57-462: Lúthien and Beren are characters in J. R. R. Tolkien 's fantasy world Middle-earth . Lúthien is an elf , daughter of the elf-king Thingol and goddess-like Melian . Beren is a mortal man . The complex tale of their love for each other and the quest they are forced to embark upon is a story of triumph against overwhelming odds but ending in tragedy. It appears in The Silmarillion ,
114-616: A Beleriandic dialect of Sindarin , but it can also be translated "blossom". The epithet Tinúviel was given to her by Beren. It literally means "daughter of the starry twilight", which signifies " nightingale ". The name Beren means "brave" in Sindarin . Beren saw Lúthien dancing under moonrise in her father's forest, and fell in love with her, captivated by her beauty. He stood in the shadows wishing to be near enough to Lúthien to touch her, but Daeron, her childhood friend and partner in music and dance, noticed Beren and, believing him to be
171-440: A century for The Tale of Beren and Lúthien , mirroring the tale of Second Lieutenant Tolkien watching Edith dancing in a woodland glade far from the "animal horror" of the trenches , to reach publication. Garth finds "much to relish", as the tale changes through "several gears" until finally it "attains a mythic power". Beren's enemy changes from a cat-demon to the "Necromancer" and eventually to Sauron. Garth comments that if this
228-475: A cloak to lull her guards to sleep, and ran from her prison. On her way to rescue Beren, she found Huan, the Hound of Valinor , and was taken to his master Celegorm. He, plotting to force her to marry him, offered to help her, asking her to follow him to Nargothrond . When she arrived, Celegorm held her hostage and forbade her to talk to anyone else. Huan took pity on her, betraying his master, and freed her. Huan
285-728: A compendious narrative, made long afterwards from sources of great diversity (poems, and annals, and oral tales)". Nagy infers from verse-like fragments of text in The Silmarillion that the poetry of Beleriand used alliteration , rhyme , and rhythm including possibly iambics . This applies to the Ainulindalë , Tolkien's account of the godlike Ainur : and they built lands and Melkor destroyed them ; valleys they delved and Melkor raised them up ; mountains they carved and Melkor threw them down ; seas they hollowed and Melkor spilled them ; It applies, too, to
342-451: A deep concern with moral issues; in other works, the conflict is a power struggle, with, for instance, wizards behaving irresponsibly whether they are "good" or "evil". Role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons with campaign settings like Dragonlance by Tracy Hickman and Margaret Weis and Forgotten Realms by Ed Greenwood are a common basis for many fantasy books and many other authors continue to contribute to
399-491: A deep sleep. She awakened Beren, and he cut a Silmaril from Morgoth's crown. As he tried for another Silmaril, his blade snapped, striking Morgoth's cheek. Lúthien and Beren fled to the gates, where the werewolf Carcharoth attacked them. Beren thrust the Silmaril into its face, but it bit off Beren's hand, swallowing it and the Silmaril. Lúthien sucked out the venom, and with her failing power tried to restore Beren. Huan summoned
456-743: A generalization of the tale. The philologist and Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien based the tale of Beren and Lúthien on the classical legend of Orpheus in the underworld, and embroiders this framework with story elements from multiple folktales, myths, and legends. These include the Finnish Kalevala , the Welsh Mabinogion , the Norse Saga of the Volsungs , the Icelandic Prose Edda ,
513-663: A man of the royal House of Bëor of Dorthonion. In contrast, Lúthien's descendant Arwen was called Evenstar , the Evening Star of the Elves, meaning that her beauty reflects that of Lúthien. Lúthien was first cousin once removed of Galadriel (also Arwen's grandmother), whose mother, Eärwen of Alqualondë , was the daughter of Thingol's brother. The story of Lúthien and Beren is mirrored in The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen . The name Lúthien appears to mean "daughter of flowers" in
570-618: A mortal herself, accepting the Doom of Men. She chose Beren and mortality. Lúthien and Beren dwelt together in Ossiriand until after the sack of Menegroth . Their abode was Dor Firn-i-Guinar : the "Land of the Dead that Lived". They had a son, Dior. Thingol received the Nauglamír from Húrin , who had recovered it from the ruins of Nargothrond . Thingol decided to unite the greatest works of
627-552: A mythology for England rooted in the region. The scholar Gergely Nagy has found possible signs of the structure and style of Beleriand's poetry in the prose of The Silmarillion . Events in Beleriand are described chiefly in the second half of the Quenta Silmarillion , which tells the story of the early ages of Middle-earth in a style similar to the epic hero tales of Norse mythology . Beleriand also appears in
SECTION 10
