91-687: Formerly : War in Afghanistan Lashkar-e-Islam (Urdu: لشكرِ اسلام , lit. 'Army of Islam', abbr . LI or LeI ), also written as Laskhar-i-Islam , is a Deobandi jihadist terrorist group operating in Khyber District , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province , Pakistan and the neighboring Nangarhar Province , Afghanistan . LeI was founded in 2004 as a Deobandi militant group in Khyber Agency (today Khyber District) until it formed an alliance with
182-563: A Sufi practice known as dhikr Allāh ( Arabic : ذِكر الله , lit. "Remembrance of God"), the Sufi repeats and contemplates the name Allah or other associated divine names to Him while controlling his or her breath. The Islamic tradition to use Allah as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word Allah should be translated as God . Umar Faruq Abd-Allah urged English-speaking Muslims to use God instead of Allah for
273-712: A third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville , in rural Pennsylvania , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. , to target the White House , or the US Capitol . No one aboard the flights survived. The death toll among responders including firefighters and police
364-611: A TTP suicide attack on a tribal council (jirga) killed over 40 tribal chiefs representing each major faction within Khyber Agency. Further, when it was suspected that Haji Namdar was siding with the Pakistani state over the TTP during Sirat-e-Mustakeem, an TTP operative assassinated Namdar in August 2008. TTP, nevertheless determined to control Khyber and take control of the border to disrupt the movement NATO supply convoys, endeavored to forge
455-419: A consolidated movement, in Khyber Agency was opposed by locals and the militant groups of LeI, AI, and AMNAM who all clashed with the group on occasion. TTP initially attempted to gain influence in the area by sending the influential leader Ustad Yasir to develop relations between the TTP and Haji Namdar of AMNAM who feared the weakening of his organization’s power in the area. The relationship soured quickly after
546-462: A dispute over natural resources. LeI continued to attack the Pakistani state in and near Khyber District in hopes of retaking the territory and returning to its original base of operations. Beginning in 2015, a year after LeI’s displacement from Khyber, the United States carried out a number of drone strikes killing LeI commanders and, in 2016, reportedly killed LeI leader Mangal Bagh, whom
637-406: A localized Islamic anti-crime organization, but a larger Deobandi jihadist group. Bagh addressed the Pakistani government stating “Now it is difficult for us to live in peace. The conflict will not be confined to Khyber Agency alone; rather it will spread to the entire Peshawar region.” The shift in tactics, likely a result of TTP instructors’ training of LeI fighters, became apparent soon after with
728-659: A militant Islamic group, at the time LeI had a greater focus on the Deobandi revivalist movement (similar to the Afghan Taliban) closing religiously-forbidden music shops and, at times, abducting Christians in Peshawar. During this time, LeI had yet to engage in Islamic terrorism including martyrdom (suicide) operations or bombings of civilian targets, dissimilar to TTP tactics. TTP’s presence, though not yet part of
819-643: A positive relationship with the militant groups in the Agency. It was after the conclusion of Sirat-e-Mustakeem in late 2008, that the LeI and its leader, Mangal Bagh, had been pushed closer to the Pakistani Taliban by Pakistan’s offensive operations. LeI began providing TTP militants access to the region and started to receive tactical instruction from TTP trainers, including in the execution of martyrdom operations. Bagh publicly announced LeI’s new image, no longer
910-554: A regional and transnational terrorist organization. Though displaced into Afghanistan in 2014 and weakened by Pakistani and later U.S. military operations, the groups maintains an reduced footprint in Afghanistan and Pakistan. LeI was founded as a splinter from the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (AMNAM) in Khyber Agency in 2004 by Mufti Munir Shakir who led the group until his 2006 exile by local tribes. Mufti Shakir
1001-583: A religious scholar of the Zakakhel tribe initiating a surge of violence in the region as the Zakakheli tribesmen joined with AI fighters to attack LeI militants in Khyber Agency, partially weakening LeI’s influence in parts of the Tirah Valley. From 2014 to 2015, the Pakistani military operations Khyber 1 and Zarb-e-Azab forced LeI from Khyber and effectively stunted LeI’s operational capacity, forcing
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#17327811680981092-478: A sectarian conflict with both organizations issuing fatwas ordering the other to leave Khyber Agency. As an ideological leader, Mufti Shakir gained a significant following among AMNAM cadres, and eventually left the organization to found Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI) in 2004, taking many of AMNAM’s followers with. In 2006, in an attempt to quell the escalating conflict between AI and LeI, a tribal council ( jirga ) of senior Afridi tribesmen from Khyber Agency decided to expel
1183-492: A series of joint TTP-LeI suicide attacks against the Pakistani government in Peshawar, NATO supply convoys, and, on 5 April 2010, the American Consulate in Peshawar which killed 50 and wounded over 100. As part of the operation targeting the most well-protected facility in the city, militants from TTP and LeI drove two vehicles up to the consulate, the first of which detonated next to an armored personnel carrier, and
