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69-581: A hound is a type of hunting dog used by hunters to track or chase prey. Hounds can be contrasted with gun dogs that assist hunters by identifying prey and/or recovering shot quarry. The hound breeds were the first hunting dogs . They have either a powerful sense of smell, great speed, or both. There are three types of hound, with several breeds type: Dog type Dog types are broad categories of domestic dogs based on form, function, or style of work, lineage, or appearance. Some may be locally adapted dog types (or landraces ) that may have

138-402: A "type" fixes a name to a taxon . Dog fanciers use the term "breed type" in the sense of "qualities (as of bodily contour and carriage) that are felt to indicate excellence in members of a group". "Breed type" is specific to each dog breed's written standard . A dog that closely resembles the appearance laid out in the standard is said to be "typey". "Type" also is used to refer to "dogs of

207-541: A Greek oracle, the latter being a well-established religious sanctuary of Zeus since at least the Geometric Age (c. 1100–800 BC). Aristotle stated that " Hellas " was located around Dodona and Achelous . Moreover, according to Malkin, two of the three comprehensive names used for the Greeks still in use to this day ( Graikoi , Hellenes and Ionians) are associated with Dodona and Epirus. Aristotle also considered

276-595: A distinctive conformation." Human manipulation was very indirect. In a very few cases emperors, monasteries, or wealthy hunters might maintain lines of special dogs, from which we have today's Pekingese , St. Bernards , and foxhounds . At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only a few dogs identified as breeds, but when dog fighting was outlawed in England in 1835, a new sport of dog showing began. Along with this sport came rules, written records, and closed stud books . Dog fanciers began refining breeds from

345-407: A much lower cost of transportation. In comparison, at least 65,000 Sardinians and many other tribes were enslaved in the same year. However, recent research and new interpretations on the scale of the devastation has challenged those traditional views by some contemporary authors, as such those claims about 70 razed settlements and 150,000 captured slaves were not exact, but symbolic figures. Though

414-478: A new chronology for some inscriptions in Dodona (from early 4th century to one century later), if accurate this would have larger implications about local history, but not all historians will be convinced by the interpretations suggested in this account and further investigation is needed. In terms of religion they worshipped the same gods like the rest of the Greeks. No traces of non-Greek deities were found until

483-519: A new coinage was issued with the legend Epirotes . After Alexander's I death, Aeacides of Epirus , who succeeded him, espoused the cause of Olympias against Cassander , but was dethroned in 313 BC. Aeacides's son Pyrrhus came to the throne in 295 BC. Pyrrhus, being a skillful general, was encouraged to aid the Greeks of Tarentum and decided to initiate a major offensive in the Italian peninsula and Sicily . Due to its superior martial abilities,

552-529: A rival tribe the Chaonians – a Roman ally – who in order to gain command of the region, pushed for the extermination of the Molossians. This interpretation is based on the negative assessment of Charops, already in ancient sources, as Polybius calls him "the most savage and degenerate of all men". The modern interpretation of the events, focuses more on the structural reasons which led to this decision by

621-488: A specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs. The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, The Art of Venery (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type);

690-476: A story that was related to him, according to which, the Molossian king Tharrhypas was the first in his dynasty to become renowned, as he organized his cities on a system of Greek customs, rules and regulations. He was probably responsible for the earliest known decrees of the Molossian state in 370–368   BC, during the reign of his grandson Neoptolemus I; though, the institutions originated much earlier, and

759-470: A substantial power, unified under the auspices of the Epirote League as a federal state with its own parliament (or synedrion ). In the following years, Epirus faced the growing threat of the expansionist Roman Republic , which fought a series of wars with Macedonia. The League remained neutral in the first two Macedonian Wars . However, they sided with the anti-Roman Macedonian-Illyrian pact in

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828-416: A well established line", an identifiable style of dog within the "breed type", usually from a specific kennel. In 2011, a study found that herding dogs were more trainable than hounds , toy dogs, and non-sporting dogs. Sporting dogs were more trainable than non-sporting dogs. Terriers were bolder than hounds and herding dogs. Breeds with ancient Asian or African origin were less trainable than breeds in

897-526: Is Proxenus of Atarneus (early 4th century BC). This use of names from Iliad was contrary to ancient Greek name giving customs of classical antiquity in which names from the Iliad were not given to living people. When the ruling class of the Molossians began to construct such a genealogy is unclear. The various theories place it chronologically from a post-Odyssey framework to the 5th century BC. The initial reasons for doing so are also debated. The conflict with

966-409: Is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel , a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, " raches " (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), terriers , "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" ( lapdogs ?) and prick-eared curs , and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts." Almost 100 years later, another book in English, De Canibus Britannicus , by