#1732783158185684-400: A pervasive sense of doom over the character's actions. Beleriand also appears in the works The Book of Lost Tales , The Children of Húrin , and in the epic poems of The Lays of Beleriand . Tolkien tried many names for the region in his early writings, among them Broceliand , the name of an enchanted forest in medieval romance, and Ingolondë, a play on "England" when he hoped to create
741-411: A play on "England", part of Tolkien's long-held but ultimately unsuccessful aim to create what Shippey calls "a mighty patron for his country, a foundation-myth more far-reaching than Hengest and Horsa , one to which he could graft his own stories." Tolkien's aim had been to root his mythology for England in the scraps of names and myths that had survived, and to situate it in a land in the northwest of
798-509: A song of the suffering of Elves and Men, the greatest ever sung. This proved effective: it was the only time that Mandos ever acted out of pity. He summoned Beren from the houses of the dead, and Lúthien's spirit met his by the shores of the sea. Mandos consulted with Manwë , King of Arda . Even Manwë could not change the fate of Men, and so he gave Lúthien a choice: to live in Valinor, but without Beren; or to return to Middle-earth with Beren as
855-461: A vision of Beren lying suffering in the pits of Sauron , Lord of Werewolves. Her mother told her that Beren was captive in Sauron 's dungeons. Lúthien decided to save Beren, asking Daeron for help, but he betrayed her to Thingol. Thingol then had her guarded in the high branches of a beech tree. Daeron was filled with remorse; Lúthien forgave him and devised a plan to escape. She enchanted her hair into
912-440: A wild animal, shouted for Lúthien to flee. She saw Beren's shadow and ran away. One day in summer when Lúthien was dancing on a green hill surrounded by hemlocks , she sang, awakening Beren. He ran to her, and again she tried to escape and he cried Tinúviel . When Lúthien gazed upon him she reciprocated his love. He kissed her, but she slipped away and he fell into a deep sleep. In his hour of despair, she appeared before him, and in
969-400: Is a subgenre of fantasy defined by the epic nature of its setting or by the epic stature of its characters , themes , or plot . High fantasy is usually set in an alternative, fictional ("secondary") world , rather than the "real" or "primary" world. This secondary world is usually internally consistent, but its rules differ from those of the primary world. By contrast, low fantasy
1026-471: Is a "plausible" model for the hunt of Carcharoth the wolf. On the other hand, he writes, the incomplete fulfilment of Chief Giant Yspaddaden 's list of items to be supplied for Olwen's hand in marriage does not match the attempt to meet Thingol's demand for the Silmaril, and "the scenes aren't like each other at all!" The Tolkien scholar John Garth , writing in the New Statesman , notes that it took
1083-407: Is an orphan or unusual sibling, and frequently portrayed with an extraordinary talent for magic or combat. They begin the story young, if not as an actual child, or are portrayed as being very weak and/or useless. The hero often begins as a childlike figure, but matures rapidly, experiencing a considerable gain in fighting/problem-solving abilities along the way. The progress of the story leads to
1140-583: Is characterized by being set on Earth, the primary or real world, or a rational and familiar fictional world with the inclusion of magical elements. The romances of William Morris , such as The Well at the World's End , set in an imaginary medieval world, are sometimes regarded as the first examples of high fantasy. The works of J. R. R. Tolkien —especially The Lord of the Rings —are regarded as archetypal works of high fantasy . The term "high fantasy"
1197-491: Is not considered to include the sword and sorcery genre. High fantasy has often been defined by its themes and messages. " Good versus evil " is a common one in high fantasy, and defining the character of evil is often an important theme in a work of high fantasy, such as The Lord of the Rings . The importance of the concept of good and evil can be regarded as the distinguishing mark between high fantasy and sword and sorcery. In many works of high fantasy, this conflict marks
SECTION 20
#17327831581851254-607: Is then fulfilled. The Brothers Grimm folktale " The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs " sets such a task, the King requiring the boy to obtain three golden hairs from the Devil's beard. Another is the hound Cafall , matching Tolkien's Huan, hound of Valinor. Shippey and Richard C. West have warned that claims about Tolkien's use of sources must be cautious, because as Tolkien said, he thoroughly boiled down his "soup" from
1311-551: The Church of England for his sake upon their marriage; this was a difficult decision for her that caused her much hardship, paralleling the difficulties and suffering of Lúthien from choosing mortality. Edith and J. R. R. Tolkien lie in Wolvercote Cemetery in north Oxford . Their gravestone shows the association of Lúthien with Edith, and Tolkien with Beren. High fantasy High fantasy , or epic fantasy ,
