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60-724: Colossae was located in Phrygia , in Asia Minor. It was located 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Laodicea on the road through the Lycus Valley near the Lycus River at the foot of Mt. Cadmus , the highest mountain in Turkey's western Aegean Region , and between the cities Sardeis and Celaenae, and southeast of the ancient city of Hierapolis . At Colossae, Herodotus describes how, "the river Lycos falls into an opening of

120-525: A close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly satem . During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at Gordium in the upper Sakarya River valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon

180-762: A related group of northwest Anatolian cultures seems the most likely explanation for the confusion over whether Phrygians , Bebryces and Anatolian Mygdones were or were not the same people. Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of most Anatolian cultures. One of the Homeric Hymns describes the Phrygian language as not mutually intelligible with that of Troy , and inscriptions found at Gordium make clear that Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language with at least some vocabulary similar to Greek . Phrygian clearly did not belong to

240-572: A truce by that time. This Midas appears to have had good relations and close trade ties with the Greeks, and reputedly married an Aeolian Greek princess. A system of writing in the Phrygian language developed and flourished in Gordium during this period, using a Phoenician-derived alphabet similar to the Greek one. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears during this period. However,

300-546: A watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since been replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent web site. The Catholic Answers transcription, however, is an exact transcription of the original text, whereas the New Advent version at times modernizes certain usages (e.g., using the titles of Old Testament books found in several Protestant versions of

360-562: Is Epiphanius, who was not personally at the Council of Chalcedon , but whose metropolitan bishop Nunechius of Laodicea , the capital of the Roman province of Phrygia Pacatiana , signed the acts on his behalf. The city's fame and renowned status continued into the Byzantine period, and in 858, it was distinguished as a Metropolitan See. The Byzantines also built the church of St. Michael in

420-454: Is part of the centum group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian , while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged

480-417: Is situated in an area of hills and columns of volcanic tuff . To the south again, central Phrygia includes the cities of Afyonkarahisar (ancient Akroinon) with its marble quarries at nearby Docimium (İscehisar), and the town of Synnada . At the western end of Phrygia stood the towns of Aizanoi (modern Çavdarhisar ) and Acmonia . From here to the southwest lies the hilly area of Phrygia that contrasts to

540-721: The New Catholic Encyclopedia ), many of its entries may be out of date either with respect to the wider culture or to the Catholic ecclesiastical world. In particular, it predates the creation of the Vatican City State (1929) and the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), which introduced changes to Catholic practice. The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11, 1905, under the supervision of five editors: The first edition

600-638: The Original Catholic Encyclopedia , is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It was designed "to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine". The Catholic Encyclopedia

660-434: The cardo maximus , or the city's main north–south road. Ceramic finds around the theater confirm the city's early occupation in the third and second millennia BC. Northeast of the tell , and most likely outside the city walls, a necropolis displays Hellenistic tombs with two main styles of burial: one with an antecedent room connected to an inner chamber, and tumuli , or underground chambers accessed by stairs leading to

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720-582: The Achaeans . Phrygian power reached its peak in the late 8th century BC under another historical king, Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled Assyria and Urartu for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital , Gordium , around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to Lydia , and then successively to Persia , Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, Pergamon ,

780-594: The Epistle to Philemon Paul tells Philemon of his hope to visit Colossae upon being freed from prison. Tradition also gives Philemon as the second bishop of the see. The city was decimated by an earthquake in the 60s AD, and was rebuilt independent of the support of Rome. The Apostolic Constitutions list Philemon as a bishop of Colossae. On the other hand, the Catholic Encyclopedia considers Philemon doubtful. The first historically documented bishop

840-586: The Hittites . This interpretation finds some motivation in Greek legends about Phrygians participation in the Trojan War, as well as the founding myth of the Gordium . No one has conclusively identified which of the many subjects of the Hittites might have represented early Phrygians. According to a classical tradition, popularized by Josephus , Phrygia can be equated with the country called Togarmah by

900-701: The Holy Bible (used in Protestant churches / denominations ), such as "1 & 2 Chronicles" and "Obadiah", in place of the titles traditionally used differently in the Vulgate ( Latin ) / Douay–Rheims (Roman Catholic) Bible versions, (such as titles of "1 & 2 Paralipomenon" and "Abdias") and Biblical citation formatting (i.e., the Catholic Answers version retains the original's usage of Roman numerals for chapter numbers [e.g., Genesis I,1], while

960-515: The Internet . Knight founded the Web site New Advent to host the undertaking. Volunteers from several countries, including the United States, Canada , France , and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original text material. The site first went online two years later in 1995, and transcription work ended after four years efforts in 1997. In 2007, Catholic Answers internet website published