1035-519: Is also attested by the available epigraphic evidence in Epirus. Eugene Borza argues that the Molossians originated from those Proto-Greek tribes that inhabited northwestern Greece in c. 2.600 BC. Linguist Vladimir Georgiev argues that northwestern Greece, including Molossia, was part of the proto-Greek region, before the Late Bronze Age migrations. After the split of proto-Greek (c. 1700 BC)

1104-418: Is compared against the ideal of the written standard, and awards are based on how closely the dog resembles the standard. Their origin comes from the earliest European cynegetica: on a "sound hunting dog" see Xenophon , and the "correct type" of good sighthound, the vertragus , see Arrian . Note 2 : Many modern breeds of dogs still use the names of early types, although they may or may not resemble

1173-540: Is decisive because only Greeks were allowed to participate in the Panhellenic games and festivals. The list, which was compiled in 360 BC, includes the sacred envoys (members of the ruling family of each tribe or subtribe) of the Molossians, Kassopeans , Chaonians and Thesprotians . The oracle of Dodona was located in the center of the homeland of the Molossians, the Molossis, which has always been regarded as

1242-618: Is often used for a victory with devastating cost to the victor. In 233 BC, the last surviving member of the Aeacid royal house, Deidamia , was murdered. Her death brought the Epirote royal family to an abrupt extinction and a federal republic was set up. The reasons for the swift fall of the Aeacid dynasty were probably complex. Aetolian pressure must have played a part, and the alliance with Macedonia may have been unpopular; in addition, there were perhaps social tensions. However, Epirus remained

1311-526: The Canis melitaeus of lapdogs descended from ancient Roman pet dogs to the even more ancient Canis molossus , the Molossan types, to the Canis saultor , the dancing mongrel of beggars. These types were uniform enough to appear to have been selectively bred, but as Raymond Coppinger wrote, "Natural processes can produce, could produce, and do produce populations of unusual and uniform dogs, that is, dogs with

1380-613: The Carthaginian fortress in Eryx , Sicily. This prompted the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities to defect to Pyrrhus. His Italian campaign came to an end following the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum (275 BC). Having lost the vast majority of his army, he decided to return to Epirus, which finally resulted in the loss of all his Italian holdings. Because of his costly victories, the term " Pyrrhic victory "

1449-609: The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) alone. Dog types today are recognized in the names of Group or Section categories of dog breed registries . Named types of dogs that are not dog breeds are still being used where function or use is more important than appearance, especially for herding or hunting, as with the herding dog types of New Zealand that are described by their exact function (Heading Dog, Huntaway , Stopping Dog, etc.—functional terms, not necessarily breed names). For biologists,

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1518-891: The Greeks and Romans for hunting ( canis venaticus ) and to watch over the house and livestock ( canis pastoralis ). "Never, with them on guard," says Virgil, "need you fear for your stalls a midnight thief, or onslaught of wolves, or Iberian brigands at your back." Strabo records that the Thesprotians, Molossians and Macedonians referred to old men as pelioi (πελιοί) and old women as peliai (πελιαί) (< PIE *pel- , "grey"). Cf. Ancient Greek πέλεια peleia , " pigeon ", so-called because of its dusky grey color. Ancient Greek πελός pelos meant "grey". Their senators were called Peligones (Πελιγόνες), similar to Macedonian Peliganes (Πελιγᾶνες). The Molossian ruling dynasty claimed to be descended from mythological Molossus , one of

1587-801: The Lamian War . Pyrrhus was a second cousin of Alexander the Great . Moreover, Olympias , the mother of Alexander the Great, was a member of this celebrated sovereign house. During the Late Bronze Age the Molossians were probably located over much of the central and western ranges of the Pindos . They were among the known Greek tribes of the Mycenaean period (1600–1100 BC) after the Proto-Greek split. The area of Pogoni has been regarded as

1656-549: The Orestae and the Paroroi ) —from the region of north Pindus—a region which had evidently entered Molossian rule. The state officials now were: the king, the prostates, the secretary (grammateus) and a board of fifteen synarchontes ( Greek : συνάρχοντες ), literally meaning "co-rulers", instead of the earlier ten damiourgoi. The king also held the military command as an ' Aeacidae '; a descendant of Achilles. An inscription from

1725-599: The Thessalian tribes to the east (who claimed similar mythological ancestry as the later Molossians) and the beginning of the Hellenization of the Molossians in the 5th century BC have been argued as contributing factors for these constructions. An important point is that the function of this construction of a fictional genealogy by the ruling dynasty of the Molossians was not to Hellenize the ethnic origin of their people, but to heroize their house. In this context,

