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59-410: Little Bear may refer to: People [ edit ] Little Bear (Native American leader) , 19th century Cree leader who participated in the 1885 North-West Rebellion Danny Little Bear (1926–1991), American professional wrestler nickname of Chester Zardis (1900–1990), American jazz bassist Places [ edit ] Little Bear Mountain ,

118-553: A Canadian children's franchise produced by Nelvana Limited , based on the book series of the same name by Else Holmelund Minarik and Maurice Sendak ; including a TV series and a direct-to-video film, and a series of educational CD-ROM games. Little Bear (TV series) , an animated children's TV series that aired from 1995 to 2001 The Little Bear Movie , a 2001 animated direct-to-DVD film Little Bear (film) , short Irish drama film directed by Daire Glynn and Ger Duffy Little Bear series (Waddell and Firth book series),

177-483: A chief. Big Bear was 40 years old and was the obvious choice. He would be the next chief. Big Bear was described as "an independent spirit" who did not like taking direction from outsiders." He was chosen and followed by the Plains Cree because of his traditional manner and wisdom. Traditional activities, such as hunting and warfare, kept Big Bear and his band occupied until the 1870s brought police, treaties, and

236-413: A crowd of local citizens led by the mayor threatened them with jail if they did not leave the state. The sheriff escorted them to the fort, where the commanding officer at first refused to let them camp. Finally, Little Bear received permission to camp for one night, and the next morning, he spoke to Secretary of War Lamont through an interpreter. Lamont refused to take any action, either to help or to detain

295-624: A former mixed passenger/freight train operated by the Ontario Northland Railway Little Bear Fire , a wildfire that began in New Mexico on June 4, 2012 Little bear or Acronicta lupini , a moth of the family Noctuidae See also [ edit ] The Little Bears , probably the first American comic strip with recurring characters Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

354-537: A journey by the two of them to Bull's Forehead Hill, where they spent a great deal of time reflecting and offering to their gods and spirits. Upon reflection, Big Bear was visited by many spirits, but the bear took great prominence in his mind. As a result of his vision of the Bear Spirit, which is the most powerful spirit regarded by the Crees, he received his power bundle, song, and his name. The power bundle, which

413-713: A man who was taken prisoner at Fort Pitt, was the only man to appear for the Prosecution. Much of the evidence was in favour of Big Bear's innocence. The evidence was clear that Big Bear had not taken part in killings at Frog Lake or the looting and taking of prisoners at Fort Pitt. However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson . He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. While imprisoned, Big Bear became ill and

472-536: A minimal role in the overall uprising, Big Bear's son Little Bear joined with Chief Wandering Spirit to go to Frog Lake and kill some of the white residents. Big Bear surrendered to the Mounted Police on 2 July 1885 at Fort Carlton. Big Bear had tried to solve the problems between his people and the Canadian government peacefully. Many people felt Big Bear would be found 'not guilty' as he had tried to stop

531-598: A series of children's picture books written by Irish Writer Martin Waddell and illustrated by British Illustrator Barbara Firth "Little Bear" (song) , by indie band Guillemots The title character in The Indian in the Cupboard , a book Other uses [ edit ] Henderson Little Bear , an American Piper "Cub" replica Ursa Minor , also known as Little Bear, a constellation Little Bear (train) ,

590-543: A volcano in British Columbia, Canada Little Bear Lake (Saskatchewan) , Canada Little Bear Peak , Colorado, United States Little Bear River (Utah) , Utah, United States Little Bear Brook , New Jersey, United States Entertainment [ edit ] Little Bear (Minarik and Sendak book series) , a series of children's picture books written by American author Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by Maurice Sendak Little Bear (franchise),

649-592: Is unknown, but some have assumed it to be in the mid-1800s. He is sometimes confused with another Little Bear who was a Chief of the Chippewa tribe in the late 18th century and lived into the first half of the 19th Century, fighting with the British in 1813 against the Americans. One account has him being 43 years old in 1897, while another said Little Bear was already in his 70s in 1915. He may have been born in

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708-723: The Babb, Montana region in 1885 and hid out on the Blackfeet reservation on the U.S. side of the line. At the time, the reservation stretched from the Continental Divide to the Dakota Territory border. Little Bear and his band were arrested at Fort Assinniboine in December 1885, but they were released upon orders from Washington, D.C. Little Bear's band spent most of the next two years near Fort Assinniboine, and

