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75-543: Leiyang is the hometown of Cai Lun , the inventor of papermaking technology , one of the Four Great Inventions . It has more than 2,000 years of history as an ancient city named after the north of Lei River . Archaeological excavation proved that as early as the Neolithic Age , people have lived in the territory of Leiyang. Until Leiyang was built as a division, it was a part of Jingzhou , one of

150-400: A standard language based on Beijing Mandarin , owing largely to political factors. At the same time, the differences between Gan and Mandarin continued to become more pronounced. However, because Jiangxi borders on Jianghuai, a Mandarin, Xiang , and Hakka speaking region, Gan proper has also been influenced by these surrounding varieties, especially in its border regions. After 1949, as

225-665: A "dialect" in Mainland China , Gan faced a critical period. The impact of Mandarin is quite evident today as a result of official governmental language campaigns. Currently, many youths are unable to master Gan expressions, and some are no longer able to speak Gan at all. Recently, however, as a result of increased interest in protecting the local language, Gan now has begun to appear in various regional media, and there are also newscasts and television programs broadcast in Gan Chinese. There are significant differences within

300-554: A eunuch in 75 CE, although it is possible he was employed somewhat earlier in the Yongping era; sinologist Rafe de Crespigny suggested this was in the early 70s. In the Han dynasty, eunuchs were employed in imperial service and were the only people eligible for certain specialized tasks, such as watching over the imperial harem and the imperial household; there were also certain promotions available exclusively for them. Cai's position

375-502: A long history in China with writing surfaces being bamboo and wooden slips (wood for short text and bamboo for lengthy text). These media were inconvenient as they were awkward to store, heavy, and difficult to write on. After Meng Tian purportedly created an animal-hair brush for writing in 3rd-century BCE, silk and cloth became alternatives that addressed these issues, but they were too expensive for widespread use. The absence of

450-482: A man named Chen Tsunghsi raised funds to repair the long-damaged shrine, and renovated it to include a statue of Cai and a mausoleum . Chen stated that "Tsai Lung's [Cai Lun's] extraordinary talent and his achievement are exemplary to all ages." A stone mortar, which legends claim Cai used to make paper, may have been brought to the mausoleum, although other sources say it was brought to the Imperial Museum in

525-518: A military airport Leishui shipping Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed rail (Wuhan-Guangzhou passenger dedicated line), Leiyang West Railway Station, located west direction along the three district offices, 2009 started as a four-wire dual platform. Martyrs Cemetery, Leiyang recreation center is formed spontaneously. Wuyi Square, 90s entertainment places fewer people are in the fitness and entertainment. Especially at night from seven to nine o'clock this time, so many people; build inventor and Dragon Square Plaza,

600-536: A political counselor to the emperor that was the highest position for eunuchs of the time, and also as Shangfang Ling , where Cai oversaw the production of instruments and weapons at the Palace Workshop. Despite Emperor He's successful coup d'état against the Dou family in 92 CE, Cai was undisturbed by his former ally's downfall. His position in the Palace Workshop increased in scope; he became responsible for

675-501: A poor family, virtually nothing is known of his early life. Guiyang was a southern commandery , where Han Chinese had immigrated for hundreds of years to plant and cultivate rice. Legends suggest there was a pool near his home, south of which was a stone mortar that Cai would later use for papermaking . It is not known how Cai came to be in the service of the imperial court in Luoyang (modern-day Luoyang , Henan province), which

750-432: A practical solution motivated continued experimentation with different materials; Cai's pulp solution proved the most effective. His process still used bamboo, but also introduced hemp waste, old rags, fishnets , and most importantly, bark from trees (likely mulberry ). The materials were boiled to a pulp that was beaten with a wood or stone mallet before being mixed with a large amount of water. The resulting mixture

825-571: Is a group of Sinitic languages spoken natively by many people in the Jiangxi province of China, as well as significant populations in surrounding regions such as Hunan , Hubei , Anhui , and Fujian . Gan is a member of the Sinitic languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family , and Hakka is the closest Chinese variety to Gan in terms of phonetics. There are different dialects of Gan;

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900-408: Is also speculation that Cai was the patron of this achievement and took credit from someone else, as Feng Dao may have done with his improvements to printing . Cai's improvements to paper and the papermaking process are considered especially impactful to human history , as they resulted in the spread of literature and knowledge around the world, and advancements in communications. However, Cai

