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43-510: There are conflicting reports about the size of the Lashi population. Reports range from 30,000 to 60,000. In China, Lashi (Leqi) speakers are distributed in Mangshi City (formerly Luxi County), Ruili City , Longchuan County , and Yingjiang County of western Yunnan Province (Dai 2007:5). Mangshi has the most Lashi speakers, who are distributed in the following townships . Lashi (လရှီ)

86-502: A district named Mangzheban Administrative District ( 芒遮板行政區 ) was established. At the same time, Mengmao Anfusi was separated from the district, thus forming the boundaries of modern Mangshi. As a transition before formally establishing a county, Yunnan government set a Shezhiju ( 設治局 , similar to a governing council) in Mangshi area named Mangzheban Shezhiju ( 芒遮板設治局 ) replacing Mangzheban District in 1929. The Administrative Bureau

129-484: A part of the Burma Road in 1937. In modern China National Highways network , this road is part of G320 Highway . Longling-Ruili Expressway opened on 31 December 2015, and is the first expressway of Mangshi. It forms part of G56 Hangzhou–Ruili Expressway and AH14 . A provincial highway, Mangshi-Lianghe Expressway is currently under construction. Another provincial expressway, Ruili-Menglian Expressway ,

172-468: Is " 芒市 " (Mangshi), the official English translation in the Yearbook of Dehong is "Mangshi City". Historically, Mangshi was divided among three tusi territories. Mangshi Lu ( 茫施路 ), established by Yuan dynasty in 1276, was the first time the region was integrated into the administrative system of a Chinese dynasty. Mangshi Lu was part of Jinchi Xuanfusi ( 金齿等处宣抚司 ), Yunnan Province. In 1277,

215-453: Is a Tertiary B-level hospital established in 1954 in southeast of Mangshi. It has 1,200 beds and the service area covered up Dehong, Longling , Tengchong and part of Myanmar . Dehong Teachers' College ( 德宏师范高等专科学校 ) is the main higher education college of Dehong, established in 2006. It is a technical college but under the working for upgrade to an undergraduate education university. Many Burmese students are studying abroad in

258-565: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mangshi Mangshi ( Chinese : 芒市 ; Wade–Giles : Mangshih ; Tai Nüa : ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ ; Jingpho : Mangshi Myu ), former name Luxi ( 潞西 ), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture , western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has an area of 2,900.91 km (1,120.05 sq mi), with an urban area of 18.66 km (7.20 sq mi). Han Chinese , Dai people (Tai Nuea branch) and Jingpo people (Zaiwa branch) are

301-421: Is a quasi-county level administrative division. Mengga is the seat of the bureau. It changed the name to Luxi Shezhiju ( 潞西設治局 ) in 1934. Imperial Japanese Army occupied Luxi at 4   May 1942 and retreated at 11 December 1944 when Counterattack of Western Yunnan started. In 1949, Luxi Administrative Bureau finally became Luxi County ( 潞西县 ), with the seat of county government at the town of Mangshi, and

344-608: Is a traditional administrative division of Chinese origin used in the East Asian cultural sphere , translated variously as commandery , prefecture , urban prefecture, or city. They were first instituted as a regular form of administrative division of China 's Tang Empire , but were later adopted in Vietnam , Japan and Korea . At present, only two fu still remain: the prefectures of Kyoto and Osaka in Japan . The term fu

387-552: Is also spoken in eastern Shan State , Burma . Lashi was originally spoken in the downstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley, a tributary of the N’Mai Hka river, while Ngochang was originally spoken in the upstream area of the Ngochang Hka river valley. The Chashan language , which is closely related to Lashi, is spoken in nearby Pianma Township (片马镇), Lushui County . This Sino-Tibetan languages -related article

430-596: Is currently also used in Chinese to translate the provinces of Thailand , but not those of mainland China , Taiwan or other countries. Fu (府) means an office or a command institution. The character appears in the Chinese words for "government" (政府, zhėngfǔ ) or "official's residence" (府邸, fǔdǐ ), and names of official institutions such as the " Imperial Household Department " (內務府, Nèiwùfǔ ) in China or " Office of

