to avoid being in a position of advantage, seeking to gain honour by fighting against the odds. This romanticised "chivalric revival"

1980-430: The end of the Middle Ages. The Chronicles of Froissart , written during the 1390s, and covering the period of 1327 to 1400, contain many details concerning jousting in this era. The combat was now expected to be non-lethal, and it was unnecessary to incapacitate the opponent, who was expected to honourably yield to the dominant fighter. The combat was divided into rounds of three encounters with various weapons, of which

2046-502: The fact that the aim was to detach the crest of the opponent's helmet, resulting in frequent full impact of the lance to the helmet. By contrast, the Rennen was a type of joust with lighter contact. Here, the aim was to hit the opponent's shield. The specialised Rennzeug was developed on the request of Maximilian, who desired a return to a more agile form of joust compared to the heavily armoured "full contact" Stechen . In

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2112-582: The festival dates back to the foundation of the German Reich in 1871 which furthered German national pride. In the years 1876 to 1880 the Landshut town hall was renovated and in the years 1880 to 1882 the celebration room in the town hall was given paintings depicting the Landshut Wedding of 1475, as this very room was used as the dance hall for the festivities at that time. From these images

2178-912: The festival performances in the town hall At the festival evening the groom and his bride meet the noble guests for dancing. Different groups perform their dances; for example, the exotic dance of the Moors. Time: Saturday evening Place: Place of challenge The day before the Wedding thousands of guests have reached Landshut after a long trip and have to pass the time until the wedding day. They are in their quarters, in bars, or are entertained by games and shows by different artists like tumblers and fire-eaters . Time: Saturday and Sunday morning Place: Residenz The "Landshuter Hofkapelle" band offers 15th century music as it used to be played in bars and especially at noble festivals. Time: Saturday evening Place: Church St. Jodok A choir, called "Ad libitum", perform

2244-420: The field of challenge (Wiesmahd) on which the bride was immediately greeted by her groom. There young noblemen fight in an exciting challenge for the prize of honor which is given by the bride while the other noble guests take their places at a great table. Time: Friday, Saturday and Sunday evening Place: Quarters at the place of challenge The different groups create their quarters near the Turnierplatz, where

2310-418: The growing fascination for the Middle Ages in the late 20th century the Landshut Wedding has become a well-known medieval festival with great impact on the region’s economics as well as its cultural traditions and aspects of living history . The next procession is scheduled for 2027. Time: Sunday afternoon Place: Dreifaltigkeitsplatz, Altstadt, Postplatz, Bischof-Sailer-Platz, Neustadt, the same way back to

2376-403: The idea arose among citizens to recreate the event and finally the restaurant owner Georg Trippel and the factory owner Joseph Linnbrunner founded a society "Die Förderer" in 1902. The first Landshut Wedding recreation took place in 1903, only one year after the creation of the society, and largely took the form of a public play performed by 145 citizens taking on a role. The Landshut Wedding play

2442-411: The joust developed during the 15th century and practised throughout the 16th century. The armours used for these two respective styles of the joust were known as Rennzeug and Stechzeug , respectively. The Stechzeug in particular developed into extremely heavy armour which completely inhibited the movement of the rider, in its latest forms resembling an armour-shaped cabin integrated into

2508-479: The joust proper was one. During this time, the joust detached itself from the reality on the battlefield and became a chivalric sport. Knights would seek opportunities to duel opponents from the hostile camp for honour off the battlefield. As an example, Froissart records that, during a campaign in Beauce in the year 1380, a squire of the garrison of Toury castle named Gauvain Micaille (Michaille)—also mentioned in

2574-499: The jousting with lances. At some point in the 14th century, a cloth barrier was introduced as an option to separate the contestants. This barrier was presumably known as tilt in Middle English (a term with an original meaning of "a cloth covering"). It became a wooden barrier or fence in the 15th century, now known as "tilt barrier", and "tilt" came to be used as a term for the joust itself by c.  1510 . The purpose of

2640-695: The lance by heavy cavalry. It transformed into a specialized sport during the Late Middle Ages , and remained popular with the nobility in England and Wales , Germany and other parts of Europe throughout the whole of the 16th century (while in France, it was discontinued after the death of King Henry II in an accident in 1559). In England, jousting was the highlight of the Accession Day tilts of Elizabeth I and of James VI and I , and also

2706-485: The lance, but might continue with shorter range weapons after the distance was closed or after one or both parties had been unhorsed. Tournaments in the High Medieval period were much rougher and less "gentlemanly" affairs than in the late medieval era of chivalry . The rival parties would fight in groups, with the aim of incapacitating their adversaries for the sake of gaining their horses, arms and ransoms. With

