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72-795: The Court of the Lord Lyon , or Lyon Court , is a standing court of law, based in New Register House in Edinburgh, which regulates heraldry in Scotland . The Lyon Court maintains the register of grants of arms , known as the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland , as well as records of genealogies . The Lyon Court is a public body , and the fees for grants of arms are paid to His Majesty's Treasury . It

144-554: A co-extensive jurisdiction for all cases with a monetary value in excess of £100,000, with the choice of court being given in the first place to the pursuer (the claimant ), the majority of difficult or high-value cases in Scotland are brought in the Court of Session. Any final decision of a sheriff may be appealed against. There is a right of appeal in civil cases to the Sheriff Appeal Court , and, with permission, to

216-608: A sheriff principal . The sheriff courts have exclusive jurisdiction over all civil cases with a monetary value up to £100,000, and are able to try criminal cases both on complaint for summary offences , and with a jury for indictable offences . Treason , murder , and rape are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court of Justiciary, and whilst the High Court and sheriff courts have concurrent jurisdiction over armed robbery , drug trafficking , and sexual offences involving children virtually all these cases are heard by

288-465: A £ 10,000 fine , and in solemn cases 5 years imprisonment or an unlimited fine. A higher sentence in solemn cases may be imposed upon remittance of the case to the High Court of Justiciary . Justice of the peace courts are criminal courts which sit locally under summary procedure, where the justice sits alone or in some areas as a bench of three. Justices are lay magistrates who as advised by

360-590: A Court of Exchequer in Scotland after the Union, for deciding Questions concerning the Revenues of Customs and Excises there, having the same power and authority in such cases, as the Court of Exchequer has in England And that the said Court of Exchequer in Scotland have power of passing Signatures, Gifts Tutories, and in other things as the Court of Exchequer in Scotland hath; And that the Court of Exchequer that now

432-658: A Court separate from the Court of Session no longer exists" and it was thus abolished by the Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1933 . Some of its processes are now carried out by the Accountant in Bankruptcy . Until 1856, there was a Court of Exchequer in Scotland , which was established Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1707 , pursuant to a requirement of the Act of Union 1707 which stated: And that there be

504-404: A court of appeal, it sits only in Edinburgh. Appeals may be made to the High Court of Justiciary sitting as the Court of Criminal Appeal from the lower courts in criminal cases. An appeal may also be made to the High Court if the High Court itself heard the case at first instance. Two judges sit to hear an appeal against sentence, and three judges sit to hear an appeal against conviction. There

576-412: A date for trial or as complex as restructuring contractual relationships by and between many corporations in a multi- jurisdictional dispute. It may be a final order (one that concludes the court action), or an interim order (one during the action). Most orders are written, and are signed by the judge. Some orders, however, are spoken orally by the judge in open court, and are only reduced to writing in

648-491: A determination in Scotland it is subject to practice directions from the President of Employment Tribunals (Scotland), and operates under Scots law . These tribunals are administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service . In many cases there is a statutory right of appeal from a tribunal either to an upper tribunal or senior tribunal, or to the Court of Session: for example Employment Tribunal cases are appealed to

720-478: A final appeal or through judicial review . There are several tribunals that have jurisdiction either over the whole United Kingdom , or over Great Britain . Where these tribunals make an adjudication in Scotland they are subject to the oversight and ultimate authority of the Court of Session , which can review decisions either through a final appeal or through judicial review . When an Employment Tribunal makes

792-411: A government department, reinvests all fees into itself. The court does not have universal jurisdiction and usually cannot accept applications (petitions) from abroad. According to the court's official publication on its website, "the governing factor in the case of an original Grant of Arms is the domicile of the petitioner or the ownership of property in Scotland." In the second case, when the petitioner

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864-487: A legally qualified clerk, known as the legal adviser. The court handles a variety of minor common law crimes such as breach of the peace, theft and assault, as well as statutory offences such as vandalism, road traffic offences and other public order offences. The maximum penalty which can be imposed at this level is 60 days' imprisonment or a fine up to £2,500. Scotland has several courts with specialist jurisdictions . The specialist system of children's hearings handles