767-745: The Montana First Nation reserve in Alberta and the Rocky Boy Reservation in Montana. There is little documentation to support the names of most of his sons. Before becoming a great leader, Big Bear became a great warrior, taking warriors under his father's command on missions that he described as "haunting the Blackfoot". Upon the death of his father Black Powder in the winter of 1864, his Band with over 100 members needed

826-621: The North-West Rebellion against Canada. During the time of the rebellion, Wandering Spirit and some other members of Big Bear's band — reportedly including Big Bear's son Little Bear — killed nine unarmed white civilians that were living at Frog Lake . This became known as the Frog Lake Massacre . After the rebellion ended, Little Bear and Lucky Man fled the Canadian authorities. The two gathered many of their people and journeyed back to Montana. They slipped through

885-652: The Canadian government brought upon his people. He was chosen and followed by the Cree because of his wisdom; this can be seen in the fact that he resisted whites with ideas, not guns or any sort of violence. It has been argued that Big Bear should be commemorated as part of the ongoing reconciliation process towards Indigenous people in Canada, as he deserves public recognition for all that he sacrificed and stood up for during his time as Chief. The issue of chiefs, such as Big Bear, Poundmaker and One Arrow, remaining convicted for

944-417: The Canadian government in the 1870s to work out a treaty. Big Bear was never open to the idea of reserve life, as he feared his loss of freedom and identity as a hunter. But he knew that best way for him and his band to avoid starvation was to sign a treaty with the Canadian government. By 1876, all major Plains Cree chiefs had signed Treaty 6 except for Big Bear. Big Bear stalled signing as he believed that

1003-460: The Canadian government to conserve the bison but the measures were not enacted in time to stop the drastic depletion of the bison food supply. In the early 1880s, tuberculosis became the main killer of the Indigenous people on the reserve as European settlers brought over the disease and spread it through coughing and the sharing of pipes during tobacco-smoking ceremonies. The disappearance of

1062-573: The Canadian government would violate the treaty. Big Bear said "we want none of the Queen's presents: When we set a fox trap we scatter pieces of meat all around but when the fox gets into the trap we knock him on the head. We want no baits. Let your chiefs come like men and talk to us." Big Bear believed that the Canadian government was telling him and his fellow chiefs what they wanted to hear. This led Big Bear to resist signing and to pursue better terms for Treaty 6. Big Bear made several attempts to warn

1121-675: The Cree of Montana. The Montana First Nation , with the Montana reserve at Maskiwacis, is the result. In 1910 Little Bear and his tribe returned to the States and joined the Rocky Boy Reservation . In 1909, the United States set aside a new Chippewa reservation within the Blackfeet reservation, in Montana, between Saint Mary Lake , Babb, and the Canada–US border. Chief Rocky Boy was the first to settle there, followed by Little Bear and

1180-527: The Crees went on a six-week tour with the show through twenty-three cities, ending in Bellevue, Kentucky . As Little Bear feared, the show went bankrupt, and the Crees were stranded. Unable to travel to Washington D.C., Little Bear settled for an audience with Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont at Fort Thomas, Kentucky . En route to the fort, the Crees camped along the Ohio River at Taylor's Bottom, where

1239-536: The Crees, claiming that the war department had nothing to do with their predicament. Little Bear and his people retraced their steps to Cincinnati , where they signed a contract with the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens . The zoo paid them to camp on its grounds as an exhibit. Little Bear declined an offer for his people to stay at the zoo permanently, and by mid-July, the Crees had earned enough money to travel by train back to Montana. In 1896,

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1298-515: The Massacre at Frog Lake and tried to protect those that were taken prisoner. Henry Ross Halpin testified at his trial saying that he was just as much of a prisoner as he, himself had been. At the time of the trial, Big Bear was 60 years old. The trial was confusing for Big Bear as the trial was in English, and had to be translated into Cree. Hugh Dempsey has stated in his book, that Stanley Simpson,

1357-485: The Montana Wildest West Show as performers. It was a calculated gamble. Little Bear sought assurances that the show would travel to Washington, D.C., where he hoped to gain an audience with President Grover Cleveland and plead his people's case for a reservation. He feared that he and his people might end up stranded far from home. After much deliberation, Little Bear signed a six-month contract, and

1416-568: The North-West Mounted Police were to preserve the west as Canadian and how they were not to interfere with but to protect aboriginal interests. At the end of the visit, McKay and the HBC distributed gifts to the 65 tents of Big Bear's people; however, some were reluctant, they viewed the gifts and the North-West Mounted Police as a means of appeasement and incentive to start the treaty process with Canada. Big Bear began talks with