1274-511: A universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites . Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term Allah as a generic term for the supreme being. Saadia Gaon used the term Allah interchangeably with the term ʾĔlōhīm . Theodore Abu Qurrah translates theos as Allah in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word
1365-455: Is also evidence that Allah and Hubal were two distinct deities. According to that hypothesis, the Kaaba was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of Mecca , about a century before the time of Muhammad . Some inscriptions seem to indicate the use of Allah as a name of a polytheist deity centuries earlier, but nothing precise
1456-600: Is generally pronounced [ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)] , exhibiting a heavy lām , [ɫ] , a velarized alveolar lateral approximant , a marginal phoneme in Modern Standard Arabic . Since the initial alef has no hamza , the initial [a] is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is /i/ , the lām is light, [l] , as in, for instance, the Basmala . The history of the name Allāh in English
1547-418: Is in line with the spirit of the 18 - and 20-point agreements of Sarawak and Sabah. The word Allāh is always written without an alif to spell the ā vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alif to spell ā . However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alif is added on top of the shaddah to indicate
1638-536: Is known about this use. Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities. There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the Meccan religious cult. No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed. Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh meaning "the slave of Allāh". The interpretation that Pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced Abrahamic religions
1729-518: Is no deity but God) or sometimes " lā ilāha illā inta/ huwa " (There is no deity but You / Him ) and " Allāhu Akbar " (God is the Most Great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God ( dhikr ). The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah". Similarly, the Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is ʼĔlāhā , or Alaha . (Even
1820-704: Is referred to as the War in Afghanistan in order to distinguish it from the country's various other wars, notably the ongoing Afghan conflict of which it was a part, and the Soviet–Afghan War . From the perspective of the West , the war is divided between 2001 and 2014 (the ISAF mission), when most combat operations were performed by coalition forces, a 2015 to 2021 (the Resolute Support Mission ), when
1911-503: Is supported by some literary evidence, being the prevalence of Ishmael , whose God was that of Abraham , in pre-Islamic Arab culture. In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism , as stated by Gerhard Böwering , God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn . Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This
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#17327811680982002-691: Is that the term is a loanword from Syriac Alāhā . Grammarians of the Basra school regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" ( murtajal ) or as the definite form of lāh (from the verbal root lyh with the meaning of "lofty" or "hidden"). The use of Allah as the name of a deity appears as early as the first century . An inscription using the Ancient South Arabian script in Old Arabic from Qaryat al-Fāw reads, "to Kahl and lh and ʿAththar ( b-khl w-lh w-ʿṯr )". Cognates of
2093-593: Is that usage has been long-established and local Alkitab ( Bibles ) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years. Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia. In reaction to some media criticism, the Malaysian government has introduced a "10-point solution" to avoid confusion and misleading information. The 10-point solution
2184-561: The 99 Names of Allah ( al-asmā' al-ḥusná lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names') and considered attributes, each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" ( ar-Raḥmān ) and "the Compassionate" ( ar-Raḥīm ), including
2275-483: The Abrahamic religions , including Judaism and Christianity . It is thought to be derived by contraction from al - ilāh ( الاله , lit. ' the god ' ) and is linguistically related to God's names in other Semitic languages , such as Aramaic ( ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ʼAlāhā ) and Hebrew ( אֱלוֹהַּ ʾĔlōah ). The word "Allah" now implies the superiority or sole existence of one God , but among
2366-496: The Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly"; this is discouraged for new text. Instead, the word Allāh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature. The calligraphic variant of the word used as the emblem of Iran
2457-629: The Gagauz people . While it is an Arabic word and has historically been used by Muslims and non-Muslims alike in the Arab world , the usage of "Allah" by non-Muslims has been controversial in non-Arab parts of the Muslim world , especially Malaysia , where it became illegal for non-Muslims to use "Allah" after the country experienced a social and political upheaval in the face of the word being used by Malaysian Christians and Sikhs . The etymology of
