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62-527: See text. Leuconostoc is a genus of gram-positive bacteria , placed within the family of Lactobacillaceae . They are generally ovoid cocci often forming chains. Leuconostoc spp. are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin and are catalase -negative (which distinguishes them from staphylococci ). All species within this genus are heterofermentative and are able to produce dextran from sucrose . They are generally slime-forming. The name Leuconostoc comes from Greek adjective leukos meaning clear; and

124-425: A values of around 16–19, alcohols are, in general, slightly weaker acids than water . With strong bases such as sodium hydride or sodium they form salts called alkoxides , with the general formula RO M (where R is an alkyl and M is a metal ). The acidity of alcohols is strongly affected by solvation . In the gas phase, alcohols are more acidic than in water. In DMSO , alcohols (and water) have

186-520: A saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol , to complex, like sugars and cholesterol . The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus ( c.  371 –287 BCE), and Pliny

248-399: A cytoplasmic membrane and an outer cell membrane; they contain only a thin layer of peptidoglycan (2–3 nm) between these membranes. The presence of inner and outer cell membranes defines a new compartment in these cells: the periplasmic space or the periplasmic compartment. These bacteria have been designated as diderm bacteria . The distinction between the monoderm and diderm bacteria

310-688: A fermented milk beverage and kombucha , a fermented tea. The genus Leuconostoc comprises the following species: The name Leuconostoc citrovorum (Hammer) Hucker and Pederson 1931 was rejected in 1971 as a nomen dubium by the Judicial Commission of International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (in Opinion 45). The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and

372-458: A linear alcohol: Such processes give fatty alcohols , which are useful for detergents. Some low molecular weight alcohols of industrial importance are produced by the addition of water to alkenes. Ethanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, and tert -butanol are produced by this general method. Two implementations are employed, the direct and indirect methods. The direct method avoids the formation of stable intermediates, typically using acid catalysts. In

434-621: A monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred. In the classical sense, six gram-positive genera are typically pathogenic in humans. Two of these, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus , are cocci (sphere-shaped). The remaining organisms are bacilli (rod-shaped) and can be subdivided based on their ability to form spores . The non-spore formers are Corynebacterium and Listeria (a coccobacillus), whereas Bacillus and Clostridium produce spores. The spore-forming bacteria can again be divided based on their respiration : Bacillus

496-500: A number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century, it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists. The works of Taddeo Alderotti (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated fractional distillation through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained. The medicinal properties of ethanol were studied by Arnald of Villanova (1240–1311 CE) and John of Rupescissa ( c.  1310 –1366),

558-972: A number of bacterial taxa (viz. Negativicutes , Fusobacteriota , Synergistota , and Elusimicrobiota ) that are either part of the phylum Bacillota or branch in its proximity are found to possess a diderm cell structure. However, a conserved signature indel (CSI) in the HSP60 ( GroEL ) protein distinguishes all traditional phyla of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonadota , Aquificota , Chlamydiota , Bacteroidota , Chlorobiota , " Cyanobacteria ", Fibrobacterota , Verrucomicrobiota , Planctomycetota , Spirochaetota , Acidobacteriota , etc.) from these other atypical diderm bacteria, as well as other phyla of monoderm bacteria (e.g., Actinomycetota , Bacillota , Thermotogota , Chloroflexota , etc.). The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional LPS ( lipopolysaccharide )-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form

620-606: A p K a of around 29–32. As a consequence, alkoxides (and hydroxide) are powerful bases and nucleophiles (e.g., for the Williamson ether synthesis ) in this solvent. In particular, RO or HO in DMSO can be used to generate significant equilibrium concentrations of acetylide ions through the deprotonation of alkynes (see Favorskii reaction ). Tertiary alcohols react with hydrochloric acid to produce tertiary alkyl chloride . Primary and secondary alcohols are converted to

682-793: A recipient host bacterium). In transformation, the genetic material passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium. As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria ; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers. Transformation among gram-positive bacteria has been studied in medically important species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus mutans , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguinis and in gram-positive soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus . The adjectives gram-positive and gram-negative derive from