1020-728: The Phrygians have been identified with the Bebryces , a people said to have warred with Mysia before the Trojan War and who had a king named Mygdon at roughly the same time as the Phrygians were said to have had a king named Mygdon. The classical historian Strabo groups Phrygians, Mygdones , Mysians , Bebryces and Bithynians together as peoples that migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. This image of Phrygians as part of

1080-600: The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire . Over this time Phrygians became Christian and Greek-speaking, assimilating into the Byzantine state; after the Turkish conquest of Byzantine Anatolia in the late Middle Ages, the name "Phrygia" passed out of usage as a territorial designation. Phrygia describes an area on the western end of the high Anatolian plateau, an arid region quite unlike the forested lands to

1140-470: The copyright law of the United States , all works published in the United States before 1928 are considered in the public domain . In 1993, Kevin Knight, a 26-year-old resident of Denver, Colorado , decided, during the visit of Pope John Paul II (1920-2005, served 1978-2005), to that city for World Youth Day , to launch a project to republish the 1907-1913 original edition of the '"Catholic Encyclopedia on

1200-634: The "Tomb of Midas", revealed a wooden structure deeply buried under a vast tumulus , containing grave goods, a coffin, furniture, and food offerings (Archaeological Museum, Ankara). Catholic Encyclopedia The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church , also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and

1260-452: The Balkans and moved east with the Phrygians. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians and/or the apparently related Mushki people were originally from Armenia and moved westward. A number of linguists have rejected

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1320-601: The Byzantine civil wars. It was a suffragan diocese of Laodicea in Phyrigia Pacatiana but was replaced in the Byzantine period by the Chonae settlement on higher ground. Most archeological attention has been focused on nearby Laodicea and Hierapolis. Excavations of Colossae began in 2021 led by Bariş Yener of Pammukale University in Denizli. The first several years involve surface surveys to analyze pottery and survey

1380-706: The Colossians is addressed to the Christian community in Colossae. The epistle has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle due to its autobiographical salutation and style, but some modern critical scholars now believe it to be written by another author some time after Paul's death. It is believed that one aim of the letter was to address the challenges that the Colossian community faced in its context of

1440-555: The Colossians points to the existence of an early Christian community. Colossae was home to the miracle near the Archangel church, where a sacristan named Archipos witnessed, how the Archangel Michael thwarted a plan by the heathens to destroy the church by flooding it with the waters of near-by mountain rivers. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates this feast on 6(19) September. The canonical biblical text Epistle to

1500-497: The Greek kolazo 'to punish'. Others believe the name derives from the manufacture of its famous dyed wool, or colossinus . The first mention of the city may be in a 17th-century BC Hittite inscription, which speaks of a city called Huwalušija, which some archeologists believe is a reference to early Colossae. The 5th-century geographer Herodotus first mentions Colossae by name and as a "great city in Phrygia", which accommodates

1560-667: The Hittite collapse. The so-called Handmade Knobbed Ware found in Western Anatolia during this period has been tentatively identified as an import connected to this invasion. Some scholars believe that the Phrygians were already established on the Sakarya River during the Late Bronze Age . These scholars seek instead to trace the Phrygians' origins among the many nations of western Anatolia who were subject to

1620-471: The New Advent version uses Arabic numerals throughout [e.g., Genesis 1:1]). Another transcription is hosted by Catholic Online internet website. Similarly to the Catholic Answers transcription, it uses an exact rendition of the original text. Scanned copies of the 1907-1913 Encyclopedia are available on Google Books , at the Internet Archive , and at Wikimedia Commons . Wikisource also hosts

1680-523: The Persian king Xerxes I while en route to wage war against the Greeks in the Greco-Persian Wars – showing the city had already reached a certain level of wealth and size by this time. Writing in the 5th century BC, Xenophon refers to Colossae as "a populous city, wealthy and of considerable magnitude". It was famous for its wool trade. Strabo notes that the city drew great revenue from

1740-472: The Phrygian Kingdom was then overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders , and Gordium was sacked and destroyed. According to Strabo and others, Midas committed suicide by drinking bulls' blood. A series of digs have opened Gordium as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordium around 675 BC. A tomb from the period, popularly identified as

1800-439: The Phrygians and Mushki , an eastern Anatolian people, were at that time campaigning in a joint army. This Midas is thought to have reigned Phrygia at the peak of its power from about 720 BC to about 695 BC (according to Eusebius) or 676 BC (according to Julius Africanus). An Assyrian inscription mentioning "Mita", dated to 709 BC, during the reign of Sargon of Assyria , suggests Phrygia and Assyria had struck