2548-692: The Malaysian and Indonesian languages (both of them standardized forms of the Malay language ). Mainstream Bible translations in the language use Allah as the translation of Hebrew Elohim (translated in English Bibles as "God"). This goes back to early translation work by Francis Xavier in the 16th century. The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin edition) recorded Allah " as
2639-468: The Pakistani Taliban (Tehrik-e Taliban, TTP) in 2008 under the pressure of Pakistani counterinsurgency operations against the groups and a desire by the Pakistani Taliban to control the strategic Khyber Pass for attacks on NATO forces in Afghanistan . LeI’s 2008 alliance with the Pakistani Taliban and 2015 partial merger with the group transformed the LeI from a local militant organization to
2730-606: The Quranic injunction “ enjoining (what is) right and forbidding (what is) evil ” ( Arabic : ٱلْأَمْرْ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفْ وَٱلنَّهْيْ عَنِ ٱلْمُنْكَرْ , romanized : al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar ) which represents duties imposed by God in Islam and is the foundation of the Islamic institution of hisbah , the individual or collective duty (depending on the Islamic school of law ) to enforce Islamic law . AMNAM
2821-601: The Talib who sought to end warlordism in Afghanistan through stricter adherence to Sharia . On 27 September 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . The Taliban imposed their fundamentalist Deobandi interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside
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2912-593: The killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan. On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. Unable to eliminate the Taliban through military means, coalition forces (and separately, the Afghan government led by Ashraf Ghani ) turned to diplomacy to end
3003-544: The 10th-century encyclopedic collection Kitab al-Aghani notes that pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry " Ya La Ibad Allah " (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle. According to Shahid, on the authority of 10th-century Muslim scholar Al-Marzubani , "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some Ghassanid and Tanukhid poets in Syria and Northern Arabia . Different theories have been proposed regarding
3094-421: The 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion. On the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, a total of 19 men affiliated with Al-Qaeda carried out four coordinated attacks in
3185-612: The Afghan Taliban’s establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA). Mangal Bagh was replaced by Zala Khan Afridi as leader of LeI days after Bagh’s death. Khan’s deputy, Tayyab (son of Mangal Bagh, also known as Ajnabi) was detained in Spin Boldak , Kandahar Province , Afghanistan by Afghan Taliban authorities — a move likely intended by the Afghan Taliban government to curry favor from Pakistani authorities as
3276-616: The Afghan armed forces did most of the fighting against the Taliban. The war was named Operation Enduring Freedom from 2001 to 2014 and as Operation Freedom's Sentinel from 2015 to 2021 by the US. Alternatively, it has been called the US War in Afghanistan. In Afghanistan itself, the war is known as simply the "War in Afghanistan" ( Dari : جنگ در افغانستان Jang dar Afghanistan , Pashto : د افغانستان جګړه Da Afghanistan Jagra ). The Taliban emerged from religious students known as
3367-537: The Agency leaving AI and the remnants of AMNAM altogether weakened. In 2008, the Pakistani Taliban (TTP) began establishing a presence in Khyber Agency in efforts to both resist Pakistani military counterinsurgency operations and to aid the Afghan Taliban and al-Qaeda in attacks on NATO supply convoys transiting the Torkham border crossing in the Khyber Pass. In an attempt to reassert Pakistani control over
3458-537: The Arabic-descended Maltese language of Malta , whose population is almost entirely Catholic , uses Alla for "God".) Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslim bismillāh , and also created their own Trinitized bismillāh as early as the 8th century. The Muslim bismillāh reads: "In
3549-763: The Day Of Judgement. The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures." Allah does not depend on anything. Allah is not considered a part of the Christian Trinity. God has no parents and no children. The concept correlates to the Tawhid , where chapter 112 of the Qur'an ( Al-'Ikhlās , The Sincerity) reads: قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ ١ In
3640-683: The IEA seeks international recognition. Analysts from the United States Military Academy (USMA, West Point) Combatting Terrorism Center (CTC) suggest that LeI’s development from a localized Islamic militant group to a regional suicide terrorist organization was most directly the result of Pakistani military pressure on the group which encouraged the group to form alliances with the stronger and more dangerous TTP and inherit tactics and operations for regional and transnational terrorist attacks. The same analysts compare this process to
3731-1140: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: 3,000–3,500 [REDACTED] Taliban : 58,000-100,000 (As of February 2021) [REDACTED] HIG : 1,500–2,000+ (2014) [REDACTED] al-Qaeda : ~300 in 2016 (~ 3,000 in 2001) [REDACTED] Fidai Mahaz : 8,000 (2013) Afghan security forces: 66,000–69,095 killed Northern Alliance: 200 killed Coalition : Dead: 3,579 Wounded: 23,536 Contractors Dead: 3,917 Wounded: 15,000+ Taliban insurgents : 52,893 killed (2,000+ al-Qaeda fighters) Civilians killed: 70,000 Total killed: 176,206 (per Brown University ) 212,191+ (per UCDP ) The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014. Timeline Major operations Airstrikes Major insurgent attacks 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Massacres Other The War in Afghanistan