473-602: Is planned. Although Mangshi has a 68.23 km-long borderline with Myanmar, it has no national port of entry . There are three border crossing without customs control into Myanmar serving the locals. They are Manghai ( 芒海 ), Zhongshan ( 中山 ) and Bangda ( 邦达 ). Manghai links Mong Ko in Myanmar, also known as Monekoe. Dali–Ruili railway is under construction, with two stations in Mangshi: Mangshi and Mangshi West . Dehong Mangshi International Airport

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516-571: Is the "mother river" of Mangshi, and has a drainage basin of 1,881 km (726 sq mi), about 61.3% of area of Mangshi. Longchuan River ( 龙川江 ) is the border river between Mangshi and Lianghe County and Longchuan County on the north and west. Salween River on the southeast tip of Mangshi marks the international border between Mangshi and Myanmar 's Shan State . Mangshi currently comprises 12 administrative township-level subdivisions including one subdistrict , five towns and six townships . As of 2016, Mangshi nominal GDP

559-486: Is the only airport in Dehong Prefecture. It saw 1,652,533 passengers and 13,982 flights in 2017. Dehong Sports Center is located on the west of Mangshi, with a 21,000-capacity stadium, a 3,200-capacity basketball gym, a 2,150-capacity aquatics center, a 6-courts tennis gym and other outdoor sports fields. The sports center was built in 2008, and has a building area of 36,813.49m . Dehong People's Hospital

602-729: Is the only newspaper that uses five languages in China. Pauk-Phaw , the first Burmese newspaper of China, was founded in Mangshi in 2015 and is published by Dehong Unity Newspaper office. It serves the 50,000 Burmese who live in China. 3.3 million tourists visited Mangshi in 2015, and generated a tourism income of CN¥ 5.09 billion for the city. Puti Temple , Wuyun Temple and Foguang Temple are well known Buddhist temples in Mangshi. Tiecheng Pagoda , Fengping Pagoda and Menghuan Pagoda are well known Buddhist pagodas . Tiecheng Pagoda, also known as "Shubao Pagoda" ( Chinese : 树 包 塔 ; lit. 'pagoda wrapped by tree'),

645-479: The Chinese Communist Party . The three tusi were killed during the land reform movement in 1955. Luxi County became Luxi City ( county-level city ) in 1996, and changed the name to Mangshi City in 2010. Mangshi has an area of 2,900.91 km (1,120.05 sq mi). There are two main plains in Mangshi named Mangshi Ba ( 芒市坝 ) and Zhefang Ba ( 遮放坝 ). The city of Mangshi is situated at

688-665: The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party inspected Dehong prefecture in 1985, Mangshi abolished all border checkpoints, and made the whole territory a border trade zone. The border trade and other tertiary sectors was prosperous in the 1990s. The proportion of three industrial sectors in 1978 was 65.6 : 16.3 : 18.1, and in 2016, 23.2 : 20.5 : 56.3. Asian rice , sugarcane , tea , coffee , macadamia nut and fruits ( banana , pineapple , mango , jackfruit etc.) are

731-552: The Second Sino-Japanese War , the Japanese government wished to tighten control of the local autonomy of the different areas of Tokyo. The Home Ministry published a plan to rename Tokyo to a metropolis ( 都 , to ) , but the special wards of Tokyo (35 in 1938) objected to the plan. In 1943 the plan was implemented, and Tokyo-fu and Tokyo-shi were merged to become the current Tokyo Metropolis . This brought

774-483: The provinces of Japan were named kokufu ( 国府 , "province capitals") . The fu character is an element still found in several Japanese city names, such as Dazaifu ( 太宰府 ) , Fuchū ( 府中 ) , Hōfu ( 防府 ) , Kōfu ( 甲府 ) , Rifu ( 利府 ) and the old name for Shizuoka , Sunpu ( 駿府 ) . During the Meiji Restoration , the newly formed Meiji government enacted Fuhanken Sanchisei in 1868, splitting