1368-512: The Dwarves and the Elves – the Nauglamír and the Silmaril – and hired Dwarf smiths from Nogrod. The Dwarves murdered Thingol and took the Nauglamír. Beren and an army of Green Elves and Ents waylaid the returning Dwarves. Beren reclaimed the Nauglamír, and Lúthien kept the necklace and the great jewel all her life. This hastened Beren's and Lúthien's end, since her beauty enhanced by the jewel
1425-465: The Eagles of Manwë , who carried them to Doriath. Lúthien healed Beren, and together they stood before her father's throne. Beren told Thingol that the quest was fulfilled, and that he held a Silmaril in his hand. When Thingol demanded to see it, Beren showed him his stump. The couple then explained what had happened. They were married before Thingol's throne that day. Meanwhile, Carcharoth slaughtered all
1482-667: The epic poem The Lay of Leithian , the Grey Annals section of The War of the Jewels , and in the texts collected in the 2017 book Beren and Lúthien . Their story is told to Frodo by Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings . The story of Lúthien and Beren, immortal elf-maiden marrying a mortal man and choosing mortality for herself, is mirrored in Tolkien's The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen . The names Beren and Lúthien appear on
1539-596: The mortal man Beren is considered the "chief" of the Silmarillion tales by Tolkien himself; he called it "the kernel of the mythology". Elrond was Lúthien's great-grandson and Aragorn was descended from her via Elros and the Royal Family of Númenor . She is described as the Morning Star of the Elves and as the most beautiful daughter of the one god, Ilúvatar . Beren was the son of Emeldir and Barahir,
1596-577: The Ered Luin, the Blue Mountains. Beleriand had many different names in Tolkien's early writings, including Broceliand , the name of an enchanted forest in medieval romance, Golodhinand, Noldórinan ("valley of the Noldor"), Geleriand, Bladorinand, Belaurien, Arsiriand, Lassiriand, and Ossiriand (later used for the easternmost part of Beleriand). One of Beleriand's early names was Ingolondë,
1653-574: The Hidden Kingdom of Doriath set her hand in his and cradled his head against her breast. From then on they met secretly. Daeron, who also loved her, reported her meetings with Beren to her father. Though Melian warned her husband against it, Thingol was determined not to let Beren marry his daughter, and set a seemingly impossible task as the bride price : Beren had to bring him one of the Silmarils from Morgoth 's Iron Crown. Lúthien had
1710-651: The Noldor kingdoms Nargothrond and Gondolin fall to assaults, assisted by betrayals and disputes among Elves, Men, and Dwarves . Finally, Earendil crosses the Belegaer Sea to ask the Valar to stop Morgoth. They send an army to overcome Morgoth in the War of Wrath . This ends the First Age of Middle-earth: Angband is destroyed, and Morgoth is banished to the void. Beleriand's inhabitants flee, and much of Beleriand sinks into
1767-526: The Old English Genesis B , and the German folktale " Rapunzel ". Shippey comments that Tolkien "had not yet freed himself from his sources – as if trying to bring in all the older bits of literature that he liked instead of forging a story with an impetus of its own." Peter Astrup Sundt draws multiple parallels between Beren and Orpheus . More precisely, he compares both Beren and Lúthien and
Lúthien and Beren - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-617: The Prince of Cats, a monstrous cat who is the principal enemy of the Valinorean hound Huan . However Tolkien initially created the character of Beren as a mortal man before this in an even earlier but erased version of the tale. The story is also told in an epic poem in The Lays of Beleriand , upon which most of the finer details of her life and relationship to Beren is extracted from in this article, since The Silmarillion provides only
1881-587: The Rings . Instead, the prose of The Silmarillion hints repeatedly at the style of its "lost" poetry. Nagy notes David Bratman 's description of the book as containing prose styles that he classifies as "the Annalistic, [the] Antique, and the Appendical". The implication of the range of styles is that The Silmarillion is meant to represent, in Christopher Tolkien 's words, "a compilation,
1938-589: The Silmaril; and by getting Mandos to restore both of them to life. In the original myth, Eurydice meets "a second death", soon followed by the griefstruck Orpheus, whereas Tolkien has Lúthien and Beren enjoy "a second life" after their "resurrection". Robert Steed, in Mallorn , argues that Tolkien echoes and "creatively adapts" the medieval theme of the Harrowing of Hell , in the tale of Lúthien and Beren, and in other places. The medieval tale holds that Christ spent