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3822-746: The Jewish and Christian theologies. Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula , the word ojalá in the Spanish language and oxalá in the Portuguese language exist today, borrowed from Andalusi Arabic law šá lláh similar to inshalla ( Arabic : إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ ). This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in
3913-624: The Mullaguris, Orakzai , and Shilmanis also inhabit the area. The area played critical roles in the military campaigns of the Persians , Alexander the Great , Kushans , Sassanids , Ghorids , Tatars , Mughals , Durranis , British and Soviets . Following Pakistani independence from the British Raj and the partition , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , founder of the Pakistani state, ordered
4004-565: The Pakistani Taliban but never agreed to join together as an organization. The Khyber Agency (today Khyber District) was one of seven federally-administered agencies on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border and comprises a series of mountains and lush valleys near the historically strategic Khyber Pass. The area is home to Pashtuns (referred to in the region as Pakhtuns), primarily of the Afridi and Shinwari tribes, though members of
4095-643: The September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban immediately extradite al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden to the United States; the Taliban refused to do so without evidence of Bin Laden's involvement. After the expelling of the Taliban and their allies, the US-led coalition remained in Afghanistan, forming a security mission (ISAF)—sanctioned by the United Nations —with
4186-937: The Study of Terrorist and Responses to Terrorism (START) and the University of Maryland , Lashkar-e-Islam has claimed responsibility for or been attributed to at least 125 separate terrorist attacks as of December 2020. War in Afghanistan (2001%E2%80%932021) Invasion (2001): [REDACTED] Northern Alliance [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] Canada RS phase (2015–2021): [REDACTED] ISAF : 130,000+ (Peak Strength) [REDACTED] Afghan National Defense and Security Forces : 307,947 (Peak Strength, January 2021) [REDACTED] Resolute Support Mission : 17,178 (Peak Strength, October 2019) Defence Contractors: 117,227 (Peak Strength, Q2 2012) [REDACTED] High Council of
4277-653: The Taliban against the United Front. A smaller number were inducted into Al-Qaeda. After the August 1998 United States embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden, President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban, calling for bin Laden to be surrendered. The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in
4368-612: The Taliban and other Islamist groups waged asymmetric warfare , fighting with guerrilla warfare in the countryside, suicide attacks against urban targets, and reprisals against perceived Afghan collaborators. By 2007, large parts of Afghanistan had been retaken by the Taliban. In response, the coalition sent a major influx of troops for counter-insurgency operations , with a " clear and hold " strategy for villages and towns; this influx peaked in 2011, when roughly 140,000 foreign troops were operating under ISAF command across Afghanistan. A US covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to
4459-709: The Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also Pashtun) and 2,000–3,000 Al-Qaeda militants. The 9/11 Commission in the US found that under the Taliban, Al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and teach fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other jihadists , and plot terrorist actions. While Al-Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan , it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for
4550-520: The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, though the completeness of the merger remains murky as both groups continued to separately claim individual attacks except for larger, jointly-coordinated attacks. LeI carried out at least 18 attacks in 2016 and 21 in 2017. While in the districts of Nazyan, Shirzad , Shinwar , and Achin , Nangarhar, LeI began to form a loose alliance with the Islamic State of Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) exchanging fighters and conducting joint suicide attacks. The relationship quickly dissolved in
4641-402: The U.S. had placed a $ 3 million ( USD ) bounty on. News of Bagh had subsided until 28 January 2021 when Bagh, his 12-year old daughter, and two bodyguards were killed in a roadside bombing in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. Although Bagh was in Afghanistan at the time of his January 2021 death, it is unclear the state and footprint of the movement since the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and
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#17327811680984732-416: The United States. Four commercial passenger jet airliners were hijacked. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and more than 2,000 people in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from damage related to the crashes, destroying and damaging nearby buildings. The hijackers crashed