975-502: Is credited as the author of Cai's biography. Yan's brief 70-character account is near-contemporary but only survives in a reconstructed state from a lost original. Another older source is a brief mention by the 3rd-century scholar Dong Ba, ( 董巴 ) who is quoted referencing Cai's papermaking accomplishments in the 10th-century leishu encyclopedia Taiping Yulan ( Readings of the Taiping Era ). Later history books, such as

1050-403: Is mostly unknown, a popular folktale suggests he was a shopkeeper and trickster with a wife and brother, though there is no historical confirmation for this. The story goes that after Cai's improvements to paper there was little demand for the product so he had an ever-growing surplus. As such, Cai and his wife developed a ploy to increase sales; they told townsfolk that paper becomes money in

1125-486: Is now Leiyang ), Cai arrived at the imperial court in Luoyang by 75 CE, where he served as a chamberlain for Emperor Ming , and then as Xiao Huangmen , an imperial messenger for Emperor Zhang . To assist Lady Dou in securing her adopted son as designated heir , he interrogated Consort Song and her sister, who then killed themselves. When Emperor He ascended the throne in 88 CE, Dou awarded Cai with two positions: Zhongchang shi    [ zh ] ,

1200-480: Is now certain that different forms of paper existed in China as early as 3rd-century BCE, though the findings do not necessarily discount the credit given to Cai. The Chinese scholar Tsien Tsuen-hsuin explained that the term used in Cai's ancient biography, zào yì ( 造意 ), can be understood as "to initiate the idea", meaning that he furthered the ongoing process with the addition of important materials. Additionally, Cai

1275-707: Is only somewhat known outside East Asia and is often excluded from major encyclopedias. The scholar of paper history, Thomas Francis Carter , drew parallels between Cai and Johannes Gutenberg , the inventor of the first printing press which was movable type , calling them "spiritual father and son" respectively. In his 1978 book, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History , Michael H. Hart ranked him 7th, above figures such as Gutenberg, Christopher Columbus , Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin . In 2007, Time ranked him among

1350-494: Is responsible for the earliest known use of tree bark and hemp as ingredients for paper, and it is clear that paper did not see widespread use in China until Cai's improvements. As such, scholars have revised his contributions as ones that furthered an ongoing process instead of a sudden discovery. However, due to the pivotal significance of his improvements and the resulting spread of paper use throughout China, Cai continues to be traditionally credited with inventing paper. There

1425-556: Is similar to southern Chinese varieties. The sequence subject–verb–object is most typical, but subject–object–verb or the passive voice (with the sequence object–subject–verb) is possible with particles. Take a simple sentence for example: "I hold you". The words involved are: ngo ("I" or "me"), tsot dok ("to hold"), ň ("you"). In Gan, there are a number of archaic words and expressions originally found in ancient Chinese , and which are now seldom or no longer used in Mandarin. For example,

1500-570: Is the only inventor whose name is known. Although in China he is revered in ancestor worship , deified as the god of papermaking, and appears in Chinese folklore , he is mostly unknown outside of East Asia . His hometown in Leiyang remains an active center of paper production. The main source of information on Cai Lun is just 300 characters in volume 78 of the Hou Hanshu ( 後漢書 ; Book of

1575-407: The shenfubang of Yingjiang claimed that their statue of Cai—which they carried throughout Jiajiang County annually—gave them ritual supremacy over Macun and Zhongxing papermakers, whom they demanded pay for and take part in their celebrations. The shenfubangs from Macun and Zhongxing denied the demand, citing their long history of worshipping Cai, which resulted in increasing conflict between

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1650-753: The Abbasid Caliphate . Unlike many Chinese inventions that were created independently in Western Europe , the modern papermaking process was a wholly Chinese product and gradually spread via the Arabs to Europe, where it also saw widespread manufacturing by the 12th century. On 2 August 2010, the International Astronomical Union honored Cai's legacy by naming a crater on the Moon after him. While Cai's personal life

1725-972: The Diagram of Divisions in the People's Republic of China , Gan is spoken by approximately 48,000,000 people: 29,000,000 in Jiangxi, 4,500,000 in Anhui, 5,300,000 in Hubei, 9,000,000 in Hunan, and 270,000 in Fujian. During the Qin dynasty (221 BC), a large number of troops were sent to southern China in order to conquer the Baiyue territories in Fujian and Guangdong , as a result, numerous Han Chinese emigrated to Jiangxi in

