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46-1191: Laodicea ( / ˌ l eɪ . ə d ɪ ˈ s iː ə / ) may refer to: Places [ edit ] Turkey [ edit ] Laodicea on the Lycus , in Phrygia Laodicea Pontica , in the Pontus Laodicea Combusta , in Pisidia Syria [ edit ] Laodicea ad Libanum , near Homs Laodicea ad Mare , the present city of Latakia Other countries [ edit ] Laodicea (Arcadia) , in Greece Laodicea (Mesopotamia) , in Iraq Laodicea in Media, former name of Nahavand , Iran Laodicea in Phoenicia, former name of Beirut , Lebanon Biology [ edit ] Laodicea (cnidarian) ,

92-467: A bouleuterion . An inscription shows the ensemble was built for Hadrian 's visit in 135. In 2019 a statue of Roman emperor Trajan was unearthed at the site. Colossae Colossae ( / k ə ˈ l ɒ s i / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Κολοσσαί ) was an ancient city of Phrygia in Asia Minor , and one of the most celebrated cities of southern Anatolia (modern Turkey ). The Epistle to

138-614: A stadium , baths , temples, a gymnasium , two theatres and a bouleuterion (Senate House). On the eastern side, the line of the ancient wall may be distinctly traced, with the Ephesus gate's remains; streets traverse the town, flanked by colonnades and numerous pedestals. North of the town, towards the Lycus, are many sarcophagi , with their covers lying near them, partly embedded in the ground, and all having long been rifled. The West theatre has been recently restored (2022) with virtually complete banks of stone seats. Originally built in

184-646: A "great city in Phrygia", which accommodates the Persian king Xerxes I while en route to wage war against the Greeks in the Greco-Persian Wars – showing the city had already reached a certain level of wealth and size by this time. Writing in the 5th century BC, Xenophon refers to Colossae as "a populous city, wealthy and of considerable magnitude". It was famous for its wool trade. Strabo notes that

230-679: A genus of hydrozoans in the suborder Conica See also [ edit ] Laodicean Church , early Christians in Laodicea on the Lycus Epistle to the Laodiceans , an apocryphal epistle attributed to Paul the Apostle Council of Laodicea , a synod held about 363–364 CE A Laodicean , an 1881 novel by Thomas Hardy Laodice (disambiguation) Ladoceia , a town of ancient Arcadia, Greece Topics referred to by

276-430: A narrow valley, which was taken advantage of for this purpose and was closed up at both ends. Towards the west are considerable remains of an underground passage by which chariots and horses could be admitted into the arena, with a long inscription over the entrance. Immediately north of the stadium lies a gymnasium complex coupled with twin baths peculiar to the region. It is linked to the south agora on its north side and

322-815: A seat of Christianity and a bishopric . The Epistle to the Colossians mentions Laodicea as one of the communities of concern for Paul the Apostle. It sends greetings from a certain Epaphras from Colossae, who worked hard for the Christians of the three Phrygian cities of Colossae , Laodicea ad Lycum and Hierapolis . Asking for greetings to be sent to the Laodicean Christians, the writer requests that his letter be read publicly at Laodicea ( Colossians 4:16 ) and that another letter addressed to

368-564: Is Epiphanius, who was not personally at the Council of Chalcedon , but whose metropolitan bishop Nunechius of Laodicea , the capital of the Roman province of Phrygia Pacatiana , signed the acts on his behalf. The city's fame and renowned status continued into the Byzantine period, and in 858, it was distinguished as a Metropolitan See. The Byzantines also built the church of St. Michael in

414-649: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Laodicea on the Lycus Since 2002, Pamukkale University has continued archaeological excavations, followed by intensive restoration work. In 2013 the archaeological site was inscribed in the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey . It contained one of the Seven churches of Asia mentioned in

460-508: Is referred to in the Bible. During the Roman period, Laodicea was the chief city of a Roman conventus , which comprised 24 cities besides itself; Cicero records holding assizes there c.  50 BC . Strabo (64 BC - 24 AD) attributes the celebrity of the city to the fertility of the soil and the wealth of some of its inhabitants, amongst whom may have been Hiero of Laodicea, who adorned