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2772-447: The lance, to give three blows with the battle axe, and three strokes with the dagger. Now look, you English, if there be none among you in love. The challenge was answered by a squire named Joachim Cator, who said "I will deliver him from his vow: let him make haste and come out of the castle." Micaille came to meet his opponent with attendants carrying three lances, three battle-axes, three swords and three daggers. The duel began with

2838-463: The necessary leverage to deliver blows with the lance. From 10 July to 9 August 1434, the Leonese knight Suero de Quiñones and ten of his companions encamped in a field beside a bridge and challenged each knight who wished to cross it to a joust. This road was used by pilgrims all over Europe on the way to a shrine at Santiago de Compostela, and at this time of the summer, many thousands would cross

2904-427: The old part of town with music and dancing as in former times. Comedians try to support the atmosphere with their coarse jokes. 48°32′23″N 12°09′03″E  /  48.5397°N 12.1508°E  / 48.5397; 12.1508 Jousting Jousting is a medieval and renaissance martial game or hastilude between two combatants either on horse or on foot. The joust became an iconic characteristic of

2970-432: The opponent and direct force into the impact. Specialised jousting armour was produced in the late 15th to 16th century. It was heavier than suits of plate armour intended for combat, and could weigh as much as 50 kg (110 lb), compared to some 25 kg (55 lb) for field armour; as it did not need to permit free movement of the wearer, the only limiting factor was the maximum weight that could be carried by

3036-401: The progression of a joust. Instead of the sharp tip of war lances, a jousting lance has a blunt tip with a wider impact surface, putting more force into the impact on the shield rather than impaling the opponent. The tip of the lance is made of metal and is usually in the shape of a fist or three prongs flayed out from the center. The three-pronged tip allows for the lance to lock on the shield of

3102-454: The ranks and jousted three courses, without hurt. A duel followed between Edward Beauchamp, son of Sir Robert Beauchamp, and the bastard Clarius de Savoye. Clarius was much the stronger man of the two, and Beauchamp was unhorsed. The bastard then offered to fight another English champion, and an esquire named Jannequin Finchly came forward in answer to the call; the combat with swords and lances

3168-400: The real heroes of the "Landshuter Hochzeit" are the local citizens who act variously as bishops , aristocrats, bride and bridegroom. Without these people, the festival could not take place. The actors are chosen from a commission of the "Die Förderer". Every person who wants to become a member of this association and who wants to take part in this big event has to live near Landshut. However, it

3234-537: The satisfaction of the earl: but the Englishman kept his spear too low, and at last struck it into the thigh of the Frenchman. The earl of Buckingham as well as the other lords were much enraged by this, and said it was tilting dishonorably; but he excused himself, by declaring it as solely owing to the restiveness of his horse. In spite of the French squire's injury, the duel was continued with three thrusts with

3300-526: The service was officiated by Salzburg's Archbishop Bernhard von Rohr. Afterwards the bridal procession proceeded through the Old Town to the Town Hall. Ten thousand people are said to have attended the affair and they were provided food and drink by the young duke's father. Livestock eaten at the original festival: The historic event is notable for its detailed records that yield a complete chronicle of

3366-472: The sword. After this, the encounter was stopped because of the Micaille's loss of blood. He was given leave to rejoin his garrison with a reward of a hundred francs by the earl of Buckingham, who stated that he had acquitted himself much to his satisfaction. Froissart describes a tournament at Cambray in 1385, held on the marriage of the Count d'Ostrevant to the daughter of Duke Philip of Burgundy. The tournament

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3432-439: The term became romanticised for the ideal of the young nobleman seeking to prove himself in honourable exploits, the knight-errant , which among other things encompassed the pas d'armes , including the joust. By the 15th century, "knightly" virtues were sought by the noble classes even of ranks much senior than "knight". The iconic association of the "knight" stock-character with the joust is thus historical, but develops only at

3498-613: The tilt barrier was to prevent collisions and to keep the combatants at an optimal angle for breaking the lance. This greatly facilitated the control of the horse and allowed the rider to concentrate on aiming the lance. The introduction of the barrier seems to have originated in the south, as it only became a standard feature of jousting in Germany in the 16th century, and was there called the Italian or " welsch " mode. Dedicated tilt-yards with such barriers were built in England from

