ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
86-506: Lucknow ( / ˈ l ʌ k n aʊ / ; Hindustani: [ˈləkʰnəuː] ; ISO : Lakhanaū ) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division . Having a population of 2.8 million as per 2011 census, it is the eleventh most populous city and the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration of India. Lucknow has always been
172-508: A multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub, and the seat of power of Nawabs in the 18th and 19th centuries. It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, information technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry. Lucknow, along with Agra and Varanasi , is in the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc ,
258-526: A United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization
344-791: A bench of the Allahabad High Court in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh. People have often criticised various governments for being judicial focussed on central UP. Where western Uttar Pradesh
430-515: A cavalry of 30,000 from Awadh . During his stay at Panipat , Nader Shah's army tried vainly to intercept him. On 12 February, Khan joined Muhammad Shah's forces at Karnal . When Nader Shah learned about the reinforcement, he moved his camp three miles from the Mughal side. The Persian army clashed with Khan's troops on 22 February. When he heard the news, Khan picked up the sword he had laid in front of Muhammad Shah and asked his permission to attack
516-621: A chain of survey triangulations created by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to boost tourism in the state. "Lucknow" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation "Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana , a hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana . The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called Lakshmanapuri ( Sanskrit : लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit. Lakshmana's city ). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by
602-527: A conspiracy was hatched at the royal camp to kill Hussain Ali Khan. The chief conspirator was Muhammad Amin Khan Turani , an uncle of Nizam-ul-Mulk. Khan switched his allegiance to the conspirators, for reasons not documented in contemporary records. Khafi Khan writes that Khan was incited to join the conspiracy due to his anger at the murder of Farrukhsiyar. The conspirators met frequently to outline
688-472: A fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are grown, while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests such as Musa Bagh . Established in 1921, the Lucknow Zoo is one of the oldest in the country. It houses a rich collection of animals from Asia , and other continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for visitors. The city has a botanical garden, which
774-646: A fellow Persian and sayyid , was the faujdar (garrison commander) of Kara-Manikpur in Prayagraj and made Khan his mir manzil (camp superintendent). After the defeat and death of Azim-ush-Shan (Sarbuland Khan's employer), Jahandar Shah ascended the Mughal throne and transferred Sarbuland Khan to Ahmedabad ; Khan accompanied him in November 1712. By the end of the year, the relationship between Khan and Sarbuland Khan had deteriorated. Heavy rain and high winds tore down Khan's tents; Sarbuland Khan had to spend
860-607: A hanger-on in her father's house. Stung, Khan migrated to India in search of job. According to historian Ghulam Ali, he arrived in Patna in 1708 or 1709. Khan's father died before his arrival, and was buried "some distance away from his new home". In 1709, the brothers started for Delhi in search of employment. Khan was employed by an amil (village head), and lived in poverty during his first year in Delhi. In July 1710, he and his brother were employed by Sarbuland Khan . Sarbuland Khan,
946-809: A part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzadas , controlled the region. The Nawabs of Lucknow (actually the Nawabs of Awadh) acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's cultural capital , and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of
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#17327723326691032-762: A plan in which he could extort money from Muhammad Shah and return to Persia to fight the Turks. Khan replied that Nizam-ul-Mulk "is the key of the empire of India", and advised Shah to negotiate with him. Shah and Khan wrote to the Nizam the next morning, and the Mughals agreed to pay ₹ 5 million (equivalent to ₹ 3.8 billion or US$ 46 million in 2023) to the Persian conqueror. On 25 February, Muhammad Shah made Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II ,
1118-409: A plan to assassinate Hussain Ali Khan, who was killed by Haidar Beg Daulat on 8 October 1720. The following day, Muhammad Shah held a royal durbar and rewarded Khan and his co-conspirators. He was given the title Saadat Khan Bahadur (lord of good fortune), and was promoted to 5,000 zat and 3,000 horses. According to an anonymous Persian historian, Khan plundered Hussain Ali Khan's treasury with
1204-461: A plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day. Additionally there is a plant of Tata Marcopolo in the city. To promote the textile industry in the city, the Indian government has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile business cluster in the city. A sprawling 40 hectares (0.40 km; 100 acres) IT city costing 15 billion Rupees