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744-508: A single membrane, but stain gram-negative due to either lack of the peptidoglycan layer, as in the mycoplasmas , or their inability to retain the Gram stain because of their cell wall composition—also show close relationship to the gram-positive bacteria. For the bacterial cells bounded by a single cell membrane, the term monoderm bacteria has been proposed. In contrast to gram-positive bacteria, all typical gram-negative bacteria are bounded by

806-455: A surface layer called an S-layer . In gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer. Gram-negative bacteria's S-layer is attached directly to the outer membrane . Specific to gram-positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall. Some of these are lipoteichoic acids, which have a lipid component in the cell membrane that can assist in anchoring

868-402: Is a facultative anaerobe , while Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe . Also, Rathybacter , Leifsonia , and Clavibacter are three gram-positive genera that cause plant disease. Gram-positive bacteria are capable of causing serious and sometimes fatal infections in newborn infants. Novel species of clinically relevant gram-positive bacteria also include Catabacter hongkongensis , which

930-428: Is ambiguous as it refers to three distinct aspects (staining result, envelope organization, taxonomic group), which do not necessarily coalesce for some bacterial species. The gram-positive and gram-negative staining response is also not a reliable characteristic as these two kinds of bacteria do not form phylogenetic coherent groups. However, although Gram staining response is an empirical criterion, its basis lies in

992-400: Is an alcohol. However, some compounds that contain hydroxyl functional groups have trivial names that do not include the suffix -ol or the prefix hydroxy- , e.g. the sugars glucose and sucrose . IUPAC nomenclature is used in scientific publications, and in writings where precise identification of the substance is important. In naming simple alcohols, the name of the alkane chain loses

1054-427: Is an emerging pathogen belonging to Bacillota . Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer , in which exogenous genetic material passes from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium, the other two processes being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of donor bacterial DNA by a bacteriophage virus into

1116-426: Is because the thick layer of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining

1178-408: Is formed. Tertiary alcohols are eliminated easily at just above room temperature, but primary alcohols require a higher temperature. This is a diagram of acid catalyzed dehydration of ethanol to produce ethylene : [REDACTED] A more controlled elimination reaction requires the formation of the xanthate ester . Tertiary alcohols react with strong acids to generate carbocations. The reaction

1240-468: Is less acutely toxic. All alcohols are mild skin irritants. Methanol and ethylene glycol are more toxic than other simple alcohols. Their metabolism is affected by the presence of ethanol, which has a higher affinity for liver alcohol dehydrogenase . In this way, methanol will be excreted intact in urine. In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar . Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to most other compounds. Owing to

1302-415: Is related to their dehydration, e.g. isobutylene from tert -butyl alcohol. A special kind of dehydration reaction involves triphenylmethanol and especially its amine-substituted derivatives. When treated with acid, these alcohols lose water to give stable carbocations, which are commercial dyes. Alcohol and carboxylic acids react in the so-called Fischer esterification . The reaction usually requires

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1364-407: Is supported by conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins (viz. DnaK, GroEL). Of these two structurally distinct groups of bacteria, monoderms are indicated to be ancestral. Based upon a number of observations including that the gram-positive bacteria are the major producers of antibiotics and that, in general, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to them, it has been proposed that

1426-581: Is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-esters. Alkenes engage in an acid catalyzed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst that gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols. Formation of a secondary alcohol via alkene reduction and hydration is shown: The hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-reduction of alkenes are more reliable in organic synthesis. Alkenes react with N -bromosuccinimide and water in halohydrin formation reaction . Amines can be converted to diazonium salts , which are then hydrolyzed. With aqueous p K

1488-508: Is the focus on this article, the following are most important industrial alcohols: Methanol is the most common industrial alcohol, with about 12 million tons/y produced in 1980. The combined capacity of the other alcohols is about the same, distributed roughly equally. With respect to acute toxicity, simple alcohols have low acute toxicities . Doses of several milliliters are tolerated. For pentanols , hexanols , octanols , and longer alcohols, LD50 range from 2–5 g/kg (rats, oral). Ethanol

1550-421: Is used by microbiologists to place bacteria into two main categories, Gram-positive (+) and Gram-negative (-). Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan within the cell wall, and Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope . This