1860-731: The Phrygians were called Bryges when they lived in Europe. He and other Greek writers also recorded legends about King Midas that associated him with or put his origin in Macedonia ; Herodotus, for example, says a wild rose garden in Macedonia was named after Midas. Some classical writers also connected the Phrygians with the Mygdones , the name of two groups of people, one of which lived in northern Macedonia and another in Mysia . Likewise,

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1920-596: The ancient Hebrews, which has in turn been identified as the Tegarama of Hittite texts and Til-Garimmu of Assyrian records. Josephus called Togarmah "the Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians". However, the Greek source cited by Josephus is unknown, and it is unclear if there was any basis for the identification other than name similarity. Scholars of the Hittites believe Tegarama

1980-637: The bare plains of the region's heartland. The region of southwestern Phrygia is irrigated by the Maeander, also known as the Büyük Menderes River , along with its tributary, the Lycus. Within its boundaries lie the towns of Laodicea on the Lycus and Hierapolis . According to ancient tradition among Greek historians, the Phrygians migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans . Herodotus says that

2040-446: The closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by Brixhe , Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a proto-Graeco-Phrygian stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian

2100-557: The company during the project's lifetime. The encyclopedia was designed to serve the Catholic Church , concentrating on information related to the Church and explaining matters from the Catholic point of view. It records the accomplishments of Catholics and others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. While more limited in focus than other general encyclopedias, it

2160-524: The constitutional separation of church and state , including a successful court appeal in Belleville, New Jersey . The encyclopedia was later updated over a half-century later under the auspices of the faculty of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. and the successor New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published 53 years later in 1967, followed by several supplements during

2220-602: The downfall of the Hittite Empire and the end of the high Bronze Age in Anatolia. According to the "recent migration" theory, the Phrygians invaded just before or after the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, filling the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia, and may have been counted among the " Sea Peoples " that Egyptian records credit with bringing about

2280-484: The earth and disappears from view, and then after an interval of about five furlongs it comes up to view again, and this river also flows into the Maiander. " Despite a treacherously ambiguous cartography and history, Colossae has been clearly distinguished in modern research from nearby Chonai ( Χῶναι ), now called Honaz , with what remains of the buried ruins of Colossae ("the mound") lying 3 km (1.9 mi) to

2340-516: The entrance. Outside the tell, there are also remains of sections of columns that may have marked a processional way, or the cardo . Today, the remains of one column marks the location where locals believe a church once stood, possibly that of St. Michael. Near the Lycus River, there is evidence that water channels had been cut out of the rock with a complex of pipes and sluice gates to divert water for bathing and for agricultural and industrial purposes. The holiness and healing properties associated with

2400-485: The family of Anatolian languages spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as Hittite . The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its dissimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin of the Phrygians. From what is available, it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with Greek and Armenian . Phrygian

2460-550: The flocks, and that the wool of Colossae gave its name to colour colossinus . In 396 BC, Colossae was the site of the execution of the rebellious Persian satrap Tissaphernes , who was lured there and slain by an agent of the party of Cyrus the Younger . Although during the Hellenistic period, the town was of some mercantile importance, by the 1st century it had dwindled greatly in size and significance. Paul 's letter to

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2520-473: The landscape. They hope to start digging in 2023-24. The site exhibits a biconical acropolis almost 100 feet (30 m) high, and encompasses an area of almost 22 acres (8.9 ha). On the eastern slope there sits a theater which probably seated around 5,000 people, suggesting a total population of 25,000–30,000 people. The theater was probably built during the Roman period, and may be near an agora that abuts

2580-551: The larger Assyrian Empire to its southeast and the kingdom of Urartu to the northeast. According to the classical historians Strabo , Eusebius and Julius Africanus , the king of Phrygia during this time was another Midas. This historical Midas is believed to be the same person named as Mita in Assyrian texts from the period and identified as king of the Mushki . Scholars figure that Assyrians called Phrygians "Mushki" because

2640-413: The next three decades. Then a revised second edition 35 years more in 2002. It too has been supplemented every few years since. The Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers states that: The work is entirely new, and not merely a translation or a compilation from other encyclopedic sources. The editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from

2700-564: The north and west of it. Phrygia begins in the northwest where an area of dry steppe is diluted by the Sakarya and Porsuk river system and is home to the settlements of Dorylaeum near modern Eskişehir , and the Phrygian capital Gordion . The climate is harsh with hot summers and cold winters. Therefore, olives will not easily grow here so the land is mostly used for livestock grazing and barley production. South of Dorylaeum an important Phrygian settlement, Midas City ( Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir ),

2760-463: The north of Honaz. The medieval poet Manuel Philes incorrectly imagined that the name Colossae was connected to the Colossus of Rhodes . More recently, in an interpretation that ties Colossae to an Indo-European root that happens to be shared with the word kolossos , Jean-Pierre Vernant has connected the name to the idea of setting up a sacred space or shrine. Another proposal relates the name to