1290-675: A stronger force under Sir Colin Campbell . Today, the ruins of the Residency and the Shaheed Smarak offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857. With the rebellion over, Oudh returned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877, the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner
1376-454: A study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern, Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like New Delhi . The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as
1462-668: A total of 5.66 per cent of forest cover, the state average being around 7 per cent. Native tree species are: shisham , dhak , mahuamm , babul , neem , peepal , ashok , khajur , mango and gular . Several varieties of mangoes, especially Dasheri , are grown in the Malihabad adjacent to the city and a block of the Lucknow district for export. The main crops are wheat, paddy , sugarcane , mustard, potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and brinjal . Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated over
1548-510: A unit based on molasses in the city. Dyer Breweries was incorporated in 1855 and was Asia's first commercial brewery. The company name was changed to Mohan Meakin Brewery in 1967 (the word "Breweries" was dropped in the eighties as the company diversified into other industries). The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology set up Software Technology Parks of India in 2001. Currently, biotechnology and information technology are
1634-447: Is Abhishek Prakash. The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM). The Lucknow Municipal Corporation oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when
1720-509: Is Mukesh Meshram. Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer . The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The district has five tehsils , viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate . The current DM
1806-515: Is a zone of wide botanical diversity. It is home to the Uttar Pradesh State Museum , which has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing girls to scenes from the life of Buddha. The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and Chikan embroidery . Lucknow
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#17327723326691892-473: Is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation. The Police Commissionerate System was introduced in Lucknow on 14 January 2020. The district police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), who is an IPS officer of ADGP rank and is assisted by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank), and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow
1978-421: Is also home to a number of important national and state level headquarters for companies including Sony Corporation and Reliance Retail. The handicrafts sector accounts for 60 per cent of total exports from the state. Companies such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , KARAM, Tata Marcopolo , Exide Industries , Tata Motors set up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have
2064-846: Is among the top cities of India by GDP. It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&;D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation. Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in India according to
2150-493: Is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones. There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by the Lucknow Police Department across the city roads and trijunctions, making Lucknow the first city in the country to do so. The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest 'Dial 112' service centre with 300 communication officers to receive distress calls from all over
2236-659: Is described in the table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
2322-434: Is divided into five zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Of the two Joint Commissioners, one looks after law and order, the other crime. The current police commissioner of Lucknow City is IPS SB Shirodkar. The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and drone cameras . Crowd-control
2408-581: Is headed by the Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer of high seniority, the Commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. The District Magistrate of Lucknow reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner
2494-420: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Saadat Ali Khan I Saadat Khan Nishapuri (c. 1680 – 19 March 1739) was the first Nawab of Kingdom of Awadh from 26 January 1722 to 1739 and the son of Muhammad Nasir. At age 25, he accompanied his father on
2580-598: Is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to Sultanpur and they have already approved special economic zone status for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state. A defence industrial corridor is also coming in the city. Traditionally, Lucknow has been a mandi town for mangoes, melons, and grains grown in the surrounding areas. Sugarcane -growing plantations and sugar industries are also in close proximity. This attracted Edward Dyer to set up