1612-470: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority. When a higher priority group is present in the compound, the prefix hydroxy- is used in its IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-IUPAC names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol ) also typically indicates that the substance

1674-481: The Ziegler process , linear alcohols are produced from ethylene and triethylaluminium followed by oxidation and hydrolysis. An idealized synthesis of 1-octanol is shown: The process generates a range of alcohols that are separated by distillation . Many higher alcohols are produced by hydroformylation of alkenes followed by hydrogenation. When applied to a terminal alkene , as is common, one typically obtains

1736-412: The fermentation of cabbage , making it sauerkraut . In this process, fresh cabbage is fermented in a light brine , where the sugars in the cabbage are transformed by lactofermentation to lactic acid which gives the cabbage a sour flavour and good keeping qualities. Leuconostoc spp. are similarly part of the symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast ( SCOBY ) involved in the fermentation of kefir ,

1798-660: The in English. The second part of the word ( kuḥl ) has several antecedents in Semitic languages , ultimately deriving from the Akkadian 𒎎𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 ( guḫlum ), meaning stibnite or antimony . Like its antecedents in Arabic and older languages, the term alcohol was originally used for the very fine powder produced by the sublimation of the natural mineral stibnite to form antimony trisulfide Sb 2 S 3 . It

1860-458: The 18th century and was extended to the class of substances so-called as "alcohols" in modern chemistry after 1850. The term ethanol was invented in 1892, blending " ethane " with the "-ol" ending of "alcohol", which was generalized as a libfix . The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks . The suffix -ol appears in

1922-468: The Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt . An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (ninth century CE), was that by adding salt to boiling wine, which increases the wine's relative volatility ,

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1984-418: The absence of the outer membrane. In general, the following characteristics are present in gram-positive bacteria: Only some species have a capsule , usually consisting of polysaccharides . Also, only some species are flagellates , and when they do have flagella , have only two basal body rings to support them, whereas gram-negative have four. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria commonly have

2046-501: The archetypical diderm bacteria where the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide, and the diderm bacteria where outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid . In general, gram-positive bacteria are monoderms and have a single lipid bilayer whereas gram-negative bacteria are diderms and have two bilayers. Exceptions include: Some Bacillota species are not gram-positive. The class Negativicutes, which includes Selenomonas , are diderm and stain gram-negative. Additionally,

2108-489: The corresponding chlorides using thionyl chloride and various phosphorus chloride reagents. [REDACTED] Primary and secondary alcohols, likewise, convert to alkyl bromides using phosphorus tribromide , for example: In the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation an alcohol is deoxygenated to an alkane with tributyltin hydride or a trimethylborane -water complex in a radical substitution reaction. Meanwhile,

2170-413: The crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane , causing them to take up the counterstain ( safranin or fuchsine ) and appear red or pink. Despite their thicker peptidoglycan layer, gram-positive bacteria are more receptive to certain cell wall –targeting antibiotics than gram-negative bacteria, due to

2232-653: The elimination (alkene) product instead. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups to give secondary and tertiary alcohols. Related reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction . Aldehydes or ketones are reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride (after an acidic workup). Another reduction using aluminium isopropoxide is the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction . Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation

2294-500: The flammability of the resulting vapors may be enhanced. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to al-Kindī ( c.  801 –873 CE) and to al-Fārābī ( c.  872 –950), and in the 28th book of al-Zahrāwī 's (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) Kitāb al-Taṣrīf (later translated into Latin as Liber servatoris ). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of aqua ardens ("burning water", i.e., alcohol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in

2356-437: The form RR'CHOH, the simplest of which is 2-propanol ( R = R' = CH 3 ). For the tertiary alcohols, the general form is RR'R"COH. The simplest example is tert -butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), for which each of R, R', and R" is CH 3 . In these shorthands, R, R', and R" represent substituents , alkyl or other attached, generally organic groups. Alcohols have a long history of myriad uses. For simple mono-alcohols, which

2418-468: The gram-positive bacteria was challenged, with major implications for the therapeutic and general study of these organisms. Based on molecular studies of the 16S sequences, Woese recognised twelve bacterial phyla . Two of these were gram-positive and were divided on the proportion of the guanine and cytosine content in their DNA . The high G + C phylum was made up of the Actinobacteria , and

