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34-656: When not in map form, the Leo Belgicus often accompanies the Dutch Maiden , the national personification of the Dutch Republic . Often both sit in a circular fenced enclosure, the " Garden of Holland ". Europa regina , showing Europe as a queen, was a comparable schematic. The names derived from the Belgae (and thus including Belgica ) are now mostly identified with the country Belgium ; yet before

68-426: A painting , stained glass , or tapestry . Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes , to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days ( giornate ). In media such as stained tapestry or stained glass, the cartoon was handed over by the artist to the skilled craftsmen who produced the final work. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along

102-653: A lance crowned with the cap of liberty. The Dutch Maiden continued to be used as a symbol after the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. She was integrated into a number of 19th century monuments, including: Starting around the time of the Renaissance , it was not uncommon for a Dutch province to be symbolized by the image of a maiden, e.g. "the Maiden of Holland". A "town maiden" ( stedenmaagd )

136-567: A lance with the cap of liberty , the Liberty pole . Initially carrying a martyr's palm , by the late 17th century she often carries a cap of liberty on a liberty pole , though the hat is a conventional male style for the period, rather than the Phrygian cap that later images of liberty personified in other countries used. Alongside the type of depiction with a liberty pole, which is usually costumed in more or less modern styles, images in

170-794: A short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States, they are not commonly called "cartoons" themselves, but rather "comics" or " funnies ". Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels —are usually referred to as " cartoonists ". Although humor is the most prevalent subject matter, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Some noteworthy cartoonists of humorous comic strips are Scott Adams , Charles Schulz , E. C. Segar , Mort Walker and Bill Watterson . Political cartoons are like illustrated editorials that serve visual commentaries on political events. They offer subtle criticism which are cleverly quoted with humour and satire to

204-444: A similar product The Beano in 1938. On some occasions, new gag cartoons have been created for book publication. Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated films, cartoon came to refer to animation , and the word cartoon is currently used in reference to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons. While animation designates any style of illustrated images seen in rapid succession to give

238-1212: A single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath, or, less often, a speech balloon . Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman , Bill Holman , Gary Larson , George Lichty , Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes Charles Addams , Charles Barsotti , and Chon Day . Bill Hoest , Jerry Marcus , and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson illustrated numerous feature articles in The Washington Post before creating his Cul de Sac comic strip. The sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester "Chet" Brown's All in Sport . Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites. Although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire . The art usually acts as

272-482: A visual metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels. Editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock , David Low , Jeff MacNelly , Mike Peters , and Gerald Scarfe . Comic strips , also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually

306-661: Is a national personification of the Netherlands . She is typically depicted wearing a Roman garment and with a lion, the Leo Belgicus , by her side. In addition to the symbol of a national maiden, there were also symbolic provincial maidens and town maidens. The Dutch Maiden has been used as a national symbol since the 16th century. During the Dutch Revolt , a maiden representing the United Provinces of

340-407: Is a type of visual art that is typically drawn, frequently animated , in an unrealistic or semi-realistic style. The specific meaning has evolved, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or series of images intended for satire , caricature , or humor ; or a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation. Someone who creates cartoons in the first sense

374-551: Is called a cartoonist , and in the second sense they are usually called an animator . The concept originated in the Middle Ages , and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco , tapestry , or stained glass window. In the 19th century, beginning in Punch magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous artworks in magazines and newspapers. Then it also

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408-711: The Baroque classical dress that was more conventional for such personifications are also found. During the French Revolutionary occupation, the short-lived Batavian Republic adopted the Dutch Maiden as its main symbol. The symbol was depicted on the upper left corner of the Batavian Republic's flag, with a lion at her feet. In one hand, she holds a shield with the Roman fasces and in the other

442-482: The weaver would replicate the design. As tapestries are worked from behind, a mirror could be placed behind the loom to allow the weaver to see their work; in such cases the cartoon was placed behind the weaver. In print media, a cartoon is a drawing or series of drawings, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech . The first of these parodied

476-536: The British strip Ally Sloper (first appearing in 1867) and the American strip Yellow Kid (first appearing in 1895). In the United States in the 1930s, books with cartoons were magazine-format " American comic books " with original material, or occasionally reprints of newspaper comic strips. In Britain in the 1930s, adventure comic magazines became quite popular, especially those published by DC Thomson ;

510-613: The Netherlands became a recurrent theme in allegorical cartoons . In early depictions she may be shown in the " Garden of Holland ", a small garden surrounded by a fence, recalling the medieval hortus conclusus of the Virgin Mary . On 25 May 1694, the States of Holland and West Friesland introduced a uniform coin design for the United Provinces, showing a Dutch Maiden leaning on a bible placed on an altar and holding

544-772: The Northern Netherlands, and therefore has almost no intersection with the present country of Belgium, also show the Latin title Belgium Foederatum . Also, a 17th-century colonial province that was located on the East Coast of North America — which was ruled and settled exclusively by the Dutch Republic and in which the present Belgium had no share — was known in Dutch as Nieuw-Nederland but in Latin as Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium . The earliest Leo Belgicus

578-735: The criminal characteristic of the Tweed machine in New York City, and helped bring it down. Indeed, Tweed was arrested in Spain when police identified him from Nast's cartoons. In Britain, Sir John Tenniel was the toast of London. In France under the July Monarchy , Honoré Daumier took up the new genre of political and social caricature , most famously lampooning the rotund King Louis Philippe . Political cartoons can be humorous or satirical, sometimes with piercing effect. The target of