2666-717: Is that Lucknow was named after a very influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who built the fort Qila Lakhna. From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate , Mughal Empire , Nawabs of Awadh , the British East India Company and the British Raj . For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor Humayun made it
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2752-479: Is the economic center and has long demanded the setting up of another high court bench in west Uttar Pradesh. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and
2838-599: Is the most important center of Shia Islam in the Indian Subcontinent and has influence of Persian, Shiite, Arabic and British culture and tradition in the architecture, language and customs. Lucknow was one of the major centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in India's independence movement , emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion,
2924-493: The howdah (seat on an elephant), hailed Khan and asked him to surrender. Khan was taken as a prisoner to Nader Shah's camp. After the Isha prayer , he was brought before Nader Shah. Asked why he fought against a Persian of the same religion ( Shia Islam ), Khan replied that he did not want to betray the Mughal emperor. During their conversation, Shah appreciated Khan's patriotism and love of his religion. He asked Khan to outline
3010-408: The wazir (minister) of the province. With the help of auxiliary troops, Khan suppressed the rebellion in the area; the zamindars, attacked one by one, were forced to surrender. After restoring law and order within six months of his appointment, Khan was promoted to the rank of 15 sad-izat (commander of 1,500 horses) in the army. By the end of 1719, friction arose between Nizam-ul-Mulk and
3096-557: The CII have set up their service centres in the city. Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures. Lucknow in recent times have lagged in growth and only ranks 7th in per capita income in
3182-557: The Himalayas . In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012–2013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week. Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F) range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius. Lucknow has been ranked 4th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. Lucknow has
3268-572: The jagirdars no longer had to send their staff to the fields; the amils (appointed by the governor) were now accountable to him, and local officials were to approach them directly to resolve disputes. Thus, Khan ended the administrative authority of the jagirdars over their jagirs . In 1730, Burhan-ul-Mulk sent Mir Muhammad Salah Khan Baraha and Sayyid Munawwar Ali Tirmizi of Bilgram to the qasbahs around Lucknow to recruit men for his army. In early 1739, Persian ruler Nader Shah invaded India. To help Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , Khan marched with
3354-599: The provincial seat of government moved from Allahabad to Lucknow. Upon Indian independence in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital. Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohd Ali Jinnah during the Indian National Congress session of 1916 (the Lucknow pact
3440-526: The sheikhs of Kakori , adversaries of the Shaikhzadas, before entering Lucknow. Khan did so, and the sheikhs informed him about the strengths and weaknesses of the Shaikhzadas of Lucknow. He then marched towards Lucknow, and camped on the city's outskirts. Khan crossed the Gomti River by night, and silently entered the city with his artillery. After pulling down the sword which hung on the gates of
3526-452: The 11th century, and later, Lucknow. A similar theory states that the city was known as Lakshmanavati ( Sanskrit : लक्ष्मणवती , fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name changed to Lakhanavati , then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau. Yet another theory states that the city's name is connected with Lakshmi , the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau. Another theory
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3612-676: The British after aiding the fugitive Nawab of Bengal , Mir Qasim . Roundly defeated at the Battle of Buxar by the East India Company , he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory. Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula , the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775. The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in
3698-554: The Delhi-Mathura road. Khan besieged them, capturing four of the forts. Nilkanth's troops fought Mukkam Singh (a son of Jat leader Churaman ) in September 1721, and Nilkanth was killed in the battle. In October, Khan decided to fight Churaman . Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh , defected to the Mughal side. However, Khan Dauran dismissed Khan as governor of Akbarabad. After his dismissal from Agra, Khan went to Delhi. He
3784-555: The East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company , although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition,
3870-456: The Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country, also took place in Lucknow. Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans, with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional Umrao Jaan . Along with the rest of India , Lucknow became independent from Britain on 15 August 1947 . It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city in India and 74th in