506-434: The cardo maximus , or the city's main north–south road. Ceramic finds around the theater confirm the city's early occupation in the third and second millennia BC. Northeast of the tell , and most likely outside the city walls, a necropolis displays Hellenistic tombs with two main styles of burial: one with an antecedent room connected to an inner chamber, and tumuli , or underground chambers accessed by stairs leading to

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552-585: The Book of Revelation . Laodicea is situated on the long spur of a hill between the narrow valleys of the small rivers Asopus and Caprus , which discharge their waters into the Lycus. It lay on a major trade route and in its neighbourhood were many important ancient cities; it was 17 km west of Colossae , 10 km south of Hierapolis . and 160 km east of Ephesus . It was situated in the ancient region of Phrygia , although some ancient authors place Laodicea in differing provincial territories, not surprising because

598-598: The Epistle to Philemon Paul tells Philemon of his hope to visit Colossae upon being freed from prison. Tradition also gives Philemon as the second bishop of the see. The city was decimated by an earthquake in the 60s AD, and was rebuilt independent of the support of Rome. The Apostolic Constitutions list Philemon as a bishop of Colossae. On the other hand, the Catholic Encyclopedia considers Philemon doubtful. The first historically documented bishop

644-484: The Hellenistic period, it held 8000 spectators and was used until the 7th c. AD. Also, much of the vast 35,000 m west (or central) agora has been restored with many of its tall 10.8   m columns. The 100   m long and 11   m high back wall is covered with frescoes and is considered important for world archaeology. Particularly interesting are the remains of an aqueduct starting several km away at

690-750: The Seleucid Empire , in 261-253 BC in honour of his wife Laodice , together with several other cities of the same name. According to Pliny the Elder , the town was originally called Diospolis , "City of Zeus ", and afterwards Rhoas . It soon became a wealthy city. In 220 BC, Achaeus declared himself king of the region but was defeated by Antiochus the Great in 213 BC. Antiochus transported 2,000 Jewish families to Phrygia from Babylonia . Many of Laodicea's inhabitants were Jews from this time, and Cicero records that Flaccus later confiscated

736-578: The Baspinar spring in Denizli and possibly having another more distant source. Unusually, to cross the valley to the south of Laodicea, instead of the usual open channel carried above the level of the city on lofty arches as was the usual practice of the Romans, an inverted siphon was employed consisting of a double pressurised pipeline, descending into the valley and back up to the city. The water pressure in

782-549: The Byzantine civil wars. It was a suffragan diocese of Laodicea in Phyrigia Pacatiana but was replaced in the Byzantine period by the Chonae settlement on higher ground. Most archeological attention has been focused on nearby Laodicea and Hierapolis. Excavations of Colossae began in 2021 led by Bariş Yener of Pammukale University in Denizli. The first several years involve surface surveys to analyze pottery and survey

828-595: The Colossians is addressed to the Christian community in Colossae. The epistle has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle due to its autobiographical salutation and style, but some modern critical scholars now believe it to be written by another author some time after Paul's death. It is believed that one aim of the letter was to address the challenges that the Colossian community faced in its context of

874-489: The Colossians , an early Christian text which identifies its author as Paul the Apostle , is addressed to the church in Colossae. A significant city from the 5th century BC onwards, it had dwindled in importance by the time of Paul, but was notable for the existence of its local angel cult. It was part of the Roman and Byzantine province of Phrygia Pacatiana , before being destroyed in 1192/3 and its population relocating to nearby Chonae (Chonai, modern-day Honaz ). Colossae

920-555: The Colossians points to the existence of an early Christian community. Colossae was home to the miracle near the Archangel church, where a sacristan named Archipos witnessed, how the Archangel Michael thwarted a plan by the heathens to destroy the church by flooding it with the waters of near-by mountain rivers. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates this feast on 6(19) September. The canonical biblical text Epistle to

966-499: The Laodiceans (see Epistle to the Laodiceans ) be given a public reading at Colossae. Some Greek manuscripts of the First Epistle to Timothy end with the words: "Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana". Laodicea is also one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation . The first three bishops attributed to the see of Laodicea are very uncertain, their names recalling people mentioned in

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1012-670: The New Testament: Archippus ( Colossians 4:17 ); Nymphas, already indicated as bishop of Laodicea by the Apostolic Constitutions of the last quarter of the 4th century (a man named Nymphas or, according to the best manuscripts, a woman named Nympha is mentioned in Colossians 4:15 ); and Diotrephes ( 3 John 9 ). After these three comes Sagaris, martyr (c. 166). Sisinnius is mentioned in the Acts of