1800-591: The Nanchang dialect is the prestige dialect. Like all other varieties of Chinese , there is a large amount of mutual unintelligibility between Gan Chinese and other varieties. Within the variation of Chinese dialects, Gan has more similarities with Mandarin than with Yue or Min . However, Gan clusters more with Xiang than Mandarin. Gan and other Southern Chinese languages can be distinguished from Northern Chinese by their placement of direct objects before indirect objects . Gan's ditransitive verbs introduce

1875-791: The Nine Provinces before the Spring and Autumn period and a part of Chu State in the Warring States period . In the 26th year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (221 BC), Lei County ( Chinese : 耒县 ) was formed and took its name after the Lei River , it was part of Changsha Commandery ( Chinese : 长沙郡 ). Dividing Changsha Commandery into Changsha State and Guiyang Commandery ( Chinese : 桂阳郡 ; not to be confused with present-day Guiyang County ) in 202 BC, Guiyang Commandery

1950-607: The Song dynasty 's Shiwu Jiyuan  [ zh ] ( 事物紀原 ; Compound Source of Matters and Facts ), also include Cai and his work in papermaking. However, some major history books, such as the Annals of the Later Han and Zizhi Tongjian ( Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance ) do not mention Cai's papermaking achievements. Sinologist T. H. Barrett suggested this

2025-453: The "Best Inventors" of all time. After Cai's efforts in 105 CE, a renowned paper maker who may have been an apprentice to Cai —variously recorded by modern sources as Zuo Bo ; Tso Po ( 左伯 , courtesy name : Tzu-i : 子邑 ; Ziyi ) from Donglai , Shandong ; or Tso Tzǔ-yi —improved the process in 150 CE or later in the Han dynasty. Other than this, the basic principles of Cai's papermaking process have changed little over time, and

2100-563: The Cai Lun Paper Culture Museum of Longting, Hanzhong , Shaanxi Province. In modern-day China, Cai's name is closely associated with paper, and is the namesake of at least five roads: Cailun Road, Pudong , Shanghai; Cailun Road, Minhang District , Shanghai; Cailun Road, Fuyang District , Hangzhou , Zhejiang ; Cailun Road East Crossing, Weiyang District , Xi'an ; and Cailun Road, Yaohai District , Hefei , Anhui . Gan Chinese Gan, Gann or Kan

2175-879: The Gan-speaking region, and Gan constitutes more languages than listed here. For example, in Anfu county, which was categorized as Ji-Cha, there are two main varieties, called Nanxiang Hua (Southern region) and Beixiang Hua (Northern region). People from one region cannot even understand people from the other region if they were not well educated or exposed to the other. The Language Atlas of China (1987) divides Gan into nine groups: Cities marked with * are partly Gan-speaking. In Gan, there are nine principal grammatical aspects or "tenses" – initial ( 起始 ), progressive ( 進行 ), experimental ( 嘗試 ), durative ( 持續 ), processive ( 經歷 ), continuative ( 繼續 ), repeating ( 重行 ), perfect ( 已然 ), and complete ( 完成 ). The grammar of Gan

2250-547: The Later Han ), an official history compiled by the Liu Song dynasty historian and politician Fan Ye . Tsien Tsuen-hsuin , a modern sinologist , noted that while Fan's account is the most comprehensive, it is problematic as it was written nearly 300 years after Cai's death. The primary source Fan used was the 2nd-century Dongguan Hanji ( 東觀漢記 ; History of the Eastern Han ), in which Yan Du  [ zh ]

2325-609: The Three Kingdoms , Pang Tong was chosen as magistrate of Leiyang by Liu Bei . After three years he had failed to fulfill the duties of his office. Many were upset by his failure and appealed to Liu Bei. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei , his sworn brother, to Leiyang to investigate. Before Zhang Fei arrived, Pang Tong, who knew that Zhang Fei loved wine, ordered that all wine must be diluted with water. Once Zhang Fei arrived, true to his reputation, he consumed copious amounts of wine, but wondered why he never became drunk. He realized what