1475-445: The United States deported Little Bear, Lucky Man and hundreds of other landless Cree and Ojibwas of Montana back to Canada. Little Bear and Lucky Man feared the death penalty for their participation in the attacks at Frog Lake. When they arrived in Canada, they were apprehended. One account has it they stood trial for their part in the massacre and were acquitted of the charges, while another says no charges were laid against Little Bear as

1534-551: The United States. They called for Little Bear and the Ojibwas he led to be deported to Canada. In 1888, the United States reduced the size of the Blackfeet reservation and divided it into three smaller reservations – the Blackfeet reservation, Fort Belknap reservation , and the Fort Peck reservation . Life got harder for Little Bear and his people, and they often went hungry. In 1895, Little Bear and his band joined

1593-534: The battles of that war were fought in Montana and northeastern Wyoming. After the War, many Cree fled north to Canada and west into British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, but Little Bear and his family continued to live in extreme northern Montana at least for a time before Little Bear moved to Canada. In early 1885, Metis, led by Louis Riel, and some Cree living in the District of Saskatchewan fought and lost in

1652-428: The bison was devastating to the Indigenous population because hunting allowed them to be self-sufficient and free from the dominion government; once the bison disappeared their need for assistance was imperative. The Canadian government was the only option of survival but this meant signing the numbered treaties which would change their culture indefinitely. During this time, Big Bear tried to withhold his signature from

1711-611: The conviction of Louis Riel. Big Bear's involvement in the North-West Rebellion was seen in his advocacy for a better deal with the Canadian government in terms of Treaty 6. By the late 1870s, the Plains Indigenous nations were facing starvation due to the disappearing bison herds. In 1880, Big Bear and Crowfoot founded a confederacy in order to solve their people's grievances. In 1885, the Canadian government cut off rations to force Big Bear to settle, as he

1770-693: The early or mid-1840s. He was probably living in the Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming region in the 1850s. Little Bear said in Butte, Montana , in either 1912 or 1913, that his father lived along the Snake River in Idaho but relocated to the Butte region to hunt for buffalo and other wild game. Little Bear was said to have participated in the Great Sioux War of 1876 or Black Hills War. However, nearly all

1829-447: The end of the buffalo. At the height of his influence in the winter of 1878 to 1879, the buffalo that the plains peoples hunted for food did not come north. The Western Plains Indigenous People underwent a cultural, environmental and structural change starting in the mid-1870s and continuing into the late 1800s. Canada was attempting to cultivate the land that the Indigenous population occupied for European settlers. The treaties were

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1888-478: The establishment of Rocky Boy Reservation. After Rocky Boy Reservation was officially established in 1916, Little Bear became its first chairman. He was already an old man at the time. Little Bear died in 1921, at or nearly eighty years of age. Big Bear Big Bear , also known as Mistahi-maskwa ( Cree : ᒥᐢᑕᐦᐃᒪᐢᑿ ; c.  1825 – 17 January 1888 ), was a powerful and popular Cree chief who played many pivotal roles in Canadian history. He

1947-581: The following day, Wandering Spirit had killed federal agent Thomas Trueman Quinn, who denied his people food rations. Although Big Bear tried to stop the violence, the warriors went on to kill nine more men. This became known as the Frog Lake Massacre . Once news spread of this incident, the Canadian government decided to hold Big Bear responsible as an active participant in the rebellion, even though at this point he had no control over his band. Big Bear had resisted signing Treaty 6 for four years. With food supplies running low and his people facing starvation, he

2006-469: The generations to come. Big Bear also questioned the Eurocentric worldview and new order being brought forth with these treaties. Others tried to discredit Big Bear in his attempt to change Treaty 6. John McDougall tried on several occasions to discount him. He claimed Big Bear was an outsider, that he was not of the area and did not deserve the esteem he carried among the people of this area. This

2065-458: The high point of development for their band. It started to become more and more apparent that these conditions would not remain forever. Disease had begun to ravage his people and the declining numbers of buffalo threatened their food source and economy. This was quite worrisome for Big Bear as both a father and a chief, and he knew something had to be done. On 14 August 1874, The Hudson's Bay Company visited Big Bear and his fellow Cree people. This