936-466: A man's coat of arms is still considered a 'real injury' under Scottish common law. Accordingly, an owner of a Scottish coat of arms may obtain a judicial order in the court against anybody using his arms. The Crown and the public have an interest in these cases: the Crown has such an interest because, in Scotland, all fees on the registration of armorial bearings and pedigrees are payable to HM Treasury ;

1008-592: A third. The Military Courts of the United Kingdom have jurisdiction over all members of the armed forces of the United Kingdom and civilians subject to service discipline in relation to offences against military law . The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom operates across all three separate jurisdictions, hearing some civil - but not criminal - appeals in Scottish cases, and determining certain devolution and human rights issues. The Supreme Court of

1080-476: Is a royal corporation and not a court of law. The High Court of Chivalry is a civil court in England and Wales with jurisdiction over cases dealing with heraldry. The Lyon Court is directly responsible for the establishment of the rights to arms and pedigree . These can include the granting and regranting of armorial bearings by letters patent and various Birthbrieves, such as Diplomas of Nobility or of

1152-636: Is for a work-related accident claim in excess of £ 1,000, or where the total amount claimed is in excess of £ 5,000. The choice of local sheriff court or the Personal Injury Court is left to the pursuer . However, where a sheriff believes the case is so complex as to require the specialist expertise of the personal injury sheriffs they can remit the case to the Sheriff Personal Injury Court. In Scotland, all monetary claims for amounts not in excess of £ 100,000 are in

1224-664: Is headed by the Right Honourable the Lord Lyon King of Arms , who must be legally qualified, as he has criminal jurisdiction in heraldic matters, and the court is fully integrated into the Scottish legal system , including having a dedicated prosecutor , known in Scotland as a procurator fiscal . Its equivalent in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , in terms of awarding arms, is the College of Arms , which

1296-541: Is in Scotland do remain, until a New Court of Exchequer be settled by the Parliament of Great Britain in Scotland after the Union; The judges of the Court were the Barons of Exchequer who acted in both a judicial capacity, dealing with revenue cases, debts to the crown, seizure of smuggled goods and prosecutions for illicit brewing and distilling, and in an administrative capacity, mainly auditing accounts. The president of

1368-551: Is independently appointed by the Scottish Ministers. Both officers are registered in The Edinburgh Gazette . There is also a Macer to the Lord Lyon who is a senior Messenger-at-Arms . The Macer appears when the court is sitting in public and when proclamations are made by the Lord Lyon. The Lord Lyon King of Arms is the chief heraldic officer of Scotland and Great Officer of State and a judge in

1440-725: Is no further appeal from the High Court's decision on appeal, in contrast to the Court of Session, from which it is possible to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , the highest court. Appeals under the Human Rights Act 1998 and devolution appeals under the Scotland Act 1998 are heard by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (previously these were head by the Judicial Committee of

1512-435: Is not able to reside on the land, e.g. forestry land, the land is usually not able to bring the owner into the Lord Lyon's jurisdiction. One major exception from this principle applies to Commonwealth citizens if their local jurisdiction does not have its own heraldic office. "Commonwealth citizens, in particular those of Scottish descent – save for Canada and South Africa which have their own heraldic authorities – can apply to

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1584-463: The Admiralty and Commissary Courts, was absorbed into the Court of Session following the enactment of the Court of Session Act 1830 . Court order The content and provisions of a court order depend on the type of proceeding, the phase of the proceedings in which they are issued, and the procedural and evidentiary rules that govern the proceedings. An order can be as simple as setting

1656-731: The Convention Rights (Compliance) Scotland Act 2001 . The composition of the Lyon Court as of September 2021 is: (also March Pursuivant Extraordinary) (1 August 2018) HM Officers of Arms come under the control of the Lord Lyon and are members of the Royal Household in Scotland , however they are not officers of the Court of the Lord Lyon. They carry out many ceremonial duties in Scotland, such as on state and royal occasions and those in connection with Scottish public life. They may act as professional consultants in

1728-605: The Employment Appeal Tribunal , which in turn allows appeals to the Court of Session. In the absence of a specific appeals court, the only remedy from a decision of a Tribunal is an appeal to, or judicial review by, the Court of Session, which will often be more limited in scope than an appeal. The Bill Chamber was formerly a court of Scotland, often considered as part of the Court of Session but in fact separate from it. It dealt with petitions for suspension ( appeal ), interdict , sequestrations etc., and