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2400-521: The Yellow Gates"). The positions, with a salary-rank of 600 shi or dan , involved delivering and receiving messages between the imperial palace apartments and the outside court. Since 82 CE, Liu Qing , Zhang's son from his concubine Consort Song , had been the designated heir , secured by the favor of Empress Ma . However, Ma's death in 79 CE made Lady Dou the empress, and—aiming to develop her family's power—she adopted Prince Zhao with

2475-584: The afterlife when burned . In the most popular variation to the tale, Cai Mo and Hui Niang—Cai's brother and sister-in-law of unconfirmed historicity —take the place of Cai and his wife. In this version, Hui convinced Cai Mo to learn the new papermaking trade from his younger brother, and when he returned in only three months, the paper he and his wife produced was too low quality to sell. To address this, Hui pretended to have died, and Cai Mo stood beside her coffin, wailing and burning money as tribute. Then, their neighbors checked in on them, and Hui sprung out of

2550-427: The ancient world—the compass , gunpowder , papermaking and printing—only the inventor of papermaking, Cai Lun, is known. Additionally, in comparison to other Chinese inventions such as the writing brush and ink , the development of paper is the best documented in literary sources. After his death in 121 CE, a shrine with his grave was built in his hometown, but was soon neglected and damaged by floods while his name

2625-857: The area today include kaolin , white marble , and "heavy calcium carbonate". Some of the newer large homes in Leiyang were built by drillers working in Shenzhen. By 2019, due to age and health problems such as silicosis , many of these migrant construction workers had returned to Hunan. Territory of large reserves of kaolin, is a good paper stock. Yipo abundant coal resources, reserves of anthracite forecast close to 10 million tons. Forest fir, pine, South bamboo, tea. Guangzhou Railway, Leiyang Station, located stove Street neighborhood offices G4 Hong Kong and Macao Expressway, Leiyang territory of New Town, Leiyang, three high-speed intersection fair 107 State Road, north to south S320 Provincial Highway, east–west, east to Chaling, heading for Qiyang Away from Narita Airport,

2700-586: The bloodshed caused by the upheaval of the Five Barbarians and at this time, Jiangxi played a role as a transfer station. Also, during this period, ancient Gan began to be exposed to the northern dialects. After centuries of rule by the Southern Dynasties , Gan still retained many original characteristics despite having absorbed some elements of northern speech. Up until the Tang dynasty , there

2775-417: The capital city". Narita cited Cai's future court appointment to oversee the production of weapons, especially swords , as evidence that he must have learned the skills to do so earlier in his life, likely from the iron foundry. Alternatively, if there is any truth to the various folktales about Cai , his supposed habits of trickery may have helped him receive a court appointment. Cai is known to have been

2850-590: The capital of Lin'an . A great ceremony was held for the new mausoleum, though it fell into ruin again and was restored in 1955. Today, the temple still stands in Leiyang as the Cai Lun Temple  [ zh ] near a pool, renamed the "Cai Lun Pool", that was thought to be near Cai's home. In the Song dynasty, Fei Chu ( fl.  1265 ) said there was a temple in Chengdu where hundreds of families in

2925-464: The coffin, explaining that the burned money was transferred to her in the afterlife, with which she paid ghosts to return her from the dead. Believing the story, the neighbors quickly purchased large amounts of paper for their own use. While mostly a fictitious story, intense wailing and burning offerings are commonplace in Chinese culture. Of those who originated China's Four Great Inventions of

3000-584: The court was dominated by the influence of Empress Yan Ji and her brothers. Remembering Cai's part in the death of his grandmother, Consort Song, An ordered Cai to report to the Ministry of Justice to answer the charges, and presumably sentence him to death. Ashamed that the Emperor would send him to death in a dishonorable way, Cai bathed and dressed in formal clothes before killing himself by drinking poison. Due to modern archeological investigations, it

3075-453: The death of the emperor's grandmother, Consort Song. Ashamed at his predicament and expecting to be sentenced to death, he committed suicide that year and died in the capital city in which he had spent almost his entire adult life. Cai's improvements to paper-making are considered to have had an enormous impact on human history , and of those who created China's Four Great Inventions —the compass , gunpowder , papermaking and printing —Cai

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3150-514: The empire. In 110 CE, Lady Deng , who had become the empress dowager to the young Emperor An , appointed Cai to oversee 100 scholars' new edition of the Five Classics . Cai was rewarded for his imperial service in 114 CE; he received the title of marquis , and was enfeoffed lord of Longting  [ zh ] , a small village. When his ally Deng died in 121 CE, Cai was ordered to the Ministry of Justice because of his involvement in

