89-492: Layyah District ( Saraiki : ضلع ليّہ , Urdu : ضلع ليہ ), is a district in the Punjab , Pakistan . It is located in the southern part of the province. The city of Layyah is the administrative headquarters of Layyah district. Layyah has a hot semi-arid climate . It lies between 30–45 to 31–24 degree north latitudes and 70–44 to 71–50 degree east longitudes. The area consists of a semi-rectangular block of sandy land between
178-509: A Saraiki version of its site, as well. The language, partly codified during the British Raj , derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid , who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous. The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays
267-400: A Saraiki version of its site, as well. The language, partly codified during the British Raj , derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid , who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous. The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays
356-473: A dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki: The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs ", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only
445-426: A dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki: The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs ", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only
534-403: A language in its own right and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising . A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981. Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab , in an area that broadly coincides with
623-403: A language in its own right and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising . A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981. Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab , in an area that broadly coincides with
712-625: A report released by Alif Ailaan , Layyah is ranked at number 38 out of 155 districts nationally with an education score of 66.76. The learning score of Layyah is 70.8. The readiness score of Layyah is 65.13, ranking the district at number 31. Furthermore, the school infrastructure score of Layyah is 94.38, placing it a national rank of 18. The score reflects that most schools in Layyah have all basic facilities e.g. electricity, drinking water and functional toilets. The issues reported in TaleemDo! App by
801-442: A set of implosives , so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ~ aspirated /tʃʰala/ 'blister' ~ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ~ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate /dʒʰəɠ/ 'foam'. There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental and bilabial . The dentals /t tʰ d dʰ/ are articulated with
890-442: A set of implosives , so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ~ aspirated /tʃʰala/ 'blister' ~ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ~ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate /dʒʰəɠ/ 'foam'. There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental and bilabial . The dentals /t tʰ d dʰ/ are articulated with
979-458: A small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki . Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name " Derawali " is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan , but "Ḍerawali" in
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#17327826360461068-458: A small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki . Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name " Derawali " is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan , but "Ḍerawali" in
1157-474: Is a nasalised retroflex flap [ɽ̃] . The contrasts /ŋ/ ~ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ~ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/ . The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ . It contrasts with
1246-474: Is a nasalised retroflex flap [ɽ̃] . The contrasts /ŋ/ ~ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ~ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/ . The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ . It contrasts with
1335-720: Is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University , Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University , Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate. Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched
1424-512: Is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University , Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University , Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate. Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched
1513-519: Is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani , after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi , and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology . At the same time in its phonology it
1602-465: Is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect , considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by Wagha (1997 , p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It
1691-412: Is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect , considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by Wagha (1997 , p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It
1780-789: Is not phonemic ; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus [ɓʰɛh] is phonemically /ɓɛh/ . The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit j anayati > Saraiki ʄ əɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, y ava > dʒ ao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit , Hindi , Persian or English ( ɡ ərdən 'throat', b əs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of
1869-736: Is not phonemic ; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus [ɓʰɛh] is phonemically /ɓɛh/ . The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit j anayati > Saraiki ʄ əɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, y ava > dʒ ao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit , Hindi , Persian or English ( ɡ ərdən 'throat', b əs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of
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#17327826360461958-426: Is not present in Saraiki, although Bahl (1936 , p. 29) contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ . Aspirated ( breathy voiced ) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: /ɓʰɛ(h)/ 'sit' ~ /bʰɛ/ 'fear'. The aspiration
2047-426: Is not present in Saraiki, although Bahl (1936 , p. 29) contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ . Aspirated ( breathy voiced ) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: /ɓʰɛ(h)/ 'sit' ~ /bʰɛ/ 'fear'. The aspiration
2136-527: Is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region. The Saraiki language identity arose in
2225-511: Is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi , which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue ). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi . Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered
2314-400: Is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi , which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue ). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi . Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered
2403-587: Is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ~ /ᶑak/ 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition /suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'. A dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ )
2492-528: Is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ~ /ᶑak/ 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition /suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'. A dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ )
2581-656: The Indus River and the Chenab River in Sindh Sagar Doab . The total area covered by the district is 6,291 km with a width from east to west of 88 kilometres (55 mi) and a length from north to south of 72 kilometres (45 mi). The area around Layyah was part of Multan region when Umayyad Arabs conquered the area, spreading Islam in the region. The town was founded around 1550 by Kamal Khan, who laid foundation of Dera Ghazi Khan . Around 1610,
2670-469: The Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari . Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language
2759-411: The Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari . Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language
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2848-417: The blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar , the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside . There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with [tʃ] and [dʒ] . In casual speech some of
2937-417: The blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar , the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside . There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with [tʃ] and [dʒ] . In casual speech some of
3026-458: The retroflex flap /ɽ/ ( /taɾ/ 'wire' ~ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental . The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel. There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except /h j ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in
3115-458: The retroflex flap /ɽ/ ( /taɾ/ 'wire' ~ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental . The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel. There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except /h j ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in
3204-501: The 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. The present extent of
3293-510: The Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels. The "centralised" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ . The central vowel /ə/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'. Before /ɦ/ ,
3382-447: The Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels. The "centralised" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ . The central vowel /ə/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'. Before /ɦ/ ,
3471-645: The Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011. Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore. The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University , Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki
3560-405: The Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011. Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore. The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University , Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki
3649-521: The actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to
Layyah District - Misplaced Pages Continue
3738-416: The actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to
3827-545: The command of Zaman Shah. Under the Sikh Government , the town once more became the centre of administration for the neighbouring tract, and after the British occupation in 1849, was for a time the headquarters of a Civil Administrative Division. This administrative status of Layyah was short-lived and the British reduced it to the level of Tehsil headquarters, making it a part of Dera Ismail Khan . In 1901, Layyah
3916-456: The context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis . Saraikis, however, consider it
4005-456: The context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis . Saraikis, however, consider it
4094-407: The contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs . Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants : In its stop consonants , Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless , and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed
4183-407: The contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs . Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants : In its stop consonants , Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless , and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed
4272-815: The development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region. The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. The present extent of
4361-548: The dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda " within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore . The local dialect of Lahore
4450-548: The dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda " within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore . The local dialect of Lahore
4539-425: The district is linked as: Rail Network also available for Layyah to Muzaffargarh & Multan and Layyah to Bhakkar - Mianwali to Rawalpindi / Islamabad Sehar village residents of flood-prone Layyah district, had seen their homes repeatedly inundated and they finally took matters into their own hands and rebuilt their homes on raised dirt platforms five to six feet high, shored up with eucalyptus trees planted around
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#17327826360464628-542: The district to provide water for irrigation. There are multiple industries in Layyah. Land of Layyah is categorized in 6 parts. Irrigation of layyah is divided in 3 types. There are 2 main means of transportation used in layyah listed below. Road Network of the district is linked as: Layyah toward Kot Addu-Muzaffargarh, D.G.Khan, Rajanpur and so on to Karachi Layyah to Bhakhar-Mianwali and so on to Islamabad Layyah to Multan Layyah to Jhang-Toba Tek Singh-Faisalabad-Sahiwal and so on to Lahore Rail Network of
4717-553: The dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi. Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi . It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants , which are unusual among
4806-446: The dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi. Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi . It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants , which are unusual among
4895-443: The edges. At the time of the 2017 census, Layyah district had 281,728 households and a population of 1,823,995. Layyah had a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 58.19% - 69.50% for males and 46.68% for females. 265,601 (14.56%) lived in urban areas. 538,886 (29.54%) were under 10 years of age. In 2023, the district had 341,276 households and a population of 2,102,386. Languages of Layyah district (2023) At
4984-635: The extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto - and Balochi -speaking areas by the Suleiman Range , while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language . Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province ; to the north, the southern edge of
5073-416: The extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto - and Balochi -speaking areas by the Suleiman Range , while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language . Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province ; to the north, the southern edge of
5162-686: The first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'kʰan/ 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'. Unusually for South Asian languages , implosive consonants are found in Sindhi , possibly some Rajasthani dialects , and Saraiki, which has
5251-686: The first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'kʰan/ 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'. Unusually for South Asian languages , implosive consonants are found in Sindhi , possibly some Rajasthani dialects , and Saraiki, which has