1800-814: The House of Lords , a chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (though in modern practice only the Law Lords sitting in the Appellate Committee, rather than the whole House, heard appeals). The Supreme Court took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords , and also assumed the jurisdiction over devolution and human rights issues vested in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . Cases involving "devolution issues" arising under

1872-462: The Inner House . It includes specialized commercial court provisions: "The Court of Session has for many years had special provisions for dealing with commercial actions to enable specialist judges to handle commercial cases quickly and flexibly." The Sheriff Appeal Court is a national court with a jurisdiction over civil appeals from the sheriff courts, and replaces appeals previously made to

1944-753: The Inner House of the Court of Session . The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. The High Court is both a court of first instance and also a court of appeal. As a court of first instance, the High Court sits mainly in the Justiciary Building in the Lawnmarket in Edinburgh and in the Justiciary Buildings in the Saltmarket in Glasgow, but also sits from time to time in various other places in Scotland. As

2016-764: The Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 and the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 – the Lord Lyon is included in neither act. The administration of the court is also separate from the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service . The other officers of the Lyon Court are the Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records whose appointments are made by royal sign-manual , and the Procurator Fiscal who

2088-577: The Lands Tribunal for Scotland . Heraldry is regulated in Scotland both by the civil and criminal law, with prosecutions taken before the Court of the Lord Lyon . Defunct and historical courts include the Admiralty Court , Court of Exchequer , district courts , and the High Court of Constabulary . The United Kingdom does not have a single judicial system — England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland

2160-567: The Scotland Act 1998 , as amended by the Scotland Act 2016 , which includes disputes regarding the validity of Acts of the Scottish Parliament or executive functions of the Scottish Government , are heard by the Supreme Court. These cases may reach the Court as follows: The Court system in its modern form is based on the reforms introduced by Lord Gill as Lord President, and implemented or further modified under

2232-568: The Scottish Ministers . He raises proceedings, when necessary, against those who improperly usurp armorial bearings. The punishment for this offence is set out in several Scottish statutes acts. The court has the power to fine and to ensure items bearing the offending Arms are removed, destroyed or forfeited. In lieu of the financial interests of the Treasury, the High Court of Justiciary will therefore sometimes regard cases brought by

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2304-513: The exclusive jurisdiction of the sheriff courts , with the Court of Session having concurrent jurisdiction for amounts of more than £ 100,000. The Personal Injury Court was established by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 and the All-Scotland Sheriff Court (Sheriff Personal Injury Court) Order 2015. The sheriff courts are the other civil courts; they sits locally. The Court of Session and sheriff courts have

2376-411: The judiciary of Scotland , who are the various judicial office holders responsible for issuing judgments , ensuring fair trials , and deciding on sentencing . The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, subject to appeals to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court , which is only subject to the authority of

2448-445: The judiciary of Scotland . The Lord Lyon's judicial duties concerning Scottish heraldic business and heraldic laws are conducted through the machinery of the Court of the Lord Lyon. The court exercises both civil and penal jurisdiction under the old common law of Scotland and many acts of Parliament . The Lord Lyon has administrative functions, and is responsible for granting commissions to messengers-at-arms . The power to appoint

2520-660: The jurisdiction of the Lord High Constable was defined in terms of the "resident place" appointed for the Privy Council. In 1815, the Jury Trials (Scotland) Act 1815 created the Jury Court to allow certain civil cases to be tried by jury. The Jury Court was subordinate to the Court of Session , and appeals were heard by the Inner House of the Court of Session . In 1830 the Jury Court, along with

2592-466: The sheriffs principal . The Sheriff Appeal Court is a national court with a jurisdiction over appeals in summary criminal proceedings, and bail decisions in solemn procedure , from the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts . The Sheriff Appeal Court had its jurisdiction extended on 1 January 2016, when the provisions of the Court Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 to extend civil appeals to

2664-403: The transcript of the proceedings. The following represents a small sampling of matters that are commonly dictated by the terms of a court order: One kind of interim court order is a temporary restraining order (TRO) , to preserve the status quo . Such an order may later be overturned or vacated during the litigation; or it may become a final order and judgment, subject then to appeal. In

