Lehel ( Hungarian : Lehel or Lél ; died 955), a member of the Árpád dynasty , was a Magyar chieftain and, together with Bulcsú , one of the most important figures of the Hungarian invasions of Europe . After the Magyar defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld , he was executed in Regensburg .
24-532: The medieval chronicler Anonymus calls Lehel the son of Tas, who was one of the " seven chieftains of the Magyars ", and a descendant of late Grand Prince Árpád . Most historians agree that there is a mismatch in the timing, though he should be the son of Tas, who is mentioned as a grandson of Árpád by Emperor Constantine VII . Lehel's dukedom from about 925 was the Principality of Nitra , where he ruled in
48-752: A relief force and defeated the Habsburgs, the Ottomans captured the city by a trick during the Siege of Buda and the south central and central areas of the kingdom came under the authority of the Ottoman Empire , therefore Hungary was divided into three parts . The north-western rim of the Hungarian kingdom remained unconquered and recognised members of the House of Habsburg as Kings of Hungary , giving it
72-405: Is quite implausible, and anyone believing such a tale would be making an exhibition of his credulity. After all, felons are normally brought before princes with their hands bound". Anonymus (notary of B%C3%A9la III) Anonymus Bele regis notarius (/aˈnɔ.ni.mus ˈbeː.le ˈreː.ɡis noˈtaː.ri.us/) ("Anonymous Notary of King Bela") or Master P. ( fl. late 12th century – early 13th century)
96-773: The Battle of Riade in 933. When, in Spring of 954, the Magyars again attacked the Duchy of Bavaria , Lehel also led the Nitrian Kabars. The Hungarian troops advanced up to Lotharingia , where they signed an armistice with the Salian prince Conrad the Red and fought against his rival Duke Bruno the Great . The next year, they met with the united East Frankish forces under King Otto I at
120-524: The Chronicon Pictum , compiled about 1360 under the rule of King Louis the Great . Nowadays there is a horn described as "Lehel's Horn" on display at Jászberény , in the Museum of Jász. This is a Byzantine ivory horn from the 10th to 11th centuries. Already the 13th-century chronicler Simon of Kéza (Ákos' near-contemporary) remained skeptical about the reliability of the legend; "Of course this
144-653: The Hungarian monarchy , but in reality there was no king. (Son of Ügyek and Emese ) (Son of Kond and brother of Kaplon ) The king-list for the first half of the 10th century is often disputed, as the Hungarian nation consisted of several tribes led by various leaders. The most frequently proposed list is: Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians Michael No issue (Historians suppose that
168-514: The grand princes (895–1000) and the kings and ruling queens of Hungary (1000–1918). The Hungarian Grand Principality was established around 895, following the 9th-century Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . The Kingdom of Hungary existed from 1000–1001 with the coronation of King Saint Stephen. The Árpád dynasty , the male-line descendants of Grand Prince Árpád , ruled Hungary continuously from 895 to 1301. Christianity
192-649: The Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg . The battle ended with the decisive defeat of the Hungarians. According to the Annales Sangallenses maiores , the three Hungarian military leaders were captured by Bohemian troopers. With Bulcsú and Súr, Lehel was arrested, handed over to King Otto's brother, Duke Henry of Bavaria , and hanged at his residence in Regensburg. By his victory, Otto put an end to
216-522: The Carpathian Basin . Most of his attempts to explain the origin of several Hungarian place names are unsupported by modern etymology. The identity of the author of the Gesta has always been subject to scholarly debate. Although the first words of the opening sentence—an initial "P" followed with the words "dictus magister ac quondam bone memorie gloriosissimi Bele regis Hungarie notarius" —describe him, they cannot be interpreted unambiguously. Primarily,
240-656: The Hungarian invasions; he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962. The 14th-century Chronicon Pictum , written in Latin by Marci de Kalt, tried to picture Lehel as a Hungarian hero who was defiant even in captivity: In 955, (...) the Hungarians reached the city of Augsburg. Close to the city, at the Lech field, the Germans smashed the Hungarians, part of them were killed brutally, some others were imprisoned. At that place Lehel and Bulcsú were also imprisoned, and taken in front of
264-479: The emperor. When the emperor asked, why the Hungarians are so cruel against the Christians, they replied, "We are the revenge of the highest God, sent to you as a scourge. You shall imprison us and kill us, when we cease to chase you." Then the emperor called them: "Choose the type of death you wish". Then Lehel replied, "Bring me my horn, which I will blow, then I will reply". The horn was handed to him, and during
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#1732776549632288-487: The fact that Duke Henry of Bavaria died shortly after the battle of disease, in Lehel's favour. It may also refer to Lehel's former ally Conrad the Red, who, according to Widukind of Corvey , was killed in the battle, when an arrow pierced his throat. The legend, which initially spread through oral tradition by the regős story tellers, was already rendered in the 13th-century chronicles by Magister Ákos and then depicted in