1794-700: The Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). After the Roman victory, a total of 150,000 Epirotes, mostly Molossians, were enslaved and sent to Italy, by decision of the Roman Senate. This decision is the only such act of the Roman senate and the largest, single, slave-hunting operation in Roman history. In the following years, Epirote slaves in Italy outnumbered slaves of other origins and the majority of slave marriages were between Epirotes. In historiography,

1863-524: The 13th–12th century B.C and Vitsa (from 9th century B.C). At the earliest burial at Liatovouni Mycenaean weapons were unearthed. This Molossian cemetery consist of a total of 103 burials and was in use until late 5th to early 4th century B.C. A large Molossian cemetery, was also found at Koutsokrano, Pogoni. Molossians were also among the Greek colonists that reached the Ionian shore of Asia Minor during

1932-659: The 4th century stated (referring to Alexander I of Epirus ): When King was Alexandros when of Molossoi prostatas was Aristomachos Omphalas secretary was Menedamos Omphalas resolved by the assembly of the Molossoi; Kreston is benefactor hence to give citizenship to Kteson and descent line The shrine of Dodona was used for the display of public decisions. Despite having a monarchy, the Molossians sent princes to Athens to learn of democracy, and they did not consider certain aspects of democracy incompatible with their form of government. The typical emblem inscribed on Molossian coins

2001-462: The 5th century BC, and notes that it may have been the prestige language without the Molossians themselves necessarily being regarded as Greeks. Moreover, Malkin specifies that they were Greek-speakers, though not universally regarded as "Greek" by other Greeks. According to Johannes Engels, however, the way of life in Epirus was more archaic than that in the Corinthian and Corcyrean colonies on

2070-592: The Epirote army defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea (280 BC). Subsequently, Pyrrhus's forces nearly reached the outskirts of Rome, but had to retreat to avoid an unequal conflict with a more numerous Roman army. The following year, Pyrrhus invaded Apulia (279 BC) and the two armies met in the Battle of Asculum where the Epirotes won the eponymous Pyrrhic victory , at a high cost. In 277 BC, Pyrrhus captured

2139-410: The Epirotes spoke was regarded as a primitive Northwestern Greek dialect, but there was no question that it was Greek. Earlier historians ( Nilsson (1909 and 1951), Meyer (1878)) argued for a possible partial Hellenization of pre-classical Epirus, with Greek elites ruling over a population of non-Greek origin. However, such views were based on subjective ancient testimonies and are not supported by

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2208-480: The Epirotes were more similar to the Macedonians and the non-Greek Illyrians than to those ancient Greeks who were organized in city-states . A wider hellenization process among Molossians and other Epirotes continued after the Roman conquest, nevertheless most scholars don't object the fact that they were Greek in terms of language. In the view of Irad Malkin, following Hammond, Greek was spoken at least since

2277-611: The Hellenistic age (with the introduction of oriental deities in the Greek world). Their supreme deity was Zeus and the Oracle of Dodona found in the land of the Molossians attracted pilgrims from all over the Greek world. As with the rest of the Epirotes they were included in the thearodokoi catalogues where only Greeks were allowed to participate in Panhellenic Games and festivals. In ancient Greece common descent

2346-490: The Illyrians loot freely. The stratagem worked, and the Molossians fell upon the Illyrians, who were encumbered with booty, and defeated them. In 330 BC, upon Alexander the Molossian's death, the term "Epirus" appears as a single political unit in the ancient Greek records for the first time, under the leadership of the Molossian dynasty. Subsequently, the coinages of the three major Epirote tribal groups came to an end, and

2415-442: The Molossian led an expedition in southern Italy in support of the Greek cities of Magna Graecia against the nearby Italian tribes and the emerging Roman Republic . After some successes on the battlefield, he was defeated by a coalition of Italic tribes at the Battle of Pandosia in 331 BC. In another Illyrian attack in 360 BC, the Molossian king Arymbas (or Arybbas) evacuated his non-combatant population to Aetolia and let

2484-401: The Molossian princess Olympias , niece of Arybbas of Epirus , married King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359–336 BC). She was to become the mother of Alexander the Great . On the death of Arybbas, Alexander the Molossian , uncle of Alexander the Great of Macedon, succeeded to the throne with the title King of Epirus . In 334 BC, the time Alexander the Great crossed into Asia, Alexander I

2553-401: The Molossian state closer to Athens (the traditional enemy of Sparta). The ruling Molossian Aeacidae dynasty managed to create the first centralized state in Epirus c.  370 BC , expanding their power at the expense of rival tribes. The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of Macedon , in part against the common threat of Illyrian raids, and in 359 BC