1058-527: The city drew great revenue from the flocks, and that the wool of Colossae gave its name to colour colossinus . In 396 BC, Colossae was the site of the execution of the rebellious Persian satrap Tissaphernes , who was lured there and slain by an agent of the party of Cyrus the Younger . Although during the Hellenistic period, the town was of some mercantile importance, by the 1st century it had dwindled greatly in size and significance. Paul 's letter to

1104-460: The city with many beautiful buildings and bequeathed to it more than 2000 talents at his death. The wealth of its inhabitants engendered a taste for the arts of the Greeks , as is manifest from its ruins, and that it contributed to the advancement of science and literature is attested by the names of the sceptics Antiochus and Theiodas , the successors of Aenesidemus (1st century BC), and by

1150-435: The city. In 2015, a rare marble block was found with the inscription of the water law. Issued in 114 AD, it regulated the use of water imported from the mountains to Laodicea on pain of 5 to 12.5 thousand denarii fines imposed for polluting water, destroying channels, or opening water pipes. The stadium/hippodrome near the city's southern extremity is in a good state of preservation. The seats are arranged along two sides of

1196-685: The considerable sum of 9 kg of gold, which was being sent annually to Jerusalem for the Temple . After the Battle of Magnesia in 188 BC, when the Romans defeated the Seleucids, the Treaty of Apamea was signed, which gave control of the whole of western Asia Minor to the Kingdom of Pergamon . With the death of its last king, its territory was bequested to Rome in 133 BC. It received from Rome

1242-503: The council must have preceded that of Nicaea (325), or at least that of Constantinople (381). It seems safer to consider it after the latter. The canons are, undoubtedly, only a resume of an older text and appear to be derived from two distinct collections. They are of great importance in the history of discipline and liturgy; some Protestants have invoked one of them in opposition to the veneration of angels . The existing remains attest to its former greatness. Its many buildings include

1288-485: The earth and disappears from view, and then after an interval of about five furlongs it comes up to view again, and this river also flows into the Maiander. " Despite a treacherously ambiguous cartography and history, Colossae has been clearly distinguished in modern research from nearby Chonai ( Χῶναι ), now called Honaz , with what remains of the buried ruins of Colossae ("the mound") lying 3 km (1.9 mi) to

1334-430: The emperors. The area often suffered from earthquakes, especially from the great shock that occurred in the reign of Nero (60 AD) in which the town was completely destroyed. However, the inhabitants declined imperial assistance to rebuild and restore the city by their own means. The martyrdom of Lulianos and Paphos is believed to have happened here. The Byzantine writers often mention Laodicea, especially in

1380-578: The entrance. Outside the tell, there are also remains of sections of columns that may have marked a processional way, or the cardo . Today, the remains of one column marks the location where locals believe a church once stood, possibly that of St. Michael. Near the Lycus River, there is evidence that water channels had been cut out of the rock with a complex of pipes and sluice gates to divert water for bathing and for agricultural and industrial purposes. The holiness and healing properties associated with

1426-404: The existence of a great medical school. Its wealthy citizens embellished Laodicea with beautiful monuments. One of the chiefs of these citizens, Polemon (r. 37 BC - 8 AD), became King of Armenian Pontus (called after him "Polemoniacus") and of the coast round Trebizond . The city minted its own coins, the inscriptions of which show evidence of the worship of Zeus , Æsculapius , Apollo , and

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1472-421: The landscape. They hope to start digging in 2023-24. The site exhibits a biconical acropolis almost 100 feet (30 m) high, and encompasses an area of almost 22 acres (8.9 ha). On the eastern slope there sits a theater which probably seated around 5,000 people, suggesting a total population of 25,000–30,000 people. The theater was probably built during the Roman period, and may be near an agora that abuts

1518-589: The last occupied the see in 1450. Since then, the bishopric has become a titular see , listed as Laodicea in Phrygia by the Catholic Church , which has appointed no further titular bishops to the see since the transfer of the last incumbent in 1968. Sixty canons of a Council of Laodicea , written in Greek, exist. The testimony of Theodoret asserts this assembly was actually held, the date of this assembly being much discussed. Some have even thought that