2736-475: The Chiefship ( Diploma Stemmatis ). All of these actions must begin with a formal petition to the court. When sufficient evidence is attested to these rights, a judicial 'Interlocutor' or warrant will be issued by the Lord Lyon. This power of the Lord Lyon is derived from the monarch's royal prerogatives, which has been delegated to the office by law. The warrant will then authorise the Lyon Clerk and Keeper of

2808-761: The Exchequer Court was known as the Chief Baron of Exchequer, and the initial president was the Lord High Treasurer . The 1707 Act limited the numbers of Barons to 5. A separate Exchequer Court was abolished by the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1856, and all of its powers were transferred to the Court of Session. With its abolishment no further Barons of Exchequer were appointed. District courts are no longer in existence. They were introduced in 1975 and sat in each local council area under summary procedure only. The Scottish Government merged

2880-775: The HM Officers of Arms take part include; the announcement of the dissolution of Parliament from the Mercat Cross on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, the inauguration of the governors of Edinburgh Castle , and the ceremonial opening of the annual meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Currently there are three Heralds of Arms in Ordinary and three Pursuivants of Arms in Ordinary. This brings

2952-419: The High Court of Justiciary has the authority to regulate criminal procedure through passing Acts of Adjournal . Both Acts of Sederunt and Acts of Adjournal have the capacity to amend primary legislation where it deals with civil or criminal procedure respectively. The majority of criminal and civil justice in Scotland is handled by the local sheriff courts , which are arranged into six sheriffdoms led by

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3024-616: The High Court. Administration for the courts is provided by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service , a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government . The Scottish Courts and Tribunal Service is operationally independent of the Scottish Ministers , and is governed by a corporate board chaired by the Lord President , and with a majority of judicial members. There are various specialist courts and tribunals with specialist jurisdictions , which are subject to

3096-544: The Lord Advocate. The Procurator Fiscal is legally qualified , must either be an advocate or a solicitor , and is appointed by the Scottish Ministers . Until 2001 the Procurator Fiscal was appointed by the Lord Lyon, but in order to ensure compliance with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights , the power to appoint the Procurator Fiscal was transferred to the Scottish Ministers by

3168-472: The Lord Lyon King of Arms." The penal aspect of the court is concerned with the protection of the rights of both private individuals and of the Crown (in the form of the Scottish Government ) in Scottish armorial bearings. The Lord Lyon also has control over messengers-at-arms , judicial officers responsible for serving documents and enforcing legal orders throughout Scotland. The protection of

3240-547: The Lord Lyon is vested in the monarch of the United Kingdom by section 3 of the Lyon King of Arms Act 1867 . The Lyon Clerk is responsible for the administration of the Lyon Court. With every submission of application for a grant of arms , a matriculation of arms or the recording of genealogy must be made through the Lyon Clerk. This submission must be done either personally, by an intermediary agent or by correspondence,

3312-659: The Lord Presidency of Lord Carloway . The foundational legislation for the sheriff courts and many other changes is the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 . The Court of Session is the supreme civil court. It is both a court of first instance and a court of appeal , and sits exclusively in Parliament House in Edinburgh . The court of first instance is known as the Outer House , the court of appeal

3384-414: The Lyon Clerk is required to personally interview and reply to each applicant. As such the Lyon Clerk must take receipt of all documents and evidence submitted by the applicant in each case. Finally after the grant or matriculation has been made the Lyon Clerk must ensure that the resulting patent of arms is properly illuminated and emblazoned for the applicant and for the Lyon Court's register. As Keeper of

3456-414: The Privy Council ). The Sheriff Appeal Court is a national court with jurisdiction over appeals from summary criminal proceedings in the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts , and from bail decision in solemn procedure at the sheriff court. The Sheriff Appeal Court was established on 22 September 2015 to deal with appeals against conviction and sentence in summary proceedings before

3528-481: The Procurator Fiscal similarly to those of the Inland Revenue . Accordingly, an armorial offender was viewed as sternly as any other evading national taxation. This is in contrast to the Court of Chivalry in England , which has similar powers to the Lyon Court, but is a civil court, and has met only once in the last 230 years, in 1954, and is unlikely to sit again unless for a substantial cause. Historically