2480-791: The hydrocarbon hexane , and 34.6 °C for diethyl ether . Alcohols occur widely in nature, as derivatives of glucose such as cellulose and hemicellulose , and in phenols and their derivatives such as lignin . Starting from biomass , 180 billion tons/y of complex carbohydrates (sugar polymers) are produced commercially (as of 2014). Many other alcohols are pervasive in organisms, as manifested in other sugars such as fructose and sucrose , in polyols such as glycerol , and in some amino acids such as serine . Simple alcohols like methanol, ethanol, and propanol occur in modest quantities in nature, and are industrially synthesized in large quantities for use as chemical precursors, fuels, and solvents. Many alcohols are produced by hydroxylation , i.e.,

2542-536: The hydroxyl group is bonded to the end or middle carbon on the straight propane chain. As described under systematic naming, if another group on the molecule takes priority, the alcohol moiety is often indicated using the "hydroxy-" prefix. In archaic nomenclature, alcohols can be named as derivatives of methanol using "-carbinol" as the ending. For instance, (CH 3 ) 3 COH can be named trimethylcarbinol . Alcohols are then classified into primary, secondary ( sec- , s- ), and tertiary ( tert- , t- ), based upon

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2604-432: The indirect method, the alkene is converted to the sulfate ester , which is subsequently hydrolyzed. The direct hydration uses ethylene ( ethylene hydration ) or other alkenes from cracking of fractions of distilled crude oil . Hydration is also used industrially to produce the diol ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide . Ethanol is obtained by fermentation of glucose (which is often obtained from starch ) in

2666-431: The installation of a hydroxy group using oxygen or a related oxidant. Hydroxylation is the means by which the body processes many poisons , converting lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic derivatives that are more readily excreted. Enzymes called hydroxylases and oxidases facilitate these conversions. Many industrial alcohols, such as cyclohexanol for the production of nylon , are produced by hydroxylation. In

2728-471: The kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based primarily on Gram staining: Bacillota (positive in staining), Gracilicutes (negative in staining), Mollicutes (neutral in staining) and Mendocutes (variable in staining). Based on 16S ribosomal RNA phylogenetic studies of the late microbiologist Carl Woese and collaborators and colleagues at the University of Illinois , the monophyly of

2790-412: The latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the aqua vitae or "water of life", also called by John the quintessence of wine). The word "alcohol" derives from the Arabic kohl ( Arabic : الكحل , romanized :  al-kuḥl ), a powder used as an eyeliner. The first part of the word ( al- ) is the Arabic definite article , equivalent to

2852-626: The low G + C phylum contained the Firmicutes . The Actinomycetota include the Corynebacterium , Mycobacterium , Nocardia and Streptomyces genera. The (low G + C) Bacillota, have a 45–60% GC content, but this is lower than that of the Actinomycetota. Although bacteria are traditionally divided into two main groups, gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their Gram stain retention property, this classification system

2914-401: The marked differences in the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the bacterial cell wall, marked by the absence or presence of an outer lipid membrane. All gram-positive bacteria are bounded by a single-unit lipid membrane, and, in general, they contain a thick layer (20–80 nm) of peptidoglycan responsible for retaining the Gram stain. A number of other bacteria—that are bounded by

2976-500: The molecule is classified separately as a phenol and is named using the IUPAC rules for naming phenols. Phenols have distinct properties and are not classified as alcohols. In other less formal contexts, an alcohol is often called with the name of the corresponding alkyl group followed by the word "alcohol", e.g., methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol may be n -propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol , depending on whether

3038-430: The number of carbon atoms connected to the carbon atom that bears the hydroxyl functional group . The respective numeric shorthands 1°, 2°, and 3° are sometimes used in informal settings. The primary alcohols have general formulas RCH 2 OH . The simplest primary alcohol is methanol ( CH 3 OH ), for which R = H, and the next is ethanol, for which R = CH 3 , the methyl group . Secondary alcohols are those of