817-436: The 10th largest civilian-run enterprise of Yunnan. In 2016, Mangshi had a total population of 415,700 over the whole county-level city, of which 171.2 thousand resided in the city core, the subdistrict of Menghuan . According to the 2010 census , Mangshi has 204,083 Han citizens, 52.34% of total population. Other main ethnicities are Dai and Jingpo , which has a population with 132,421 and 29,208. Mangshi has

860-673: The 3rd tusi, Mengban Tuqianzong ( 勐板土千总 ) in modern Mangshi Area. In Republic of China period , the Yunnan government appointed two "suppression commissars" ( 彈壓委員 ) to Mangban ( 芒板 ) and Zhemao ( 遮卯 ) within the Mangshi area in 1913. Mangban suppression commissar administered Mangshi Anfusi and Mengban Tuqianzong territories, and Zhemao suppression commissar administered Zhefang Xuanfusi and Mengmao Anfusi ( 勐卯安撫司 , in Ruili ) territories. The two suppression commissars were replaced by an administrative commissar ( 行政委員 ) in 1915, and

903-523: The Commander-Governor"), which were border prefectures with a more powerful governor. Zhou was the more common name for an inland prefecture. Dudu Fu was shortened to Fu and the convention developed that larger prefectures would be named fu , while smaller prefectures would be called zhou . One of the earliest cities to be called a fu was Jingzhao -fu ( 京兆府 ), which including the capital city Chang'an and Henan -fu, which including

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946-731: The Japanese government: Kaesong and Hamhung in 1930, followed by Daejeon , Jeonju and Gwangju in 1935, Rason (1936), Haeju (1938), Jinju (1939), Kimchaek (1941) and Hungnam (1944). After the Potsdam Declaration in 1945 and Japan's defeat in World War II , as well as the division of Korea , the term has no longer been in use. The word was borrowed in Sino-Vietnamese as phủ (府), and used as an administrative unit in 15–19th-century Vietnam . Administrative division of new frontier territories into phủ

989-531: The President " (總統府, Zǒngtǒngfǔ ) in Taiwan . The Japanese language uses the Chinese character: (i) as a part of words, such as government ( 政府 , seifu ) , shogunate ( 幕府 , bakufu ) , Cabinet Office ( 内閣府 , naikakufu ) , and legislature ( 立法府 , rippō-fu ) , or (ii) as the name of a category of prefectures. One of the earlier uses of fu as part of the name of an administrative division

1032-858: The area was affected by the first Mongol invasion of Burma . Ming dynasty repealed Mangshi Lu and set Mangshi Fu ( 茫施府 ) in 1382. Because Mangshi chief Dao Fangge ( 刀放革 ) helped the Ming dynasty army in the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns , Ming dynasty made him the Mangshi Tusi (native chieftain), and founded the agency Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguansi ( 芒市御夷长官司 ) in 1443. In 1584, Ming dynasty created another tusi, Zhefang Fuxuanfusi ( 遮放副宣抚司 ) in Zhefang area, formerly part of Longchuan Xuanfusi ( 陇川宣抚司 ). In 1640, Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguansi upgraded to Mangshi Anfusi ( 芒市安抚司 ). In 1899, Qing dynasty set

1075-697: The capitals of each district, and also included rural areas. A year later in August 1896, these districts were replaced by 13 new provinces, using the previous word do (도; 道). After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 and the occupation of Korea by Japan , many areas were renamed and local government was reorganised. On 1 April 1914, twelve bu were created: Seoul (then Gyeongseong-bu ( 京城府 , Keijō-fu ) ), Incheon , Gunsan , Mokpo , Daegu , Busan , Masan , Pyongyang , Chinnampo , Sinuiju , Wonsan and Chongjin . Between 1930 and 1944, 10 more were added by

1118-501: The center for religion activities and education, and also the entertainment venues for villagers. Expenditure of the temple and the monk life costs are paid by the villagers. An average Dai farmer spends one-fifth of his annual income for religion-related activities in 1988. In Jingpo folk religion, various gods as well as ancestral spirits are worshipped. Water-Sprinkling Festival (in Thailand called " Songkran ") and Manau are