3564-407: The time of Henry VIII . A knightly duel in this period usually consisted in three courses of jousting, and three blows and strokes exchanged with battle-axes, swords, and daggers. This number tended to be extended towards the end of the century, until the most common number was five, as in the duel between Sir Thomas Harpenden and Messire Jean des Barres, at Montereau sur Yonne in 1387 ( cinq lances

3630-403: The use of the lance in warfare, armour evolved from mail (with a solid, heavy helmet, called a " great helm ", and shield) to plate armour. By 1400, knights wore full suits of plate armour , called a "harness" (Clephan 28–29). In this early period, a joust was still a (martial) "meeting", i.e. a duel in general and not limited to the lance. Combatants would begin riding on one another with

3696-708: The wedding days and which allows the re-enactment to have a touch of realism. The exact recordings can be explained from the historical context with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 which led into a longer period of growth of the Ottoman Empire . The marriage of the Polish princess with George "the Rich" was very profitable for the Polish king - the 32,000 Guilder bride wealth he received would be worth about 6.5 million euros in modern currency. The original motivation for

3762-427: The wedding guests end the day with music and good food. Time: evenings, Sunday morning Place: "Rathaus-Prunksaal" (Town-Hall) Visitors witness the preparations for the Wedding, as imagined by a group of actors. Author Leopold Ahlsen’s comedy describes the bride's difficult trip from Kraków to Landshut. Death and plague were the constant companions on the march from Poland to Germany. Time: evenings Place: After

3828-423: The years 1973 to 2013. The renewed interest in medieval history made the event a major success in terms of tourism. Today the 60,000 or so inhabitants of Landshut welcome 600,000 to 700,000 visitors during the three weeks of the festivities, with some 120,000 visitors watching the bridal procession. The sponsors are able to collect money in the range of 3.5 million euros to allow for the event to take place. However,

3894-406: Was based on the chivalric romances of the high medieval period, which noblemen tried to "reenact" in real life, sometimes blurring the lines of reality and fiction. The development of the term knight ( chevalier ) dates to this period. Before the 12th century, cniht was a term for a servant. In the 12th century, it became used of a military follower in particular. Also in the 12th century,

3960-532: Was held in November 1602; Elizabeth died the following spring. Tilts continued as part of festivities marking the Accession Day of James I , 24 March, until 1624, the year before his death. In the early 17th century, the joust was replaced as the equine highlight of court festivities by large "horse-ballet" displays called carousels , although non-combat competitions such as the ring-tilt lasted until

4026-522: Was held in the market-place of the town, and forty knights took part. The king jousted with a knight of Hainault , Sir John Destrenne, for the prize of a clasp of precious stones, taken off from the bosom of the Duchess of Burgundy; it was won by Sir Destrenne, and formally presented by the Admiral of France and Sir Guy de la Trimouille. The lists , or list field , was the arena where a jousting event

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4092-485: Was held. More precisely, it was the roped-off enclosure where tournament fighting took place. In the late medieval period, castles and palaces were augmented by purpose-built tiltyards as a venue for "jousting tournaments". Training for such activities included the use of special equipment, of which the best-known was the quintain . The medieval joust took place on an open field. Indeed, the term joust meant "a meeting" and referred to arranged combat in general, not just

4158-582: Was negotiated in 1474 in Kraków through legations. The marriage was important because it was seen as a strong alliance against the Ottoman Turks . At the time, most royal marriages were not entered into because of love, but because of political motivations. It took the bride two months to travel to Landshut, where she was received by princes and bishops. The bridal pair were married in St. Martin's Church , and

4224-404: Was part of the festivities at the marriage of Charles I . Jousting was discontinued in favour of other equestrian sports in the 17th century, although non-contact forms of " equestrian skill-at-arms " disciplines survived. There has been a limited revival of theatrical jousting re-enactment since the 1970s. The medieval joust has its origins in the military tactics of heavy cavalry during

4290-431: Was subsequently presented annually from 1903 to 1914 (paused during World War I ) and 1922 to 1938 (paused during World War II ). During this time the number of actors involved increased to 2000. The Landshut Wedding became a triennial event from 1950 to 1968 and from 1975 to 1981. Since 1985 the Landshut Wedding has taken place every four years. The number of members of "Die Förderer" society rose from 855 to 7146 during

4356-476: Was very violent, but neither of the parties was hurt. Another encounter took place between John de Chatelmorant and Jannequin Clinton, in which the Englishman was unhorsed. Finally Chatelmorant fought with Sir William Farrington, the former receiving a dangerous wound in the thigh, for which the Englishman was greatly blamed, as being an infraction of the rules of the tourney, but an accident was pleaded just as in

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