3600-529: The Records to prepare Letters Patent of the particular coat of arms or genealogy to be recorded in the: Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland or in the Public Register of All Genealogies and Birthbrieves in Scotland . The fees on all of these procedures are payable to the Exchequer. This is in contrast to the College of Arms in London , which, being an independent corporate body rather than

3672-402: The Records, the Lyon Clerk is responsible for the maintenance of the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland . This is done through the regular addition of new grants and matriculations. The Lyon Clerk must ensure that members of the public have access to the register by facilitating searches and studies of the records. The Lyon Clerk's salary is paid for by the Crown. This has been

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3744-471: The Sheriff Appeal Court were brought into force by the Scottish Ministers . The Sheriff Personal Injury Court is a specialist all-Scotland court with exclusive competence to hear cases, with and without a jury , that relate to personal injury . The Personal Injury Court has concurrent jurisdiction with local sheriff courts , over claims relating to personal injury where the case

3816-534: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on devolution issues and human rights compatibility issues . The judiciary of Scotland, except the Lord Lyon King of Arms , are united under the leadership and authority of the Lord President and Lord Justice General , who is the president of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary. The Court of Session has the authority, under the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 , to regulate civil procedure through passing subordinate legislation knows as Acts of Sederunt , and

3888-513: The United Kingdom was created on 1 October 2009 by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 . The Supreme Court hears civil appeals from the Court of Session, and it hears appeals from all the civil and criminal courts of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland . The Supreme Court has no authority to hear appeals on criminal matters from the High Court of Justiciary. Until the creation of the Supreme Court, ultimate appeal lay to

3960-473: The case since the Lyon King of Arms Act 1867 . The Procurator Fiscal to the Court of the Lord Lyon is responsible for investigating complaints about usurpation of coats of arms (someone using arms to which they are not entitled) or the use of unregistered homemade coats of arms. The Procurator Fiscal can either issue a letter or warning, and where needed initiate a prosecution before the Lyon Court. The Procurator Fiscal undertakes these prosecutions on behalf of

4032-400: The cases involve forfeiture, the Court could grant a warrant for the seizure of movable goods and gear where unwarranted arms are found. The only judge of the Lyon Court is the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The Lord Lyon is part of the judiciary of Scotland but is not subject to the discipline of the Lord President of the Court of Session . The Lord President's powers of discipline are outlined in

4104-552: The deal with criminal appeals. The bench generally comprises three appeal sheriffs when considering appeals against conviction, and two appeal sheriffs when considering appeals against sentence. A single appeal sheriff hears appeals against bail decisions made by a sheriff or justices of the peace. The court is based at the courthouse at Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, and initially sat on two consecutive days each fortnight. Substantive criminal appeals are now heard on Tuesdays and appeals against sentence on Wednesdays. The sheriff courts are

4176-606: The decision of a local Valuation Appeal Committee is disputed. The senators who make up the Lands Valuation Appeal Court were specified in 2013 by the Act of Sederunt (Lands Valuation Appeal Court) 2013, which has both Lord Carloway ( Lord President ) and Lady Dorrian ( Lord Justice Clerk ) as members with a further four senators specified. The Scottish Land Court has jurisdiction over disputes involving agricultural tenancies and crofting rights. Under

4248-404: The main criminal courts; they sit locally in sheriff courts throughout Scotland organised in the six sheriffdoms . The procedure followed may either be solemn procedure , where the Sheriff sits with a jury of fifteen ; or summary procedure , where the sheriff sits alone in a bench trial . From 10 December 2007, the maximum penalty that may be imposed in summary cases is 12 months imprisonment or

4320-402: The majority of cases involving allegations of criminal conduct involving persons under 16 in Scotland. These tribunals have wide-ranging powers to issue supervision orders for the person referred to them by the Scottish Children's Reporter Administration . Serious crimes, at the direction of a procurator fiscal , are still dealt with in the usual criminal courts. The Court of the Lord Lyon ,

4392-538: The management of the sheriff and justice of the peace courts (formerly known as district courts), retaining lay justices. The Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 enabled the Scottish Ministers to replace district courts by "justice of the peace courts". The process is concluded and all district courts are now abolished and replaced with the new justice of the peace courts throughout Scotland, which have strengthened powers to allow more cases to be dealt with at this level. The High Court of Constabulary