3225-412: The family, he was undisturbed by the Emperor's coup. In 97 CE, his position as Shangfang Ling expanded in scope, as he became responsible for ceremonial swords and other items. The Hou Hanshu describes his craftsmanship as high-quality and a model for later generations. In 105, Cai publicly declared that he had invented a new composition for paper with a new papermaking process. Writing had

3300-408: The gross domestic product of Leiyang City in 2017 was 47,315 million yuan (7,001 million US dollars ), up by 8.1 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 7,100 million yuan (1,050 million US dollars), up by 3.7 percent, that of the secondary industry was 16,321 million yuan (2,415 million US dollars), up by 3.2 percent and that of the tertiary industry

3375-402: The idea of making paper from the bark of trees, hemp, old rags, and fishing nets. He submitted the process to the emperor in the first year of Yuanxing [105] and received praise for his ability. From this time, paper has been in use everywhere and is universally called the "paper of Lord Cai." Many legends about the inspiration for Cai's invention exist; one of the most popular said that Cai

3450-446: The intention of installing him as heir. As a result, when Song became ill in 82 and asked for herbs, Dou falsely accused her of planning to use the herbs for witchcraft against Zhang. Dou then ordered Cai to interrogate Consort Song and her sister, another imperial consort, to force a confession; they both killed themselves. Believing Dou's accusation, Zhang replaced Liu Qing with Prince Zhao as heir. Prince Zhao, ruling as Emperor He,

3525-433: The more than 100 contemporary commanderies of China. As the largest commandery of Yangzhou , Yuzhang accounted for two fifths of the population and Gan gradually took shape during this period. As a result of continuous warfare in the region of central and Northern China, the first large-scale emigration in the history of China took place. Large numbers of people in central China relocated to southern China in order to escape

3600-583: The name of Leiyang in 621. In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960 AD), Leiyang was the territory of the Machu State . The county of Leiyang was renamed to Laiyang ( Chinese : 来阳县 ) during the Song dynasty and restored the name during the Yuan dynasty . In November 1986, the county of Leiyang was reorganized as a county-level city. According to the historical novel Romance of

3675-615: The new form of paper spread throughout China. According to legend, the Buddhist monk Damjing brought the process to Japan , though this is unconfirmed. Damjing occupies a similar patron saint position in Japan that Cai does in China. By the 600s the process appeared in Turkestan , Korea , and India , while Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas spread the knowledge to Arabs in

3750-530: The noun "clothes" in Gan is "衣裳" while "衣服" in Mandarin, the verb "sleep" in Gan is "睏覺" while "睡覺" in Mandarin. Also, to describe something dirty, Gan speakers use "下里巴人", which is a reference to a song from the Chu region dating to China's Spring and Autumn period . Additionally, there are numerous interjections in Gan (e.g. 哈, 噻, and 啵), which can largely strengthen sentences, and better express different feelings. Gan

3825-470: The original stage, is one of the public places of leisure and entertainment. Yanhe, countless snacks, snack stalls, karaoke. In recent years, cultural and entertainment Leiyang annual production value of nearly 50 million yuan, profits of more than 34 million yuan, paid taxes more than 1,600 yuan. Cai Lun Cai Lun ( Chinese : 蔡 伦 ; courtesy name : Jingzhong ( 敬 仲 ); c.  50–62 – 121 CE ), formerly romanized as Ts'ai Lun ,

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3900-451: The papermaking business would come to worship Cai. During the late Qing dynasty , papermakers created religious groups, known as either "spirit-money associations" ( shenfubang ) or "Cai Lun associations" ( Cai Lun hui ). In 1839, the shenfubang from the town of Yingjiang was sued by shenfubangs in Macun and Zhongxing of Jiajiang County , Sichuan . The conflict began when

3975-411: The production of ceremonial weapons , which the Hou Hanshu reports were of exemplary craftsmanship. However, Cai's most noted innovation was in 105 CE, when he substantially improved the papermaking process with the use of tree bark, hemp waste, old rags, and fishnets . His new type of paper quickly displaced the bamboo and wooden slips used until then, and Cai received wealth and fame throughout