1564-655: The martyr Saint Artemon, a priest of his church. Nunechius assisted at the Council of Nicaea (325). Eugenius, known by an inscription, was probably his successor. Constantius transferred the Arian Cecropius to the See of Nicomedia. When Phrygia was divided into two provinces, Laodicea became the metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana : it figures under this title in all the Notitiae Episcopatuum . Some twenty incumbents are known besides those already enumerated;

1610-410: The name to the Greek kolazo 'to punish'. Others believe the name derives from the manufacture of its famous dyed wool, or colossinus . The first mention of the city may be in a 17th-century BC Hittite inscription, which speaks of a city called Huwalušija, which some archeologists believe is a reference to early Colossae. The 5th-century geographer Herodotus first mentions Colossae by name and as

1656-456: The north of Honaz. The medieval poet Manuel Philes incorrectly imagined that the name Colossae was connected to the Colossus of Rhodes . More recently, in an interpretation that ties Colossae to an Indo-European root that happens to be shared with the word kolossos , Jean-Pierre Vernant has connected the name to the idea of setting up a sacred space or shrine. Another proposal relates

1702-541: The precise limits of these territories were both ill-defined and inconstant; for example, Ptolemy and Philostratus call it a town of Caria, while Stephanus of Byzantium describes it as belonging to Lydia. Laodicea on the Lycus was built on the site of an earlier pre-Hellenistic settlement, on a hill above the Lycus river , close to its confluence with the Maeander . Laodicea was founded by Antiochus II Theos , king of

1748-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Laodicea . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laodicea&oldid=1243240942 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1794-415: The siphon at the bottom of the valley was a challenge without strong piping. The low arches supporting the siphon commence near the summit of a low hill to the south of the city where the header tank was located and thence continue to the first terminal distribution tank (castellum aquae) at the edge of the hill of the city, whose remains are visible to the east of the stadium and South Baths complex. The water

1840-530: The syncretistic Gnostic religions that were developing in Asia Minor. According to the Epistle to the Colossians, Epaphras seems to have been a person of some importance in the Christian community in Colossae, and tradition presents him as its first bishop. The epistle also seems to imply that Paul had never visited the city, because it only speaks of him having "heard" of the Colossians' faith, and in

1886-694: The time of the Komnenian emperors . In 1119, Emperor John II Komnenos and his chief military commander, John Axouch , captured Laodicea from the Seljuk Turks in the first major military victory of his reign. It was fortified by the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos . In 1206–1230, it was ruled by Manuel Maurozomes . The city was destroyed during the invasions of the Turks and Mongols . With its large Jewish community, Laodicea very early became

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1932-591: The title of free city . It suffered greatly during the Mithridatic Wars but quickly recovered under the dominion of Rome. Towards the end of the Roman Republic and under the first emperors, Laodicea benefitted from its advantageous position on a trade route and became one of the most important and flourishing commercial cities of Asia Minor, in which large money transactions and an extensive trade in black wool were carried out. Its renowned wealth

1978-462: The vicinity of Colossae, one of the largest church buildings in the Middle East. Nevertheless, sources suggest that the town may have decreased in size or may even been completely abandoned due to Arab invasions in the seventh and eighth centuries, forcing the population to flee to resettle in the nearby city of Chonai (modern day Honaz ). Colossae's famous church was destroyed in 1192/3 during

2024-420: The west of the terminal is a small fountain next to the vaulted gate. The aqueduct appears to have been destroyed by an earthquake , as the remaining arches lean bodily on one side without being much broken. A second distribution terminal and sedimentation tank are visible 400   m north of the first, to which it was connected via another siphon of travertine blocks, and this one was bigger and supplied most of

2070-419: Was heavily charged with calcareous matter, as several arches were covered with a thick encrustation where leaks occurred later. The siphon consisted of large carved stone pipes; some were much incrusted, and some completely choked up. The terminal tank has many clay pipes of various diameters for water distribution on the north, east, and south sides, which were replaced in time because of the choking by sinter. To

2116-546: Was located in Phrygia , in Asia Minor. It was located 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Laodicea on the road through the Lycus Valley near the Lycus River at the foot of Mt. Cadmus , the highest mountain in Turkey's western Aegean Region , and between the cities Sardeis and Celaenae, and southeast of the ancient city of Hierapolis . At Colossae, Herodotus describes how, "the river Lycos falls into an opening of

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