312-461: The former Kabarian lands. The historic cities of Alsólelóc and Felsőlelóc (in present-day Slovakia ) kept the name of Lél. His dukedom could also refer to the status of Lél being a crown-prince and duke-to-be. In the military conflict with East Francia , Lehel, together with Bulcsú , who presumably was not a descendant of Árpád, and Súr , led the Magyar forces under Grand Prince Zoltán into
336-564: The interpretation of the "P dictus magister" text is unclear. The text may refer to a man whose monogram was P or it may be an abbreviation of the Latin word for "aforementioned" (praedictus) in reference to a name on the title page which is now missing. Many scholars accept the former version, translating the text as "P who is called magister, and sometime notary of the most glorious Béla, king of Hungary of fond memory". However, sentence beginnings with "predictus" appear very frequently in
360-585: The name " Royal Hungary ". The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is the predecessor of the Principality of Transylvania , which was established by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and the Eastern Hungarian King became the first Prince of Transylvania . The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state, and a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, it continued to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary in
384-408: The papers of János Horváth, Jr. and Károly Sólyom, who claimed Anonymus was identical with Peter, Bishop of Győr . The renowned historian György Györffy refuted their theory in 1970 and considered authorship of a Peter, who served as provost of Buda, despite the fact that there is no data on the existence of such a person. Hungarian king This is a list of Hungarian monarchs ; it includes
408-463: The powerful Aba family descended from him) (2 years, 57 days) No issue September 1063 Székesfehérvár No issue No issue 1116 Székesfehérvár No issue No issue No issue No issue 14 October 1235 Székesfehérvár 13 May 1270 Székesfehérvár No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue 17 July 1440 Székesfehérvár The king's body
432-456: The preparation to blow it, he stepped forward, and hit the emperor so strongly he died instantly. Then he said: "You will walk before me and serve me in the other world", as it is a common belief within the Scythians , that whoever they killed in their lives will serve them in the other world. They were taken to custody and were hanged quickly in Regensburg. This fiction cleverly re-interpreted
456-626: The western part of Hungary. Eighth great-grandson of Stephen V and Béla IV , brother-in-law of Louis II Contested by John I and John II The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . King John I died in 1540, the Habsburg forces besieged Buda the Hungarian capital in 1541, Sultan Suleiman led
480-552: The work, which could support the reading "aforementioned magister". The abbreviation sign that would normally appear when "pr(a)e" is shortened to "p" could well have been omitted in this case as the P was richly decorated as an initial. In his 1937 study, historian Loránd Szilágyi identified Anonymus with a certain Peter, a canon, alter provost of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom . Several authors shared his view until 1966, when literary journal Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények published
504-433: The Árpád dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary , and all of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus ) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty. In 1918, after World War I , King Charles IV "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. The Kingdom of Hungary existed as a country from 1920 to 1946, and officially represented
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#1732776549632528-604: Was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by King Saint Stephen and the kings of the Árpád dynasty used the title of the apostolic king . The descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family. Therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". The Árpád dynasty ruled the Carpathian Basin for four hundred years, influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections. The paternal lineage of
552-470: Was lost in the battlefield No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue King Louis II of Hungary died at Battle of Mohács in 1526. After the death of the Hungarian king, both the Hungarian noble Zápolya family and the Austrian Habsburg family claimed the whole kingdom. King John I of Hungary ruled the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , and the Habsburgs ruled
576-462: Was the notary and chronicler of a Hungarian king , probably Béla III . Little is known about him, but his latinized name began with P, as he referred to himself as "P. dictus magister". Anonymus is famous for his work Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians"), written in Medieval Latin around 1200. This work provides the most detailed history of the Hungarian conquest of
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