4050-412: The production of instruments and weapons for imperial use. The role had a salary-rank of 600 shi —though this was in addition to the 2000 shi from his continued Zhongchang shi post. When Emperor He came of age in 92 CE he led various officials, especially Zheng Zhong , in a coup d'état to overthrow the Dou family. Cai was not involved in their removal, and though he was previously allied with

4125-514: The production; de Crespigny said that this meant Cai "was seriously concerned with scholarship". In 114 CE, he was awarded the title of marquis and the imperial court enfeoffed him as the lord of Longting  [ zh ] , a small village of 300 families in modern-day Yang County , Shaanxi . Later that year Zheng died and Cai succeeded him as the head of the Dowager's household. An assumed power after Deng's death in 121 CE, though

4200-428: The public will choose the nearest location. Fifty-one cinema, located in the center of Wuyi Road, Leiyang been the most prosperous of the lot. Du Park, located on Lei water Dongzhou, Du Fu in this drunken soldier body, buried in this (later moved to Leiyang one). Square, inventor and Dragon Square, the largest square in Leiyang. Here young people skating, skateboarding; old people doing aerobics, talk. Cai Lun Park, site of

4275-469: The sides and eventually a lawsuit. The county magistrate reproached both parties for descending into conflict and said: "Did they not understand that all of them owed their livelihood to Lord Cai, who had taught them the art of papermaking? Were they not all disciples of Lord Cai, who wanted them to share the benefits of the trade?" In the 21st century, Leiyang is still famous as Cai's birthplace and has active paper production. His traditional tomb lays in

4350-584: The theme right after the verb, while Mandarin's introduce the recipient. So the difference in tritransitive verbs may occur because they evolved from different types of ditransitive verbs. Most Gan speakers live in the middle and lower reaches of the Gan River , the drainage area of the Fu River , and the region of Poyang Lake . There are also many Gan speakers living in eastern Hunan , eastern Hubei , southern Anhui , northwest Fujian , etc. According to

4425-579: The two counties of Leiyang and Liyang ( Chinese : 利阳县 ) on the eastern side of Chongling River and western bank of Lei River . The three counties of Xinping, Xinning and Liyang were located in Xiangdong Commandery ( Chinese : 湘东郡 ) and the county of Leiyang in Guiyang Commandery. In 395 AD, the county of Liyang was merged to Leiyang. The county of Leiyang was renamed to Leiyin ( Chinese : 耒阴县 ) in 589 and restored

4500-634: The years following. In the early years of the Han dynasty (202 BC), Nanchang was established as the capital of the Yuzhang Commandery ( 豫章郡 ) (this name stems from the original name of Gan River ), along with the 18 counties ( 縣 ) of Jiangxi Province . The population of the Yuzhang Commandery increased from 350,000 (in AD 2) to 1,670,000 (by AD 140); it ranked fourth in population among

4575-409: Was 10 years old at his accession in 88 CE, so Dou took control as empress dowager and secured her authority by giving various positions to her four brothers, particularly Dou Xian , who promoted Cai to Zhongchang shi  [ zh ] ( 中常侍 ; "Regular Attendant") for his loyalty. Cai served as a private counselor to He in political matters; this post gave Cai a salary-rank of 2000 shi , and

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4650-464: Was 23,894 million yuan (3,535 million US dollars), up by 13.3 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 15.01 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 34.49 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 50.50 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 40,708 yuan (6,023 US dollars). Leiyang is a center of paper production. Other raw materials produced in

4725-645: Was a Chinese eunuch court official of the Eastern Han dynasty . He occupies a pivotal place in the history of paper due to his addition of pulp via tree bark and hemp ends which resulted in the large-scale manufacture and worldwide spread of paper. Although traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper , earlier forms of paper have existed since the 3rd century BCE, so Cai's contributions are limited to innovation, rather than invention. Born in Guiyang Commandery  [ zh ] (in what

4800-504: Was because "Cai Lun was, after all, a palace eunuch , precisely the sort of person normally viewed with antagonism by the regular bureaucrats who controlled the writing of official (and even most unofficial) history." Cai Lun was born in Guiyang Commandery ( 桂阳郡 ; modern-day Leiyang , Hunan province) in the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE). His exact year of birth is unknown; estimates include c.  50 , c.  57 , and c.  62 . Other than being born into

4875-551: Was distant from his birthplace. The Hou Hanshu reports that he was first employed during the end of the Yongping era (58–75) of Emperor Ming . The site of modern Guiyang Commandery was known to have had various iron mines at the time, so the former director of the Paper Museum in Tokyo, Kiyofusa Narita, suggested that "through the assistance of some who were in charge of the iron foundry, he found opportunity to go to