4823-412: The anti-Taliban Northern Alliance ; Osama bin Laden, meanwhile, relocated to neighboring Pakistan . The conflict officially ended with the 2021 Taliban offensive , which overthrew the Islamic Republic, and re-established the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States , surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately six months. Following
4914-409: The conflict. These efforts culminated in the United States–Taliban deal in February 2020, which stipulated the withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan by 2021. In exchange, the Taliban pledged to prevent any militant group from staging attacks from Afghan territory against the US and its allies. However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal and rejected its terms. Coinciding with
5005-494: The forementioned above al-Aḥad ("the One, the Indivisible") and al-Wāḥid ("the Unique, the Single"). According to Islamic belief, Allah is the most common word to represent God, and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith. "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind." "He is unique ( wāḥid ) and inherently one ( aḥad ), all-merciful and omnipotent." No human eyes can see Allah till
5096-410: The goal of creating a new democratic authority in the country that would prevent the Taliban from returning to power. A new Afghan Interim Administration was established, and international rebuilding efforts were launched. By 2003, the Taliban had reorganized under their founder, Mullah Omar , and began a widespread insurgency against the new Afghan government and coalition forces. Insurgents from
5187-435: The group’s leaders, militants, and their families to move westward across the border into Nazyan District , Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. From their new home in Afghanistan, LeI continued to conduct suicide attacks into Pakistan, with financial assistance from Afghan tribal leaders who supported the fight against the Pakistani government, according to some sources. In May 2015, Laskhar-e-Islam announced that it had merged with
5278-401: The hearing of the appeal. In October 2013 the court ruled in favor of the government's ban. In early 2014 the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the use of Allah is not prohibited in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak . The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states
5369-400: The home, attend school or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. According to the United Nations (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001, many of them targeting Shias and Hazaras . By 2001,
5460-429: The latter corresponding to the Jewish custom to refer to Yahweh as Adonai . Most Qur'an commentators , including al-Tabari (d. 923), al-Zamakhshari (d. 1143/44), and al-Razi (d. 1209), regard Allah to be a proper name. While other names of God in Islam denote attributes or adjectives, the term Allah specifically refers to his essence as his real name ( ism'alam li-dhatih ). The other names are known as
5551-409: The name "Allāh" exist in other Semitic languages , including Hebrew and Aramaic . The corresponding Aramaic form is ʼElāh ( אלה ), but its emphatic state is ʼElāhā ( אלהא ). It is written as ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) in Biblical Aramaic and ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ( ʼAlāhā ) in Syriac , both meaning simply "God". The unusual Syriac form is likely an imitation of the Arabic. Regional variants of
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#17327811680985642-411: The name as a reference to a creator god or a supreme deity of their pantheon . The term may have been vague in the Meccan religion . According to one hypothesis, which goes back to Julius Wellhausen , Allah (the supreme deity of the tribal federation around Quraysh ) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of Hubal (the supreme deity of Quraysh) over the other gods. However, there
5733-399: The name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized bismillāh reads: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The Syriac , Latin and Greek invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize the monotheistic aspect of Trinitarian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims. The word Allāh
5824-428: The names of those martyrs from the era of the Himyarite and Aksumite kingdoms In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated back to 512, references to al-ilah ( الاله ) can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic. The inscription starts with the statement "By the Help of al-ilah". Archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient pre-Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arab Christians in
5915-420: The other Islamic militant group in Khyber Agency, Ansar-ul-Islam (AI, not to be confused with other jihadist groups of the same name). AI was a more moderate Barelvi Sunni revivalist movement led by the Afghan Sufi Pir Saifur Rahman , who had settled in the area. Two separate ideologies, Mufti Shakir’s strict Deobandist creed and AI’s moderate Barelvi persuasion, competed in FM radio broadcasts generating
6006-546: The pre-Islamic Arabs, Allah was a supreme deity and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a pantheon . When Muhammad founded Islam, he used "Allah" to refer to the same unitary God who met Abraham , according to the Bible and the Quran . Many Jews, Christians, and early Muslims used "Allah" and "al-ilah" interchangeably in Classical Arabic . The word is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by Bábists , Baháʼís , Mandaeans , Indonesian Christians , Maltese Christians , and Sephardic Jews , as well as by