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4464-410: The number of Ordinary officers to just three of each rank. The act also set out their salaries and reaffirmed their rights and duties. These officers of arms wear the tabard of the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom , with the Scottish quarter taking precedence. They frequently appear in this uniform, when accompanying the monarch in royal ceremonies whilst he is in Scotland. Other ceremonies in which

4536-872: The number of the Ordinary officers to six. From time to time, others can be appointed temporarily or as a recognition of their work. These are styled Heralds or Pursuivants Extraordinary . Currently there are two Heralds of Arms Extraordinary and three Pursuivants of Arms Extraordinary. In Scotland there are also four private pursuivants who are independent of Lyon Court. These officers are employed by Scottish nobles and chiefs and perform duties relating to genealogical, heraldic, and ceremonial matters of clan members. His Majesty's Officers of Arms as of September 2022 are: Courts of Scotland The courts of Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : Cùirtean na h-Alba ) are responsible for administration of justice in Scotland, under statutory , common law and equitable provisions within Scots law . The courts are presided over by

4608-421: The public has an interest in terms of the prevention of fraud and of the misappropriation of property. Individual coats of arms are also considered legal evidence , which means that they could be used in legal cases concerning the establishment of succession or identity. The Lyon Court, like all Scottish courts has a public prosecutor ; styled ' Procurator Fiscal to Lyon Court ', who is independently appointed by

4680-430: The punishment for the usurpation of arms were severe. In the Lyon King of Arms Act 1592 and the Lyon King of Arms Act 1672 , the court was given the full power to fine and imprison offenders. In the Lyon King of Arms Act 1669 the court was given the power to issue letters of horning . As well as the full power: to erase unwarranted arms, to 'dash them furth of' stained-glass windows and to break unwarranted seals. Where

4752-403: The realms of heraldry and genealogy, like an advocate or a law agent for members of the public and could appear for their clients before the Lyon Court as well as in the English Court of Chivalry. Formerly there were: six Heralds of Arms and six Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary (full-time members) and at various times any number of Extraordinary officers. The Lyon King of Arms Act 1867 reduced

4824-443: The rights to arms is of signal importance because persons and corporation have paid fees to the Crown in return for exclusive rights to use those armorial bearings. A coat of arms can only belong to one particular person at a time. Without such protection, a coat of arms would be useless as a form of identification and worthless as a piece of private property. Furthermore, a misappropriation or unauthorised use (displaying or usurping) of

4896-465: The standing court of heraldry and genealogy, is responsible for civil and criminal enforcement of armorial bearings and the right to use certain titles. It is headed by the Lord Lyon , who is King of Arms and senior herald for Scotland. The Lands Valuation Appeal Court is a Scottish civil court , composed of three Court of Session judges, and established under section 7 of the Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Amendment Act 1879 . It hears cases where

4968-443: The terms of the Church of Scotland Act 1921 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland has sole jurisdiction over its own spiritual affairs, including matters of discipline. There are several specialist tribunals in Scotland which often have exclusive jurisdiction over cases relevant to their remit . They are subject to the oversight and ultimate authority of the Court of Session , which can review decisions through either

5040-465: The ultimate jurisdiction of either the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, including . Children under the age of 16 who face allegations of criminal conduct are dealt with through the Children's Hearings , which are quasi-judicial in nature. Disputes involving agricultural tenancies and crofting are dealt with by the Scottish Land Court , and disputes about private rights in titles for land ownership and land valuation are dealt with by

5112-423: Was a court in Scotland presided over by the Lord High Constable of Scotland and deputes appointed by the Lord High Constable. Established in the late 13th century the court was empowered to judge all cases of rioting , disorder , bloodshed , and murder if such crimes occurred within four miles of the King of Scots , the King's Council , or the Parliament of Scotland . Following James VI 's move to England ,

5184-652: Was the approximate equivalent to sittings in camera (in chambers) in American or English law . The Bill Chamber was "under the same roof" as the Court of Session, but was a separate court or jurisdiction. Its history and function were discussed in the report of the Royal Commission on the Court of Session and the Office of Sheriff Principal (1927) which concluded "the usefulness of the Bill Chamber as

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