2124-550: The largest Indian battle to be fought on the Canadian Plains, the Blackfoot band only lost 40 warriors while the Cree lost between 200 and 300. This was the last battle to be fought between the First Nations. The decades following this battle brought an increased White settlement, as well as police and government presence and the disappearance of the buffalo. As the 1870s began, Big Bear and his tribe had reached

2183-419: The magistrate said the evidence did not deem charges. (A Native by the name of Little Bear (Apaschiskoos) is listed among the eight Natives hanged on November 27, 1885, at Battleford . This may indicate that the government in fact hanged the wrong man for Little Bear's actions that day.) Little Bear settled in Canada perhaps at Onion Lake and in 1898 travelled, with John McDougall , to Ottawa to complain of

2242-475: The method of choice by the government to gain rights to the ground; all Indigenous groups were given the opportunity, according to the government, to sign and receive the benefits of the treaty terms. However, the Indigenous People who did not want to sign were ultimately forced to sign because of environmental and cultural changes between 1870 and 1885. The most significant contributing factor to this

2301-748: The officers sometimes hired the Crees to cut wood for the fort. Little Bear was considered the leader of the Ojibwas of the Basin, Montana region (southwest Montana). Little Bear's people visited the Flathead Reservation , which frustrated the Flathead Indians' agent Peter Ronan . The Crees' requests for a permanent home on either the Blackfeet or the Flathead reservation failed. Montana native and non-native peoples did not welcome Little Bear and his group, saying he had not been born in

2360-415: The others against signing Treaty 6. At one point Big Bear rode by horseback to each lodge in the area urging people not to sign the treaty and not to give up the land, because it was so rich in natural resources. Big Bear also resisted publicly at both Fort Carleton and Pitt, where the treaty was being signed. Big Bear understood the importance of making the best of this treaty as it would have implications on

2419-431: The people he led. In all, around 200 Chippewa and Cree people settled there. Since hundreds of Chippewas and Cree continued to remain landless, Rocky Boy and Little Bear stepped up their efforts to get another reservation set aside in Montana. Rocky Boy's brother, Pennahto, told Little Bear to request the old Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation be set aside as a new reservation. Neither Pennahto nor Rocky Boy lived to see

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2478-573: The title Little Bear . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Bear&oldid=1192646930 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Little Bear (Native American leader) Son of tribal leader Big Bear , his exact date of birth

2537-574: The treatment of his people by the government. He soon returned to Montana. Little Bear knew he had to follow the Chippewa leader Rocky Boy if the landless nations of Montana were to gain reservations. In 1902, Rocky Boy and Little Bear attempted to gain either a reservation or tribal recognition on the Flathead reservation. The bill to make the Flathead reservation for other landless tribes failed in 1904. In 1905, 1906, 1908, and around 1911 Little Bear, accompanied by missonary John Chantler McDougall , contacted Canadian leaders to request land for some of

2596-533: The treaty after all his warnings. The North-West Rebellion was a five-month revolt in 1885 against the Canadian government that was mainly fought by the Métis and their First Nations allies due to rising fear, insecurity, and white settlers of the rapidly changing West. The result of this battle was seen in the enforcement of Canadian law, the subjugation of the Plains Indigenous Peoples, and

2655-477: The treaty so that his people might get better terms but by the mid-1880s malnutrition was severe and the meagre rations given by the dominion government did not supply enough food. Big Bear was ultimately forced to sign the treaty on 8 December 1882 to save his people from starvation and disease because the dominion government would not help unless they signed. These factors contributed to the many deaths of Indigenous leaders leaving tribes without their history, which

2714-520: The treaty would ultimately have devastating effects on his nation as well as other Indigenous nations . This included losing the free nomadic lifestyle that his nation and others were accustomed to. Big Bear also took part in one of the last major battles between the Cree and the Blackfoot nations. He was one of the leaders to lead his people in the last, largest battle on the Canadian Plains. Big Bear ( Mistahi-maskwa , ᒥᐢᑕᐦᐃᒪᐢᑿ in syllabics )

2773-427: The women to council members. In the spring of 1837, smallpox struck Big Bear's community and caused the quick departure of the Cree from the plains. Big Bear was infected with the virus but unlike many in the community, after two months of suffering, he overcame it, although it did leave his face partially disfigured. After his recovery from smallpox, Big Bear began to spend a great deal of time with his father, including

2832-523: Was appointed to chief of his band at the age of 40 upon the death of his father, Black Powder, under his father's harmonious and inclusive rule which directly impacted his own leadership. Big Bear is most notable for his involvement in Treaty 6 and the 1885 North-West Rebellion ; he was one of the few chief leaders who objected to the signing of the treaty with the Canadian government . He felt that signing