6097-421: The previous ligature is considered faulty which is the case with most common Arabic typefaces. This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. Unicode has a code point reserved for Allāh , U+FDF2 ﷲ ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM , in
6188-414: The pronunciation. In the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription , God is referred to by the term الاله , that is, alif-lam-alif-lam-ha. This presumably indicates Al-'ilāh means "the god", without alif for ā . Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah. Since Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering lām + lām + hā' as
6279-443: The protracted US-led military presence in the country. Overall, the war killed an estimated 176,000–212,000+ people, including 46,319 civilians. While more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan after the 2001 invasion, by the time the Taliban returned to power in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees , while another 4 million were internally displaced . This twenty-year armed conflict (2001–2021)
6370-534: The role of Allah in pre-Islamic polytheistic cults . According to the Quran exegete Ibn Kathir , Arab pagans considered Allah as an unseen God who created and controlled the Universe. Pagans believed worship of humans or animals who had lucky events in their life brought them closer to God. Pre-Islamic Meccans worshiped Allah alongside a host of lesser gods and those whom they called the "daughters of Allah." Islam forbade worship of anyone or anything other than God. Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used
6461-492: The ruins of a church at Umm el-Jimal in Northern Jordan , which initially, according to Enno Littmann (1949), contained references to Allah as the proper name of God. However, on a second revision by Bellamy et al. (1985 & 1988) the five-verse inscription was retranslated: "(1)This [inscription] was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh, (2) son of ʿUbaydah, secretary (3) of the cohort Augusta Secunda (4) Philadelphiana; may he go mad who (5) effaces it." Irfan Shahîd quoting
6552-650: The sake of finding "extensive middle ground we share with other Abrahamic and universal traditions". Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase in shā'a llāh (meaning 'if God wills') untranslated after references to future events. Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of bi-smi llāh (meaning 'In the name of God'). There are certain other phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims and left untranslated, including " Subḥāna llāh " (Glory be to God), " al-ḥamdu li-llāh " (Praise be to God), " lā ilāha illā llāh " (There
6643-470: The second of which deployed armed fighters who shot at the consulate before detonating suicide vests. The militants had brought ramps to scale the metal barriers of the consulate and would’ve likely succeeded had pieces of the bombed armored personnel carrier not lodged in the barrier. During the same year, joint TTP and LeI operations against NATO supply convoys at in the Khyber Pass destroyed over 700 cargo and military vehicles. In 2011, LeI militants beheaded
6734-547: The sense of "I hope so"). The German poet Mahlmann used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey. Some Muslims leave the name "Allāh" untranslated in English, rather than using the English translation "God". The word has also been applied to certain living human beings as personifications of the term and concept. Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use Allah to refer to God in
6825-505: The strategic border crossing, stem continued attacks on Peshawar , and under pressure from NATO, the Pakistani military banned LeI, AI, and AMNAM and, through the paramilitary Frontier Corps , launched four military operations in Khyber Agency against TTP, LeI, AI, and AMNAM named Darghlum, Baya Drghlum, Sirat-e-Mustakeem, and Khwakh Ba De Shum. These operations failed to dislodge LeI from the area as Pakistani military and intelligence predominately targeted TTP forces and correctly assessed at
6916-754: The term Allah in any other but Muslim contexts, but the Malayan High Court in 2009 revoked the law, ruling it unconstitutional. While Allah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of Allah by the Roman Catholic newspaper The Herald . The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until
7007-494: The time that LeI had no effective ties to the Pakistani Taliban. Up to late 2008, LeI leader Mangal Bagh had received and declined multiple offers to ally his organization with the TTP, even as both groups found themselves under attack by the Pakistani military in the major Sirat-e-Mustakeem ( Arabic : ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ ; lit. ‘Path of Righteousness’) campaign of June 2008 which directly targeted LeI forces in Khyber. Though
7098-706: The transformation of the Tehrek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) group from a local militant group in Swat District to a regional terrorist group allied with the Pakistani Taliban under previously absent Pakistani military pressure. According to the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), an open-source database on terrorist events between 1970 and 2020 produced by the National Consortium for