2820-399: The old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, Kortlandt (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the palaeo-Balkan languages from an early stage. Modern consensus regards Greek as

2880-522: The standard works on each subject. However, "from standard works" allows that some of the articles from European contributors such as Pierre Batiffol (French) and Johann Peter Kirsch (German) had previously been published in whole or in part in Europe and were translated and edited for the Encyclopedia. Those who wrote new articles in English include Anthony Maas and Herbert Thurston . Under

2940-467: The syncretistic Gnostic religions that were developing in Asia Minor. According to the Epistle to the Colossians, Epaphras seems to have been a person of some importance in the Christian community in Colossae, and tradition presents him as its first bishop. The epistle also seems to imply that Paul had never visited the city, because it only speaks of him having "heard" of the Colossians' faith, and in

3000-598: The time encompassed much of western and central Anatolia : "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) ( Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι. ) According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans , in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during the Bronze Age collapse . This led later scholars, such as Igor Diakonoff , to theorize that Armenians also originated in

3060-461: The vicinity of Colossae, one of the largest church buildings in the Middle East. Nevertheless, sources suggest that the town may have decreased in size or may even been completely abandoned due to Arab invasions in the seventh and eighth centuries, forcing the population to flee to resettle in the nearby city of Chonai (modern day Honaz ). Colossae's famous church was destroyed in 1192/3 during

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3120-1027: The waters of Colossae during the Byzantine era continue to this day, particularly at a pool fed by the Lycus River at the Göz picnic grounds west of Colossae at the foot of Mt. Cadmus. Locals consider the water to be therapeutic. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Easton, Matthew George (1897). " Colossae ". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. Phrygia Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European In classical antiquity , Phrygia ( / ˈ f r ɪ dʒ i ə / FRIJ -ee-ə ; Ancient Greek : Φρυγία , Phrygía )

3180-421: Was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia , in what is now Asian Turkey , centered on the Sangarios River . After its conquest, it became a region of the great empires of the time. Stories of the heroic age of Greek mythology tell of several legendary Phrygian kings: According to Homer 's Iliad , the Phrygians participated in the Trojan War as close allies of the Trojans , fighting against

3240-437: Was far broader in scope than previous efforts at comprehensive Catholic encyclopedias, which covered only internal Church affairs. It offers in-depth portrayals of historical and philosophical ideas, persons and events, from a Catholic perspective, including issues that divide Catholicism from Protestantism and other faith communities. Since the encyclopedia was first published starting in 1907 and has never been updated (versus

3300-635: Was in eastern Anatolia – some locate it at Gurun – far to the east of Phrygia. Some scholars have identified Phrygia with the Assuwa league, and noted that the Iliad mentions a Phrygian (Queen Hecuba 's brother) named Asios . Another possible early name of Phrygia could be Hapalla , the name of the easternmost province that emerged from the splintering of the Bronze Age western Anatolian empire Arzawa . However, scholars are unsure if Hapalla corresponds to Phrygia or to Pisidia , further south. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing circa 440 BC), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at

3360-515: Was initially printed by the Robert Appleton Company of New York City . The volumes came out sequentially, the first two in 1907 and the last three in 1912: The editors had their first editorial meeting at the offices of the Archdiocese of New York 's newspaper The Messenger , on West 16th Street, New York City . The text received a nihil obstat from an official censor, Remy Lafort, on November 1, 1908, and an imprimatur from John Murphy Farley , then Archbishop of New York . This review process

3420-420: Was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed. Some scholars dismiss the claim of a Phrygian migration as a mere legend, likely arising from the coincidental similarity of their name to the Bryges , and have theorized that migration into Phrygia could have occurred more recently than classical sources suggest. They have sought to fit the Phrygian arrival into a narrative explaining

3480-445: Was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. In addition to frequent informal conferences and constant communication by letters, the editors subsequently held 134 formal meetings to consider the plan, scope and progress of the multi-volumed reference work, culminating in publication ending on April 19, 1913. A first supplement was published nine years later in 1922; a second supplement in nine loose-leaf sections

3540-455: Was published by The Gilmary Society three decades later, between 1950 and 1958. In 1912, a special completely illustrated, commemorative volume was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise in 1907 by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. There was controversy over the presence of The Catholic Encyclopedia on the shelves in public libraries in the United States with nativist protests that this violated

3600-418: Was published by the Robert Appleton Company (RAC), a publishing company incorporated in New York in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedia's Editorial Board also served as the directors of the company. In 1912, the company's name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the encyclopedia's volumes was the sole business conducted by

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