4950-550: Was formed from the southern portion of Changsha Commandery, the county of Lei was renamed to Leiyang and part of Guiyang Commandery. In the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Leiyang was the territory of the Wu state . In 257 AD, the county of Leiyang was divided into four counties, that the two counties of Xinping ( Chinese : 新平县 ) and Xinning ( Chinese : 新宁县 ) were located on the western side of Chongling River , and

5025-442: Was going on and became very angry with Pang Tong. In order to appease Zhang Fei, Pang Tong agreed to finish the three years worth of backlogged cases within three days, which he did. For this, Pang Tong was promoted by Liu Bei and to honor the occasion, a special wine was created, now known as Zhang Fei Wine. In 1928, according to the biography of Mao Zedong by Jung Chang and John Halliday, Leiyang, along with neighboring Chenzhou

5100-409: Was inspired by watching paper wasps make their nests. Tsien suggested that Cai was inspired by the people of his birthplace, who used bark from mulberry trees to create cloth as a writing surface. Irrespective of its origin, in 105 CE, Cai's new papermaking process both impressed He and earned him fame throughout the empire. After the infant Emperor Shang 's eight-month reign, in 106 CE Emperor He

5175-441: Was largely forgotten. During the early Tang dynasty , many national heroes were deified , such as Li Bai and Guan Yu as the gods of wine and war respectively. Cai was among the important people declared gods, and was deified as the national god of papermaking. Cai also became a patron saint for papermakers, with his image often being painted or printed onto paper mills and paper shops in not only China, but also Japan. In 1267,

5250-434: Was little difference between old Gan and the contemporary Gan of that era. Beginning in the Five Dynasties period, however, inhabitants in the central and northern parts of Jiangxi Province began to migrate to eastern Hunan , eastern Hubei , southern Anhui and northwest Fujian . During this period, following hundreds of years of migration, Gan spread to its current areas of distribution. Mandarin Chinese evolved into

5325-422: Was probably as a liaison between the privy council and the emperor, and likely involved duties akin to a chamberlain for the imperial family. Narita notes Cai's role meant he would have had many chances to become acquainted with the most powerful people in the empire. Around 80 CE, during the subsequent Jianchu era (76–84) under Emperor Zhang , Cai was promoted to a Xiao Huangmen ( 小黄門 ; "Attendant at

5400-527: Was razed by troops under the command of Zhu De , who was following directives which originated in Moscow and passed on by higher officials of the Chinese Communist Party . The strategy was to leave large numbers of peasants with no option but to join communist uprisings. Leiyangers speak a dialect resembling Gan Chinese . According to preliminary accounting of the statistical authority,

5475-549: Was succeeded by 13-year-old Emperor An , while Lady Deng ruled as empress dowager. Both Cai and Zheng maintained influence in Deng's court. In 110 CE, Deng assembled more than 100 scholars—including Liu Zhen  [ zh ] , Liu Taotu  [ zh ] and Ma Rong —in the Eastern Pavilion of the palace to begin creating a definitive edition of the Five Classics . She appointed Cai to oversee and supervise

5550-560: Was the highest eunuch-exclusive position, which also made him a chief eunuch of the palace. In the Hou Hanshu , Cai was characterized as, in the words of de Crespigny, "honest, cautious and a good judge of policy". Cai was also designated Shangfang Ling ( 尚方令 ; "Prefect of the Palace Workshop" or "Prefect of the Masters of Techniques" ) later in 88 or 89 CE. While in this eunuch-only position, he would have been responsible for

5625-599: Was then processed with wooden sieves and the excess water removed, leaving the paper finished once dry. The paper that resulted from this method is often referred to as "Cai Hou paper" ( 蔡侯纸 ). This event and its context are relayed in an often cited passage of the Hou Hanshu : 自古書契多編以竹簡，其用縑帛者謂之為紙。縑貴而簡重，並不便於人。倫乃造意，用樹膚、麻頭及敝布、魚網以為紙。元興元年奏上之，帝善其能，自是莫不從用焉，故天下咸称蔡侯紙。 In ancient times writings and inscriptions were generally made on tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk called chih . But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were not convenient to use. Cai Lun then initiated

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