612-464: The division of the Low Countries into a southern and a northern half in the 16th century, it was a common name for the entire Low Countries , and was the usual Latin translation of the Netherlands (which at that point covered the current territory of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and a small part of northern France). Several somewhat later maps of the Dutch Republic , which consisted of

646-532: The events of "Black Friday", when he allegedly betrayed the locked-out Miners' Federation . To Thomas, the framing of his image by the far left threatened to grievously degrade his character in the popular imagination. Soviet-inspired communism was a new element in European politics, and cartoonists unrestrained by tradition tested the boundaries of libel law. Thomas won the lawsuit and restored his reputation. Cartoons such as xkcd have also found their place in

680-485: The extent that the criticized does not get embittered. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth is regarded as a precursor to the development of political cartoons in 18th century England. George Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons and caricatures in the 1750s. The medium began to develop in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson , both from London. Gillray explored

714-596: The humor may complain, but can seldom fight back. Lawsuits have been very rare; the first successful lawsuit against a cartoonist in over a century in Britain came in 1921, when J. H. Thomas , the leader of the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), initiated libel proceedings against the magazine of the British Communist Party . Thomas claimed defamation in the form of cartoons and words depicting

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748-485: The impression of movement, the word "cartoon" is most often used as a descriptor for television programs and short films aimed at children, possibly featuring anthropomorphized animals, superheroes , the adventures of child protagonists or related themes. In the 1980s, cartoon was shortened to toon , referring to characters in animated productions. This term was popularized in 1988 by the combined live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , followed in 1990 by

782-465: The leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray, from 1815 until the 1840s. His career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications. By the mid 19th century, major political newspapers in many other countries featured cartoons commenting on the politics of the day. Thomas Nast , in New York City, showed how realistic German drawing techniques could redefine American cartooning. His 160 cartoons relentlessly pursued

816-534: The outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or "pounced" over a cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster ("pouncing"). Cartoons by painters , such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons , and examples by Leonardo da Vinci , are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually colored, could be placed behind the loom , where

850-524: The preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster in London. Sir John Tenniel —illustrator of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland — joined Punch in 1850, and over 50 years contributed over two thousand cartoons. Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons , which include editorial cartoons , and comic strips . Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of

884-578: The publisher sent observers around the country to talk to boys and learn what they wanted to read about. The story line in magazines, comic books and cinema that most appealed to boys was the glamorous heroism of British soldiers fighting wars that were exciting and just. DC Thomson issued the first The Dandy Comic in December 1937. It had a revolutionary design that broke away from the usual children's comics that were published broadsheet in size and not very colourful. Thomson capitalized on its success with

918-481: The scene of the first independent meeting of the provinces rebelling against Spanish rule. In these symbols of Dordrecht, the heraldic shields are (clockwise from Geertruidenberg , the city shield on the "gate" of the garden) for the following towns: Geertruidenberg, Schoonhoven , Hoorn , Weesp , Leerdam , Naarden , Muiden , Medemblik , Grootebroek , Monnickendam , Enkhuizen , Asperen , Heusden , Schiedam and Vlaardingen . Cartoons A cartoon

952-443: The use of the medium for lampooning and caricature , and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. By calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account for their behaviour, many of Gillray's satires were directed against George III , depicting him as a pretentious buffoon, while the bulk of his work was dedicated to ridiculing the ambitions of revolutionary France and Napoleon . George Cruikshank became

986-476: The world of science , mathematics , and technology . For example, the cartoon Wonderlab looked at daily life in the chemistry lab. In the U.S., one well-known cartoonist for these fields is Sidney Harris . Many of Gary Larson 's cartoons have a scientific flavor. The first comic-strip cartoons were of a humorous tone. Notable early humor comics include the Swiss comic-strip book Mr. Vieux Bois (1837),

1020-569: Was drawn by the Austrian cartographer Michaël Eytzinger in 1583, when the Netherlands were fighting the Eighty Years' War for independence. The motif was inspired by the heraldic figure of the lion, occurring in the coats of arms of several of the Netherlands, namely: Brabant , Flanders , Frisia , Guelders , Hainaut , Holland , Limburg , Luxembourg , Namur and Zeeland , as well as in those of William of Orange . Eytzinger's map

1054-632: Was published in the later stages of the war, and after the independence of the Dutch Republic was confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). It is called the Leo Hollandicus , the Holland Lion, and shows only the province of Holland. One of the earliest versions was published by Visscher around 1625. [REDACTED] Media related to Leo Belgicus at Wikimedia Commons Dutch Maiden The Dutch Maiden ( Dutch : Nederlandse Maagd )

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1088-680: Was sometimes used to symbolize a Dutch town, e.g. "the Maiden of Dordrecht". On a relief on the 16th century Groothoofdspoort in Dordrecht , the Maiden of Dordrecht, holding the heraldic shield of Dordrecht, is seated in the symbolical Garden of Holland. She is surrounded by the heraldic shields of 15 cities. The same theme was the subject of a 1596 gift to the St. Janskerk in Gouda by the Dordrecht city council. From 19 to 23 July 1572, Dordrecht had been

1122-498: Was the first of many. There were three different designs. In the most common one, the lion's head was located in the northeast of the country and the tail in the southeast. The most famous version is that of Claes Janszoon Visscher , which was published in 1609 on the occasion of the Twelve Years' Truce . A less common design reversed the position of the lion, as shown in the Leo Belgicus by Jodocus Hondius . The third version

1156-399: Was used for political cartoons and comic strips . When the medium developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to animated films that resembled print cartoons. A cartoon (from Italian : cartone and Dutch : karton —words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard and cognates for carton ) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a design or modello for

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