5340-441: The following series: / ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɠ /. The "palatal" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal , articulated further forward than most other palatals. The " retroflex " /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar , pre-palatal or pre-retroflex . Bahl (1936 , p. 30) reports that this sound
5429-441: The following series: / ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɠ /. The "palatal" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal , articulated further forward than most other palatals. The " retroflex " /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar , pre-palatal or pre-retroflex . Bahl (1936 , p. 30) reports that this sound
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#17327826360465518-547: The former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts , and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. In
5607-499: The former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts , and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. In
5696-506: The implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq . Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā , although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani , was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode
5785-455: The implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq . Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā , although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani , was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode
5874-578: The lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid Shakir Shujabadi ( Kalam-e-Shakir , Khuda Janey , Shakir Diyan Ghazlan , Peelay Patr , Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway , and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet. Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and
5963-523: The lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid Shakir Shujabadi ( Kalam-e-Shakir , Khuda Janey , Shakir Diyan Ghazlan , Peelay Patr , Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway , and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet. Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and
6052-563: The major developments: Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants". In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic -derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent
6141-452: The major developments: Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants". In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic -derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent
6230-476: The meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word siro 'up-river, north'. This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli". An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā , or Sauvira , an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Currently,
6319-420: The meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word siro 'up-river, north'. This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli". An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā , or Sauvira , an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Currently,
6408-489: The meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had
6497-438: The meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had
6586-611: The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki . However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In 1919, Grierson maintained that
6675-431: The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki . However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In 1919, Grierson maintained that
6764-686: The most popular singers from the Saraiki belt . Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan , he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'. These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki. Saraiki language Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī ; also spelt Siraiki , or Seraiki )
6853-462: The residents of Layyah suggest that students of government schools have low confidence as compared to private schools, but the students are unable to attend private schools because of high fees. Complaints about quality of teachers and a few basic facilities are also the issues reported in the app. In education Layyah is improving day by day. There are 20 colleges available for the education of males and females of Layyah. There are 17 small dams in
6942-403: The rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length : if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ( /ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in
7031-403: The rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length : if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ( /ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in
7120-417: The south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani , after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi , and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology . At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and
7209-432: The states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir . There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh , prior to Partition. There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as " Bahawal Puri ", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani". However, these are not representative of
7298-432: The states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir . There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh , prior to Partition. There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as " Bahawal Puri ", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani". However, these are not representative of
7387-414: The stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively [x] , [ɣ] and [z] . Of the nasals , only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ . The retroflex ɳ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it
7476-414: The stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively [x] , [ɣ] and [z] . Of the nasals , only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ . The retroflex ɳ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it
7565-458: The time of the 2023 census, 66.89% of the population spoke Saraiki , 27.57% Punjabi , 2.75% Urdu and 2.26% Pashto as their first language. 30°57′37″N 70°56′32″E / 30.9602°N 70.9423°E / 30.9602; 70.9423 Saraiki language Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī ; also spelt Siraiki , or Seraiki ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in
7654-476: The town was taken from the rulers, who held it until 1787. Abdun Nabi Sarai was appointed Governor by Timur Shah Durrani , but three years later it was included in the Governorship of Muhammad Khan Sadozai, who transferred his seat of Government to Mankera . In 1794, Humayun Shah, the rival claimant to the throne of Kabul, was captured near Layyah and brought into the town, where his eyes were gouged out on
7743-425: Was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab. After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in
7832-425: Was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab. After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in
7921-548: Was transferred to the new District of Mianwali . Later on, it was made part of the Muzaffargarh District . In 1982, Layyah Tehsil was upgraded to District headquarters comprising three Tehsils: Layyah, Karor and Chaubara . The municipality was created in 1875. The district of Layyah is made up of three tehsils : (km²) (2023) (ppl/km²) (2023) (2023) There are seven main towns of District Layyah are: According to Pakistan District Education Ranking ,
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