3956-472: The Mughal emperor requesting reinforcements. The Persian army then began a cavalry attack, which killed many in Khan's army. Khan's nephew Sher Jung, lost control of his war elephant which charged khan's elephant and drove it into the Persian ranks. Khan started shooting arrow in to enemy ranks to avoid capture. A Turkmen soldier in the Persian army from Nishapur , Khan's birthplace, recognized him; he climbed to
4042-551: The Mughal throne with the help of the Sayyid brothers . During his reign Khan arrived at Delhi. With the patronage of Muhammad Jafar, a friend of Farrukhsiyar, Khan succeeded in getting a mansab of a hazari (1,000 horses) and became the commander of the Wala-Shahi regiment. Jafar's death in 1716 left Khan without any patron in the royal court. He failed to get any promotion in the following three years. In 1719, Farrukshiyar
4128-552: The Persian army. According to historian Hari Charan Das, the Mughal emperor distrusted the Persian Khan and made him swear allegiance in the name of the Quran . Nizam-ul-Mulk further delayed his advance by claiming that Khan's troops were tired from a month-long march, and Khan would soon have to retreat because there were only three hours of daylight left. Nusrat Jung told him that the Mughal forces were not ordered to fight during
4214-782: The Sayyid brothers. Nizam-ul-Mulk killed Dilawar Khan (Syed Hussain Ali Khan's agent) at the Asirgarh Fort in June 1720 and killed Sayyid Alam Khan, a relative (nephew, brother's son ) of the Sayyid brothers, in August. Hussain Ali Khan decided to march to the Deccan Plateau , and Hassan Ali Khan agreed to march towards Delhi. Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah also started for the Deccan from Agra . A few days before Shah began his journey,
4300-720: The arts. Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place. Of the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara , the Chota Imambara , and the Rumi Darwaza are notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu–Muslim culture that has come to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . Until 1719, the subah of Awadh
4386-497: The author of Tarikh-i-Hind , says that Khan committed suicide by drinking poison. Sadat Khan married first at Nishapur , Khorasan, Persia before 1706, a daughter of his uncle, Mirza Muhammad Yusuf, married second at Delhi , 1709, a daughter (d.s.p. soon after her marriage) of Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur a military officer in the Imperial army, married third at Delhi 1710 a daughter of Sayyid Talib Muhammad Khan Asaf Jahi, married for
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#17327723326694472-483: The city, he attacked the Shaikhzadas at the Akbari Gate. In the ensuing battle, the Shaikhzadas were defeated and driven from Panchmahala (their palace). At the start of Khan's governorship of Awadh, its zamindars refused to follow Mughal regulations. Khan tried to solve Awadh's fiscal and jagirdar problems, sending agents to assess crop yields. He soon realized that, except for the zamindars, no one (including
4558-440: The city. When Muhammad Shah arrived at the Persian camp, he was arrested and his harem was confiscated. Nader Shah made Khan the army's wakil-i-mutaliq (regent plenipotentiary), and Muhammad Shah was also forced to accept him. Khan and Tehmasp Khan Jalair started for Delhi with an army of 4,000 horses on 7 March. Khan carried a letter from Muhammad Shah to Lutfullah Khan Sadiq, the governor of Delhi, asking Sadiq to give Jalair
4644-541: The consent of the Mughal Emperor. Khan was promoted to a rank of 6,000 zat and 5,000 horses, and was appointed governor of Akbarabad province (present-day Agra), on 15 October 1720. He received the title Burhan-ul-Mulk , and appointed Nilkanth as his deputy. When he reached Akbarabad, Khan decided to put down a Jat rebellion and defeated the Jats of Mathura and Bharatpur . They fled to their mud forts on
4730-505: The country's first AI City and the largest IT hub in the country. It ranks 7th in the state as per GDP per capita. Lucknow is also being set to manufacture Bramhos Missile with the establishment of two Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) centres. Lucknow region is emerging as a key industrial and logistics hub in North India after Delhi-NCR as the warehousing sector. Lucknow division which consists of six districts, and
4816-408: The day. Khan, refusing to heed their pleas, ordered his troops to assemble. Although they were tired and most were reluctant to fight, 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry joined him. When the Persian soldiers saw Khan advancing, they pretended to flee the battlefield; Khan chased them two miles from the Mughal camp, and sent couriers to Muhammad Shah asking for reinforcements. Khan Dauran, commander of
4902-413: The east by Barabanki , on the west by Unnao , on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi , Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River . As of 2008, there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist: The central business district , which is a fully built up area, comprises Hazratganj , Aminabad and Chowk. A middle zone surrounds