3100-526: The outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) has evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure. Some bacteria, such as Deinococcus , which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer and also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria. The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide,

3162-464: The oxygen atom has lone pairs of nonbonded electrons that render it weakly basic in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid . For example, with methanol: [REDACTED] Upon treatment with strong acids, alcohols undergo the E1 elimination reaction to produce alkenes . The reaction, in general, obeys Zaitsev's Rule , which states that the most stable (usually the most substituted) alkene

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3224-437: The peptidoglycan. Along with cell shape , Gram staining is a rapid method used to differentiate bacterial species. Such staining, together with growth requirement and antibiotic susceptibility testing, and other macroscopic and physiologic tests, forms a basis for practical classification and subdivision of the bacteria (e.g., see figure and pre-1990 versions of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology ). Historically ,

3286-454: The phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences. Leuconostoc gelidum Leuconostoc kimchii Leuconostoc lactis Leuconostoc citreum Leuconostoc carnosum Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides Leuconostoc mesenteroides Leuconostoc fallax Fructobacillus Convivina This Lactobacillales -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gram-positive The Gram stain

3348-435: The prefix hydroxy- is used, e.g., as in 1-hydroxy-2-propanone ( CH 3 C(O)CH 2 OH ). Compounds having more than one hydroxy group are called polyols . They are named using suffixes -diol, -triol, etc., following a list of the position numbers of the hydroxyl groups, as in propane-1,2-diol for CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 OH (propylene glycol). In cases where the hydroxy group is bonded to an sp carbon on an aromatic ring ,

3410-413: The presence of the polar OH alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water. 1-Butanol , with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. Because of hydrogen bonding , alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers . The boiling point of the alcohol ethanol is 78.29 °C, compared to 69 °C for

3472-542: The presence of yeast. Carbon dioxide is cogenerated. Like ethanol, butanol can be produced by fermentation processes. Saccharomyces yeast are known to produce these higher alcohols at temperatures above 75 °F (24 °C). The bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum can feed on cellulose (also an alcohol) to produce butanol on an industrial scale. Primary alkyl halides react with aqueous NaOH or KOH to give alcohols in nucleophilic aliphatic substitution . Secondary and especially tertiary alkyl halides will give

3534-442: The same time Paracelsus uses the word for a volatile liquid; alcool or alcool vini occurs often in his writings. Bartholomew Traheron , in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo , introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" authors for "fine powder." Vigo wrote: "the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre." The 1657 Lexicon Chymicum , by William Johnson glosses

3596-509: The surname of Hans Christian Gram ; as eponymous adjectives , their initial letter can be either capital G or lower-case g , depending on which style guide (e.g., that of the CDC ), if any, governs the document being written. Alcohol (chemistry) In chemistry , an alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl  'the kohl '), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl ( −OH ) functional group bound to

3658-413: The terminal e and adds the suffix -ol , e.g. , as in "ethanol" from the alkane chain name " ethane ". When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number between the alkane name and the -ol : propan-1-ol for CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH , propan-2-ol for CH 3 CH(OH)CH 3 . If a higher priority group is present (such as an aldehyde , ketone , or carboxylic acid ), then

3720-466: The word nostoc gelatinous colonies, Leuconostoc - colorless nostoc. Blamed for causing the 'stink' when creating a sourdough starter , some species are also capable of causing human infection. Because they are an uncommon cause of disease in humans, standard commercial identification kits are often unable to identify the organism. Leuconostoc spp., along with other lactic acid bacteria such as Pediococcus and Lactobacillus , are responsible for

3782-605: The word as "antimonium sive stibium." By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine," the distilled essence of wine. Libavius in Alchymia (1594) refers to " vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum ". Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as " quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat ." The word's meaning became restricted to "spirit of wine" (the chemical known today as ethanol ) in

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3844-428: Was considered to be the essence or "spirit" of this mineral. It was used as an antiseptic , eyeliner, and cosmetic . Later the meaning of alcohol was extended to distilled substances in general, and then narrowed again to ethanol, when "spirits" was a synonym for hard liquor . Paracelsus and Libavius both used the term alcohol to denote a fine powder, the latter speaking of an alcohol derived from antimony. At

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