7189-644: The translation of the Dutch word Godt . Ruyl also translated the Gospel of Matthew in 1612 into the Malay language (an early Bible translation into a non-European language, made a year after the publication of the King James Version ), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated the Gospel of Mark , published in 1638. The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of
7280-417: The two non-native leaders of AI (Pir Saifur Rahman) and LeI (Mufti Shakir) from the Agency. The exile of the leaders only worsened the growing conflict in Khyber Agency as more fanatic commanders, Mehbub-ul-Haq of AI and Mangal Bagh Afridi of LeI, took command of the militant groups and continued to clash. Under the new command of Mangal Bagh, LeI became the most organized and powerful militant group operating in
7371-540: The withdrawal of all government forces from the tribal areas along the northwest border with Afghanistan, granting the tribes significant autonomy. Lashkar-e-Islam (LI) and the emergence of militant conflict in Khyber District both trace their origins back to the founding of the organization Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency. The organization’s name derives from
7462-528: The withdrawal of troops, the Taliban launched a broad offensive throughout the summer of 2021, successfully reestablishing their control over Afghanistan, including the capital city of Kabul on 15 August . On the same day, the last president of the Islamic Republic, Ashraf Ghani, fled the country; the Taliban declared victory and the war was formally brought to a close. By 30 August, the last American military aircraft departed from Afghanistan , ending
7553-566: The word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. According to Marshall Hodgson , it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba , a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. The Syriac word ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) can be found in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia, as reported by antique Syriac documents of
7644-652: The word Allāh has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists. Most considered it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- and ilāh " deity , god" to al-lāh meaning "the deity, the God". Indeed, there is "the interchangeability of al-ilāh and allāh in early Arabic poetry even when composed by the Christian ʿAdī ibn Zayd . The majority of scholars accept this hypothesis. A minority hypothesis, seen with more skepticism,
7735-598: Was 836 as of 2009. Total deaths were 2,996, including the 19 hijackers. Allah Allah ( / ˈ æ l ə , ˈ ɑː l ə , ə ˈ l ɑː / A(H)L -ə, ə- LAH ; Arabic : ﷲ , IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ) is the Arabic word for God , particularly the God of Abraham . Outside of the Middle East , it is principally associated with Islam , but the term was used in pre-Islamic Arabia and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of
7826-692: Was an armed conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021. Launched as a direct response to the September 11 attacks , the war began when an international military coalition led by the United States invaded Afghanistan , declaring Operation Enduring Freedom as part of the earlier-declared war on terror , toppling the Taliban -ruled Islamic Emirate , and establishing the Islamic Republic three years later. The Taliban and its allies were expelled from major population centers by US-led forces supporting
7917-401: Was founded in Tirah Valley by the local tribesman Haji Namdar, reportedly under the direction of senior Afghan Taliban commander and key ideologue Ustad Yasir. A key element of AMNAM’s founding, Namdar created an FM radio station and enlisted the controversial radical tribal preacher and Pashtun Deobandi, Mufti Munir Shakir, to broadcast firebrand Islamic sermons. AMNAM began to compete with
8008-406: Was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muḥammad (1934), Tor Andræ always used the term Allah , though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of
8099-781: Was replaced by Mangal Bagh , a senior commander under Mufti Shakir, until his death in a roadside bomb attack in late January 2021. A day later, the group announced Zala Khan Afridi as LeI’s new leader with Bagh’s son, Tayyab, as deputy. Tayyab was detained by the Afghan Taliban in December 2022. The group has also clashed multiple times with other militant outfits such as Islamic State – Khorasan Province . An incident occurred in 2018 where dozens of militants from ISIS and Lashkar-e-Islam had been killed in clashes in Achin, Nazian and Haska Mina districts. Lel has established good ties with
8190-541: Was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God. According to Francis Edward Peters , "The Qur'ān insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ( 29:46 ). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham ". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh , and as
8281-662: Was with Allah". Muslim commentators likewise used the term Allah for the Biblical concept of God. Ibn Qutayba writes "You cannot serve both Allah and Mammon.". However, Muslim translators of the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia rarely translated the Tetragrammaton , referring to the supreme being in Israelite tradition, as Allah . Instead, most commentators either translated Yahweh as either yahwah or rabb ,
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