4988-430: The eldest son of Nizam-ul-Mulk, mir bakshi (equivalent to an army's paymaster general). This angered Khan, who desired the appointment and told Nader Shah that ₹ 5 million (equivalent to ₹ 3.8 billion or US$ 46 million in 2023) was a small portion of the Mughal treasury. He advised Nader Shah to conquer Delhi (where he could loot jewels, cash and other valuables), Shah gave Khan permission to attack
5074-714: The final campaign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb against the Marathas in the Deccan , and the emperor awarded him the title of Khan Bahadur for his service. Khan's date of birth has not been recorded. According to historian Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava , Khan was born in c. 1680 and his birth name was Mir Muhammad Amin. His father was Mir Muhammad Nasir, a merchant in Khorasan . Khan had one elder brother, Mir Muhammad Baqar. One of their ancestors
5160-746: The first female mayor of Lucknow. Bharatiya Janata Party won 57 councillor seats, Samajwadi Party won 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, and Indian National Congress won 8 seats. Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an IAS officer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020. The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet. The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates. There
5246-530: The fourth time at Agra , 1720, Riti Begum Sahiba, daughter of Nawab Muhammad Taqi Khan Bahadur, sometime Subadar of Agra.Married (fourth or one of the above?), a daughter of Khwaja Zachariah, a descendant of Khwaja Ahrar.He had also married Khadija Khanum Sahiba, a former slave girl from the household of Sayyid Talib Muhammad Khan, presented to him in the dower of the latter's daughter.He had five daughters.He gave his eldest daughter in marriage to his nephew, Muhammad Muqim, better known as Safdar Jung . Khan's sister
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#17327723326695332-402: The inner zone with concrete houses while the outer zone consists of villages. Lucknow has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) with cool, dry winters from late November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from late March to June. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from July to October when the city receives an average of 827.2 millimetres (32.57 in) from
5418-503: The key to the palaces. Khan reached Delhi on 9 March, and welcomed both the emperors in Shalimar Bagh eight days later. On the night of 19/20 March he retired to his house, and died before dawn. There is no consensus amongst historians about his cause of death. According to historian Abul Qasim Lahori, Khan died of "bodily ailments". Haricharan Das believes that he succumbed to a cancer which had developed in his legs. Rustam Ali,
5504-513: The local officials) welcomed his scheme; jagirdar agents tried to prevent its implementation. The jagirdar 's amils (personal staff) viewed his scheme as an attempt by Khan to subvert the existing jagirdar system. This alarmed him, since he did not want to alienate the jagirdars . In response, he offered a discount on the jagir assessment paid by the jagirdars . Saiyad Ghulam Ali, author of Imad-us-Sadat , calls this system ijara . This scheme stabilised provincial administration, since
5590-560: The majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the Residency in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the Siege of Lucknow . The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram , followed by
5676-452: The municipal board was established. The first Indian mayor, Syed Nabiullah , was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation
5762-413: The night in a bullock cart, and criticised Khan for putting the tents up in a poor place. Khan disagreed, and Sarbuland Khan accused him of behaving like a haft hazari (master of seven thousand troops). Khan replied that that was an "auspicious prophecy" of his career; after moving to Delhi and becoming a haft hazari , he would rejoin Sarbuland Khan's service. On 12 January 1713, Farrukhsiyar ascended
5848-445: The revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh. In 1856, the East India Company first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh
5934-478: The right wing and nearest to Khan, was dispatched with 8,000 horses. During the afternoon, the Mughal emperor joined Khan on the battlefield. Khan formed the right wing of the imperial army, on the east. On 23 February 1739 at 1 pm, he began advancing towards Nader Shah's army. Shah's army shot arrows at Khan and his troops, and Khan charged them. The Persian army strategically retreated, leaving their weapons. Khan thought that they had fled, and again sent couriers to
6020-413: The south Raebareli , while to the north lie the Sitapur and Hardoi . Lucknow city is located in a seismic zone III . Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres (404 ft) above sea level. The city had an area of 402 km (155 square miles) until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to 631 km (244 square miles). Bounded on
6106-444: The southwest monsoon winds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 °C or 77 °F and the minimum is in the 3 to 7 °C (37.4 to 44.6 °F) range. Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places like Shimla and Mussoorie , which are situated high up in
6192-400: The state and 200 dispatch officers to rush for police help. It is billed as the India's most hi-tech police control room. Lucknow is also the center for 1090 Women Power line , a call center based service directed at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 112' Control Room building is also there which is having the world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS). There is