1161-458: The city name is Muang Khon ( ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ ), written in Chinese is " 勐 焕 ", meaning "city of dawn". In 2008, 4,751 people participated in a public opinion survey in favour of restoring the historical name (Mangshi), with 96.96% supporting a name change to Mangshi. In 2010, the name was formally changed. "Mangshi" is the proper name of the city, however, the character " 市 " ( shì ) itself means "city". The full name in Chinese language

1204-935: The city of Seoul as Hanseong-bu (漢城府) and Kaesong as Kaesong-bu. In the 17th century, additional areas were designated bu , including Ganghwa-bu , Suwon-bu and Gwangju-bu . In 1895 after the Donghak Peasant Revolution and the Treaty of Shimonoseki , a series of wide changes called the Gabo Reform were enacted. One of these changes was to split the Eight Provinces of Korea into 23 bu : Andong , Chuncheon , Chungju , Daegu , Dongnae , Gangneung , Gongju , Haeju , Hamhŭng , Hanseong , Hongju , Incheon , Jeju , Jeonju , Jinju , Kaesŏng , Kanggye , Kapsan , Kyŏngsŏng , Naju , Namwon , P'yŏngyang and Ŭiju . The districts were named after

1247-484: The college. Dehong's media is multilingual, reflecting its diverse ethnic makeup. Dehong TV Station was established in 1991, with programs in Chinese , Tai Nuea , Jingpho and Zaiwa . Dehong TV Station is the only TV station that uses four languages in China. Dehong Unity News ( 德宏团结报 ) is the official newspaper of Dehong Prefecture Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The newspaper using five languages: Chinese , Tai Nuea , Jingpho , Zaiwa and Lisu . It

1290-593: The country into three varieties of prefecture. One of these were fu , used for urban prefectures as opposed to rural prefectures ( 県 , ken ) . The first two urban prefectures ( 府 , fu ) were created on 14 June 1868: Kyoto -fu and Hakodate -fu. By the end of 1868, 10 fu had been established: Kyoto, Hakodate, Osaka , Nagasaki , Edo (later Tokyo), Kanagawa , Watarai , Nara , Echigo (later Niigata) and Kōfu . Due to some prefectures gaining non-urban land or being amalgamated into other territories in 1869, three remained: Kyoto-fu, Osaka-fu and Tokyo-fu. During

1333-544: The east of Mangshi Ba. Mountains are the primary landforms of Mangshi, making up approximately 84.48% of the territory. Mount Qingkou ( 箐口山 ) is the city's highest point, with an altitude of 2,889.1 meters. Manxin River's ( 曼辛河 ) estuary (at Salween River ) is the lowest point, with an altitude of 528 metres in Zhongshan Township . The mountains are branches of western Gaoligong Mountains . Mangshi River

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1376-568: The end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Republic of China abolished fu in order to streamline administrative divisions, recategorizing them into counties or cities. The People's Republic of China inherited these divisions of mainland China in 1949 and did not reinstate the fu . Many former fu have become prefecture-level cities . As part of the Taika Reform in (645), the capitals of

1419-518: The first county magistrate was the acting Tusi Fang Kesheng ( 方克胜 ). The Tusi system and the central bureaucracy still coexisted. Fang Kesheng refused to join People's Republic of China , preferring to remain neutral. Eventually the People's Liberation Army advanced into Luxi in April 1950, and Fang Kesheng fled to Taiwan . His brother Fang Keguang succeeded be the acting tusi, and cooperated with

1462-467: The grandest festivals of the Dai and Jingpo. They are both statutory holidays in Dehong Prefecture. The 15,000-capacity Dehong Stadium , a football stadium, is also used for cultural events. Tusi Fang Keming ( 方克明 ) of Mangshi and Duo Jianxun ( 多建勋 ) of Zhefang built a road linking Mangshi and Wanding in 1926. An Indian engineer was invited to design the route. The road was completed in 1931, and became