2891-462: Was born in 1824 in Jackfish Lake, near the future site of Battleford. His father, Muckitoo (otherwise known as Black Powder), was a minor chief of a tribe of 80 Plains Cree-Saulteaux people who were deemed to be "true nomadic hunters". Little is known about Big Bear's mother. When Big Bear was old enough to walk on his own he spent his time wandering the camp socializing with many people, from

2950-566: Was eventually released in February 1887 after serving approximately half of his prison term. He resided on the Little Pine reserve until his failing health conditions resulted in his death on January 17, 1888, at 62 years of age. Long after his death, Big Bear's legacy continues to be prominent to this day. To many, he is remembered as a powerful Cree Chief who advocated for Indigenous rights and fought against socio-economic injustices that

3009-464: Was forced to sign the Treaty. After signing the Treaty, Big Bear and his people could not decide where their reserve would be. Though they did not want to live on a reserve, in order to receive food rations from the government a location needed to be decided on. The first winter after signing the treaty, Big Bear and his people did not receive any rations as they had not decided what reserve to live on. It

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3068-552: Was in the year 1884 that Big Bear would meet Hudson's Bay Company clerk Henry Ross Halpin in Frog Lake, and the pair soon became friends. In 1885 Big Bear had chosen a reserve to live on. After Big Bear was unable to choose a reserve quickly, he began losing influence over his people. Cree Chief Wandering Spirit rose in authority among the Cree people. When the Métis initiated the North-West Rebellion of 1885 under Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont , Big Bear and his supporters played

3127-583: Was never opened unless to be worn in war or dance, contained a fur necklace in the shape of a bear paw. It is said that when the weight of the necklace rested against his soul, it enabled him to be in a perfect power position where nothing could hurt him. This necklace was the source of his nickname Maskwa , meaning bear, and Mistahi , meaning much, or big. It is reported that throughout Big Bear's life, he had several wives, producing at least four male children who would carry on his name, including his son Âyimisîs (Little Bad Man/Little Bear) , who helped found

3186-411: Was not true, as he was a Cree but also his father was Saulteaux (the other aboriginal group present in the signing of Treaty 6). He was not an outsider but rather leader of a group of people who had elements of both cultures. Big Bear resisted signing but signed Treaty 6 in 1882. He did so because he believed he had no other choice. Big Bear believed he was betrayed by the other chiefs as they signed

3245-555: Was seen as peculiar to Big Bear and his people as the Hudson's Bay Company would have had to travel seven days from the nearest trading post to visit their camp. The Hudson's Bay Company arrived with four wagons full of supplies. Factor William McKay (an old friend of Big Bear) came along for the trip, and he warned Big Bear of the establishment of the North-West Mounted Police in the area. McKay told Big Bear that

3304-462: Was still resistant in moving his people onto a reserve. Led by Big Bear's son Little Bad Man and Chief Wandering Spirit , their group camped along Frog Lake believed that they could take matters into their own hands after receiving news that the Métis defeated the North-West Mounted Police at Duck Lake on 26 March 1885. On 1 April 1885, several Métis and non-Métis settlers were taken as prisoners;

3363-560: Was taught by the elderly, and without men to lead their tribes changing their life from that point on. To be a Scrub Plains Cree Indigenous man it was an expectation to be an accomplished hunter and warrior, Big Bear was no exception to the rule. Big Bear was known to be a strong warrior and was often, as an adult, called upon to defend the community. A Cree man, to raise his position in the community, participated in raids and or attacks of enemy tribes which meant stealing of horses, land and food from their enemies. Big Bear's main responsibility

3422-413: Was the disappearance of the bison which created a region-wide famine ; in addition to this, there was the emergence and widespread epidemic of tuberculosis which had a devastating effect on the Indigenous population. The disappearance of the bison has been explained to some extent by the overhunting by white settlers to supply the fur trade which ultimately led to the famine. There were some attempts by

3481-542: Was to be a hunter and provide for his family but he was involved in attacks against the enemies of the Cree. The Battle of the Belly River was one of the largest battles that the Cree were involved in. Occurring in October 1870, Big Bear and his band were involved in an attack between the Plains Cree and their enemies, the Blackfoot tribe, at Belly River, which is near present-day Lethbridge, Alberta . Known to be

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