6278-643: The state of Uttar Pradesh, despite being the capital. Cities like Noida , Ghaziabad and Meerut have dominated in terms of industrial growth and attracting IT jobs and opportunities. Noida ranks highest, followed by Meerut in per capita income in the state. Multiple software and IT companies are present in the city. Tata Consultancy Services , HCL Technologies are present in the city. IT companies are located in Gomtinagar . While it still lags behind cities like Noida , Greater Noida and Meerut in IT hubs. The city
6364-474: The state. They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali Khan take the throne. He became a puppet king , and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to
6450-599: The two focus areas to promote economic development in and around the city. The Ministry of Science and Technology is setting up a biotech park in the city. Lucknow is also one of the selected cities for the Smart City project of STPI . The city is being developed on the lines of Delhi 's National Capital Region and will be the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region or Lucknow State Capital Region. It will be developed as
6536-539: The world. The Gomti River , Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Situated in the middle of the Indus-Gangetic Plain , the city is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town of Malihabad , Kakori , Mohanlalganj, Gosainganj , Chinhat and Itaunja . To the east lies Barabanki , to the west Unnao , to
6622-488: Was Mir Shamsuddin, a sayyid (descendant of Muhammad ) and a kazi (Islamic judge) in Nishapur . He was a twenty-first-generation descendant of Musa al-Kadhim , the seventh imam of Shia Islam . No historian has recorded any events in Khan's early life. The Safavid dynasty began declining at the end of seventeenth century. Sultan Husayn (the last Safavid monarch) alienated his court's nobility, and Khan's family
6708-466: Was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurer Saadat Khan , also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed Nizam of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad , near Lucknow. Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire disintegrated . The third Nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1753–1775), fell out with
6794-554: Was appointed governor of Awadh (in present-day Uttar Pradesh ) on 9 September 1722 after the transfer of provincial governor Girdhar Bahadur. Khan gathered his troops including Kalika Prasad Tandon and recruited more before leaving for the province. During his journey, he stayed at Farrukhabad . Muhammad Khan Bangash , the Hindustani Pathan chief, gave him information about the strength of Shaikhzadas (a community which ruled Lucknow ). He advised Khan to befriend
6880-834: Was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which
6966-638: Was deposed by the Sayyid brothers. During the reign of Shah Jahan II , Khan accompanied Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha (the elder Sayyid brother) in his expedition against Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur . Khan's husn-i-akhlaq (elegance of manners) and military skill won him the patronage of Syed Hussain Ali Khan, the younger Sayyid brother. Hussain Ali Khan appointed him faujdar (garrison commander) of Hindaun and Bayana in present-day Rajasthan on 6 October 1719, and Khan took charge in November. The Rajput and Jat zamindars (landlords) were rebelling; Khan began recruiting more troops, and borrowed from
7052-493: Was dropped with the formation of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh , although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence. The Khilafat Movement had an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1920,
7138-442: Was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government -appointed Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 when Sanyukta Bhatia from Bharatiya Janata Party became
7224-463: Was placed under a chief commissioner – Sir Henry Lawrence . Wajid Ali Shah , the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company to Calcutta . In the subsequent Indian Rebellion of 1857 , his 14-year-old son Birjis Qadra , whose mother was Begum Hazrat Mahal , was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum in Nepal . It
7310-522: Was reduced to poverty. To try his luck in India, Khan's father and elder brother migrated to Bengal in late 1707 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I . From there they went to Bihar, settled in Patna and were granted an allowance by Murshid Quli Khan , the first Nawab of Bengal. At this time, Khan lived in Nishapur . According to historian Kamaluddin Haider, his wife ridiculed him for being
7396-503: Was signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts of Annie Besant during this session only). The Congress President for that session, Ambica Charan Majumdar in his address said that "If the Congress was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah." The Kakori conspiracy involving Ram Prasad Bismil , Ashfaq Ullah Khan , Rajendra Nath Lahiri , Roshan Singh and others, followed by
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