1995-744: The Volsungs , the Prose Edda , and the folktale " Rapunzel ". Lúthien was a Telerin ( Sindarin ) princess , the only child of Elu Thingol , king of Doriath , and his queen, Melian the Maia , making her half-royal, half-divine. She was born in the Years of the Trees , according to the Grey Annals . At her birth, the white flower niphredil bloomed for the first time in Doriath. Lúthien's romance with
2052-405: The character's learning the nature of the unknown forces against them, that they constitute a force with great power and malevolence. The villains in such stories are usually completely evil and unrelatable. "High fantasy" often serves as a broad term to include a number of different flavors of the fantasy genre, including epic fantasy , mythic fantasy, dark fantasy , and wuxia . It typically
2109-512: The characters in the tale. Shippey writes that the human race seen in Beleriand in the First Age did not "originate 'on stage' in Beleriand, but drifts into it, already sundered in speech, from the East [the main part of Middle-earth]. There something terrible has happened to them of which they will not speak: 'A darkness lies behind us... and we have turned our backs upon it'". He comments that
2166-573: The classical character, as it is Lúthien not Beren who has magical powers, and far from playing a passive Eurydice to be rescued, or not, from the underworld, she too goes to sing for Mandos , the Vala who watches over the souls of the dead. Ben Eldon Stevens adds that Tolkien's retelling contrasts sharply with the myth. Where Orpheus nearly manages to retrieve Eurydice from Hades, Lúthien rescues Beren three times – from Sauron's fortress-prison of Tol-in-Gaurhoth, involving singing; from Morgoth's Angband, with
2223-503: The continent, by the sea. Shippey writes that the Quenta Silmarillion has a tightly-woven plot, each part leading ultimately to tragedy. There are three Hidden Elvish Kingdoms in Beleriand, founded by relatives, and they are each betrayed and destroyed. The Kingdoms are each penetrated by a mortal Man, again all related to each other; and the sense of doom, which Shippey glosses as "future disaster", hangs heavy over all of
2280-405: The couple fled. As she slept, he went to Angband to get the Silmaril. Lúthien and Huan disguised themselves as Morgoth's vampire Thuringwethil and the werewolf Draugluin. She found Beren and they reached the throne of Morgoth, but he saw through Lúthien's disguise. She declared herself and offered to sing for Morgoth. Filled with an evil lust, he accepted, but she put him and his entire court into
2337-520: The evil Vala Morgoth , but they are resented by the Teleri. Later, Men arrive from the east. Morgoth gathers an army of Orcs , Balrogs and other monsters in his fortress of Angband beneath the Thangorodrim mountains in the north of Beleriand, and attacks the Elves repeatedly. Despite the threat, Thingol refuses to fight alongside the Noldor. One by one, the realm of Doriath as well as
Lúthien and Beren - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-448: The grave of Tolkien and his wife Edith. Scholars have noted the many sources that Tolkien used in constructing the story. It is based principally on the classical tale of Orpheus and Eurydice in the underworld, supplemented by multiple story elements from myths, legends, and folktales from different periods. These include the Finnish Kalevala , the Welsh Mabinogion , the Saga of
2451-657: The keys of his tower; he fled in the shape of a vampire. Lúthien destroyed the Tower. Finding the seemingly dead Beren, she fell down beside him in grief, but with the rising sun he awoke and they were reunited. Huan returned to Celegorm. Beren pleaded with Lúthien to return to her father, but she refused. As they were about to embrace, Celegorm and Curufin appeared, exiled because of Lúthien's escape from Nargothrond. Seeking revenge, they fought Beren, and Huan again fought on Lúthien's side. Beren defeated them, but spared their lives at Lúthien's request. Beren stole one of their horses, and
2508-518: The living beings he came across in his frenzied flight, both empowered and tormented by the jewel burning his stomach. Beren, Thingol, Huan, and other Elves went to defeat the beast. Beren was attacked by the wolf; Huan killed the beast, but died of his wounds. Beren was carried to Doriath, where he died in Lúthien's arms. In grief, Lúthien lay down and died, going to the Halls of Mandos . There she sang
2565-471: The narrative of Elves and Men in the Beleriand landscape, in the Quenta Silmarillion : But there was a d eep w ay under the mountains d elved in the d arkness of the w orld by the w aters that flowed out to join the s treams of S irion. In a few places, it is possible to relate the adapted verse in the prose to actual verse in Tolkien's legendarium . This can be done, for instance, in parts of
2622-474: The original "bones of the ox" of his sources. Shippey agrees with Alex Lewis and Elizabeth Currie that Tolkien very likely used the Mabinogion , as he certainly knew "Culhwch and Olwen", but finds their suggestion that Tolkien also used von Eschenbach's Parzival as an Arthurian source improbable, stating that "similarity does not prove connection". Shippey adds that the hunt of the giant boar Twrch Trwyth