1505-632: The largest number of Palaung people in any county-level subdivision of China, with a population of 9,986, which mainly live in Santaishan Palaung Ethnic Township . Historically, Dai people lived in the plains. Jingpo people immigrated to the mountains from the Tibetan Plateau in the 16th century. Han Chinese became the majority because of the Ming conquest of Yunnan and several Sino-Burmese wars , and

1548-419: The main agricultural products of Mangshi, especially coffee. Mangshi has 19,056 ha. of paddy field , 9,165 ha. of sugarcane field, 7,504 ha. of macadamia forest, 5,870 ha. of coffee field and 5,469 ha. of fruit field in 2018. Asian Coffee Association was established at Mangshi in 2017. 13 countries are members of the association. Hogood Coffee is the largest domestic instant coffee producer in China, and

1591-542: The major ethnic groups. Luxi County was founded in 1949, and became a county-level city in 1996. The name "Mangshi" first appeared in 1443, when the Tai Nuea tusi Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguansi ( 芒市御夷长官司 ) was established. In the history, an ethnicity named Mangshi ( 茫 施 ) lived in this area. The name of " 芒 市 " evolved from " 茫施 " (the pinyin are same). Luxi ( 潞 西 ) is the former name of Mangshi, meaning "west of Lu [Salween] River". In Tai Nuea language ,

1634-578: The number of fu in Japan to its current number of two: Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu. There is currently a plan which will turn Osaka to a metropolis, which would leave the amount of urban prefectures to one if successful. Bu (부, 府) has been used in Korea since the Goryeo dynasty as a suffix designating a city. The city of Kaesong was designated Kaesong-bu in 995. The 1485 code of law Gyeongguk daejeon designates

1677-568: The secondary capital Luoyang during the Tang dynasty . By the time of the 14th–century Ming dynasty , the term had become common across provinces: typically, each prefecture under province was called a fu . Fu of Ming and Qing dynasty are sometimes translated as "prefectures", Shuntian Prefecture for instance. Sub-prefectures, such as that which administered Macao 's inner harbor from Qianshan , were called "military/civil fu" ( t   軍民府 , s   军民府 , jūnmínfǔ ). After

1720-432: The subsequent stationing of Chinese army in the area. Dai people in Mangshi speak Tai Nuea language , while Jingpo people speak Zaiwa and Jingpho . Zaiwa is the most populous branch of Jingpo in Mangshi. Almost all the Dai and Palaung people follows Theravada Buddhism . Many villages have their own Buddhist temple, called " Zhuangfang " ( 奘 房 ) or "Miansi" ( 缅 寺 ; 'Burmese temple'). They are

1763-503: Was CN¥ 9.628 billion, about 0.65% of the province's GDP, ranking 44th among county-level administrative units in Yunnan; its nominal GDP per capita was CN¥ 23,307, 66th in the province, lower than Yunnan average (CN¥ 30,949). In 1958, Yunnan government regulated trade in border areas, and the town of Mangshi was excluded from the zone of border trade. In 1980, province government opened Manghai ( 芒海 ), Mangbing ( 芒丙 ) and Xiaogai ( 小街 ) as border trade markets. After Hu Yaobang ,

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1806-536: Was built in Qianlong era , Qing dynasty . A seed fell in the crack of the pagoda about 200 years ago, and now, the pagoda is wrapped by the bodhi tree . Mengbanaxi Exotics Garden , a garden for valuable ancient trees and tree fossils, is the only AAAA state-level tourist destination of Mangshi. Mangshi currently maintains friendship agreements with the following foreign Fu (administrative division) Fu ( Chinese : 府 ; pinyin : fǔ )

1849-716: Was the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府, Xīyù Dūhù Fǔ ) of the Han Empire in 60 BC. Duhu Fu , usually translated as "protectorate", literally meant "Office of the Commander-Protector". In 627, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty , Emperor Taizong ( r.  626−649), reorganized political divisions by setting up 10 circuits overseeing the Chinese prefectures, including 43 commanderies ( 都督府 , dūdū fǔ , literally "Office of

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