25-519: The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha , commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide. In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from other families, such as the Neritidae , are sometimes also commonly known as "winkles" because they are small, round snails that occupy a similar ecological niche. These subfamilies have been recognized in
50-527: A beetle on the dungeon floor. When Latreille explained that it was a rare insect, the physician was impressed, and sent the insect to a 15-year-old local naturalist, Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent . Bory de St.-Vincent knew Latreille's work, and managed to obtain the release of Latreille and one of his cell-mates. Latreille and Bory de Saint-Vincent remained life-long friends. The beetle had been described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, but recognising it had saved Latreille from likely demise, as all
75-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
100-619: A minister, although for a few years he signed the letters he wrote " l'Abbé Latreille " ("the Reverend Latreille") or " Latreille, Prêtre " ("Latreille, Priest"). Even during his studies, Latreille had taken on an interest in natural history , visiting the Jardin du Roi planted by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon , and catching insects around Paris. He received lessons on botany from René Just Haüy , which brought him in contact with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck . After
125-738: A physician, then a merchant from Brive, and later a baron (after the baron's death), who brought him to Paris in 1778. He studied initially in Brive and in Paris at the Collège du Cardinal-Lemoine attached to the University of Paris to become a priest . He entered the Grand Séminaire of Limoges in 1780, and left as a deacon in 1786. Despite being qualified to preach, Latreille later wrote that he had never carried out his functions as
150-408: A pre-defined goal; Latreille repeatedly dismissed anthropocentrism and teleology . As well as many species and countless genera , the names of many higher taxa are also attributable to Latreille, including Thysanura , Siphonaptera , Ostracoda , Stomatopoda , Xiphosura , and Myriapoda . Although Latreille named many species, his primary interest was in describing genera. He introduced
175-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
200-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
225-564: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Pierre Andr%C3%A9 Latreille Pierre André Latreille ( French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ɑ̃dʁe latʁɛj] ; 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833)
250-525: The Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle . His foresighted work on arthropod systematics and taxonomy gained him respect and accolades, including being asked to write the volume on insects for George Cuvier 's monumental work, Le Règne Animal , the only part not by Cuvier himself. Latreille was considered the foremost entomologist of his time, and was described by one of his pupils as "the prince of entomologists". Pierre André Latreille
275-495: The cholera epidemic . He returned to Paris in November, and died of bladder disease on 6 February 1833. He had no children but was survived by a niece whom he had adopted. The Société entomologique raised the money to pay for a monument to Latreille. This was erected over Latreille's grave at Père Lachaise Cemetery (39th division), and comprised a 9-foot (2.7 m) obelisk with various inscriptions, including one to
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#1732790265260300-447: The beetle which had saved Latreille's life: " Necrobia ruficollis Latreillii salvator " (" Necrobia ruficollis , Latreille's saviour"). As testimony to the high esteem in which Latreille was held, many books were dedicated to him, and up to 163 species were named in his honour between 1798 and 1850. Taxa commemorating Latreille include: Latreille produced a significant body of scientific work, extending across several fields. He
325-654: The fall of the Ancien Régime and the start of the French Revolution , the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was declared in 1790, which required priests to swear an oath of allegiance to the state. Latreille failed to do so and was therefore imprisoned in November 1793 under threat of execution. When the prison's doctor inspected the prisoners, he was surprised to find Latreille scrutinising
350-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
375-822: The following few years, Latreille was especially productive, producing important papers for the Mémoires du Muséum , all of the volume on arthropods for George Cuvier 's Le Règne Animal ("The Animal Kingdom", 1817), and hundreds of entries in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle on entomological subjects. In 1819, Latreille was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia . As Lamarck became blind, Latreille took on an increasing proportion of his teaching and research work. In 1821, Latreille
400-499: The founding of the Société entomologique de France , and served as its honorary president. Latreille's wife became ill in 1830 and died in May of that year; the date of Latreille's marriage is unclear, and his request to be released from his vow of celibacy was never acknowledged. He resigned his position at the museum on 10 April 1832, in order to move to the country and thereby avoid
425-508: The other inmates were dead within one month. Thereafter, Latreille lived as a teacher and corresponded with various entomologists, including Fabricius. In 1796, and with Fabricius' encouragement, Latreille published his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes at his own expense. He was briefly placed under house arrest in 1797, and his books were confiscated, but the influence of Georges Cuvier , Bernard Germain de Lacépède and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (who all held chairs of zoology at
450-556: The recently instituted Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle ) succeeded in freeing Latreille. In 1798, Latreille was appointed to the Muséum, where he worked alongside Lamarck, curating the arthropod collections, and published a number of zoological works. Following the death of the entomologist Guillaume-Antoine Olivier in 1814, Latreille succeeded him as titular member of the Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France . In
475-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
500-633: The taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) : Genera within the family Littorinidae include: subfamily ? David G. Reid; Suzanne T. Williams (2004). "The subfamily Littorininae in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: the genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina" (PDF) . Records of the Australian Museum . 56 : 75–122. doi : 10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1393 . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
525-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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#1732790265260550-412: Was a French zoologist , specialising in arthropods . Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution , Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare beetle species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis . He published his first important work, Précis des caractères génériques des insectes , in 1796, and was eventually employed by
575-463: Was born on 29 November 1762 in the town of Brive , then in the province of Limousin , as the illegitimate child of Jean Joseph Sahuguet d'Amarzit, général baron d'Espagnac, who never recognised him, and an unknown mother, who abandoned him at birth; the surname "Latreille" was formally granted to him in 1813, and derives from a nickname of unclear provenance. Latreille, effectively orphaned from his earliest age, but had influential protectors – first
600-434: Was described by Johan Christian Fabricius as entomologorum nostri aevi princeps ("the foremost entomologist of our time"), and by Jean Victoire Audouin as Entomologiae Princeps ("the prince of entomology"). Latreille was significant as the first person to attempt a natural classification of the arthropods. His "eclectic method" of systematics incorporated evidence from all available characters without assuming
625-452: Was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur . In 1829 he succeeded Lamarck as professor of entomology. From 1824, Latreille's health deteriorated. He handed his lectures over to Jean Victoire Audouin and took on several assistants for his research work, including Amédée Louis Michel Lepeletier , Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville and Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville . He was instrumental in
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