2679-460: The pit of despair lifted her up, and they looked again upon one another; and the day rising over dark hills shone upon them." Several scholars, from Randel Helms onwards, have noted that Tolkien's tale of Beren and Lúthien shares elements with folktales such as the Welsh " Culhwch and Olwen ". One of these is the disapproving parent who sets a seemingly impossible task (or tasks) for the suitor, which
2736-662: The reader is free to assume that the Satanic Morgoth has carried out the Biblical serpent 's temptation of Adam and Eve , and that "the incoming Edain and Easterlings are all descendants of Adam flying from Eden and subject to the curse of Babel ." The Tolkien scholar Gergely Nagy , writing in 2004, notes that The Silmarillion does not contain explicitly embedded samples of Beleriand's poetry in its prose, as Tolkien had done with his many poems in The Lord of
2793-588: The sea. Only a small section of the eastern edge of Beleriand survives, including part of the Ered Luin (Blue Mountain) range and the land of Lindon , which became part of the far northwestern shore of Middle-earth. Beleriand is a region in the far northwest of Middle-earth , bordering the great sea, Belegaer . It is bounded to the north by the Ered Engrin, the Iron Mountains, and to the east by
2850-418: The settings. Doriath (Middle-earth) In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional legendarium , Beleriand ( IPA: [bɛˈlɛ.ri.and] ) was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age . Events in Beleriand are described chiefly in his work The Silmarillion , which tells the story of the early ages of Middle-earth in a style similar to the epic hero tales of Nordic literature, with
2907-533: The time between his crucifixion and resurrection down in Hell, setting the Devil's captives free with the irresistible power of his divine light. The motif, Steed suggests, involves a multi-step sequence: Steed describes the tale " Of Beren and Lúthien " as an instance, where Lúthien sets Beren free from Sauron's imprisonment. Beren is freed from darkness, Lúthien from despair, so, Steed remarks, both of them take on aspects of Christ: But Beren coming back to light out of
SECTION 50
#17327831581852964-525: The works The Book of Lost Tales , The Children of Húrin , and in the epic poems of The Lays of Beleriand . The land is occupied by Teleri Elves of King Thingol from the east, who founded the city of Menegroth in the forest realm of Doriath. Other Elves, the Vanyar and Noldor , cross the Belegaer sea to Valinor . Some of the Noldor return to Beleriand to retrieve the Silmarils from
3021-530: Was coined by Lloyd Alexander in a 1971 essay, "High Fantasy and Heroic Romance", which was originally given at the New England Round Table of Children's Librarians in October 1969. Many high fantasy stories are told from the viewpoint of one main hero. Often, much of the plot revolves around their heritage or mysterious nature, along with a world-threatening problem. In many novels the hero
3078-503: Was granted the power to speak, and together they escaped from Nargothrond. They came to Sauron's Isle, and Lúthien sang a call to Beren. He answered, but Sauron heard her song and sent wolves to slay Huan, but Huan killed them, one by one. Finally, Sauron transformed himself into the most powerful of all werewolves and went out. Huan flinched, but Lúthien smothered Sauron's lunge in her enchanted cloak. Sauron changed into different shapes, but Huan bested him. Lúthien forced Sauron to surrender
3135-532: Was supposed to be the lost ancestor of the Rapunzel fairytale , then it definitely portrays a modern "female-centred fairy-tale revisioning" with a Lúthien who may be fairer than mortal tongue can tell, but is also more resourceful than her lover. In a letter to his son Christopher , dated 11 July 1972, Tolkien requested the inscription below for his wife Edith 's grave "for she was (and knew she was) my Lúthien." He added, "I never called Edith Luthien – but she
3192-525: Was the source of the story.... It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks at Roos in Yorkshire where ... she was able to live with me for a while." In a footnote to this letter, Tolkien added "she knew the earliest form of the legend...also the poem eventually printed as Aragorn's song." Particularly affecting for Tolkien was Edith's conversion to the Catholic Church from
3249-520: Was too bright for mortal lands to bear. Elrond and Arwen were descendants of Lúthien, as was Aragorn , a descendant of Elrond's brother Elros. In the various versions of The Tale of Tinúviel , Tolkien's earliest form of the tale, as published in The Book of Lost Tales , her original name is Tinúviel . Beren is, in this earlier version, an Elf (specifically a Noldo , or Gnome ), and Sauron has not yet emerged. In his place, they face Tevildo ,
#184815