2622-460: The Romans rather than the personal politics of regional actors. The plague of 174 BC caused a great reduction of available labor in Italy, which was supplied almost exclusively by slave labor. In the following years, slave-hunting became a central feature of Roman campaigns. The Roman senate, which represented the landowning elite, specifically targeted the Molossians because of the proximity of their territory to Brundisium and Taranto would require

2691-556: The actual views of the Greeks regarding Epirus is the list of theorodokoi ( Ancient Greek : θεωρόδοκοι or θεαροδόκοι ; sacred envoy-receivers whose duty was to host and assist the theoroi (θεωροί, "viewers") before the Panhellenic games and festivals ), listing Greek cities and tribes, to which the major Panhellenic sanctuaries sent theoroi in Epidaurus , which includes all of the Epirotic tribes. The weight of this evidence

2760-491: The author/physician John Caius , translated (Fleming) from Latin in 1576, attempted the first systematic approach to defining different types of dogs in various categories, demonstrating an apparent increase in types and population. "English dogs": the gentle (i.e., well-bred) kind, serving game— harriers , terriers, bloodhounds , gazehounds , greyhounds, limers, tumblers, and stealers; "the homely kind"; "the currish kind", toys ; "Fowling dogs"— setters and spaniels; as well as

2829-472: The coast, but there was never a discussion about their Greekness. The ancient historians and geographers did not follow the scientific methods of modern linguists, who record in detail the speech of the groups they study; their information was based, more rarely on personal experiences, and mostly on the impressions of each of their informants, who as a rule, had neither philological training nor particularly linguistic interests. A far more reliable source about

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2898-411: The decision of the senate has been the subject of much debate, as the two main anti-Roman powers of the time in that region, the Macedonians and the Illyrians, suffered few consequences in contrast to the Molossians in terms of punishment. In past scholarship, the theory of Howard Hayes Scullard was the most recognized theory. He connected the measures taken by the Romans to Charops of Epirus , member of

2967-476: The dialect in which they are written is not, as was believed, the Doric of the Corinthian colonies, but a Northwest Greek dialect with several distinctive features, so as to rule out the case of it having been borrowed. In the early 4th century BC ( c.  370 –368 BC), the Molossian officials were the king, the prostatai ( Greek : προστάται ) literally meaning "protectors" like most Greek tribal states at

3036-490: The earliest epigraphic evidence. In modern research, the question of identity has arisen about what constituted the ancient Greek identity, with mode of life as the main criterion of ethnicity construction, regardless of what language they spoke. In each given historical era, the Molossians were regarded as "barbarians" by many contemporary Greeks, not on the basis of language, but because of their tribal way of life, their organization, and their pastoral economy. In this context,

3105-653: The faction of Molossian dynasty who had overthrown him and attempted to take power. Dionysius planned to control all the Ionian Sea. Sparta intervened and expelled the Illyrians who were led by Bardyllis . Even with the aid of 2,000 Greek hoplites and 500 suits of Greek armour, the Illyrians were defeated by the Spartans (led by Agesilaus ) but not before ravaging the region and killing 15,000 Molossians. Alcetas eventually managed to restore his power and brought

3174-540: The heartland of the Molossian tribes due to the large number of tumuli burials found in this region dating from that time. They initially lived in small unwalled settlements, kata komas , mainly scattered in the river valleys and lakeside areas of central Epirus. Among those settlements the most excavated were located in Liatovouni at the confluence of the Aoös and Voidomatis rivers at the valley of Konitsa established in

3243-402: The herding/sighthound cluster and the hunting breeds. Breeds in the mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the ancient breeds, the breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster, and the hunting breeds. Note 1 : Every modern dog breed has a written "standard" that describes in detail aspects of its appearance. Modern breed standards are the basis of the sport of dog showing, as each dog

3312-431: The king of the Molossians, having sacrificed to Zeus Areios as god of war, made a formal exchange of oaths with the Molossian tribes, swearing to rule in accordance to the laws. A later inscription, dating probably within the reign of Neoptolemus (shortly before c.  360 BC ), named the Molossian state as "koinon of the Molossians" and mentioned not only the previous ten tribes but also additional five (among them

3381-496: The late Classical or the Hellenistic era, in which they were under influence from a northwestern Doric dialect also used by the adjacent populations. The epigraphic corpus unearthed during the recent decades also yielded a great number of onomastics which is of Greek origin akin to the onomastic areas of Thessaly and Macedon. Based on these points the possibility of Greek being not the ancestral language among Epirotes can be easily rejected. Historian Elizabeth Meyer, in 2013 suggested

3450-615: The northern Greek dialect was spoken in Epirus. Greek speech continued to be spoken in Epirus from the beginning of the Mycenaean period (c.1600) and onwards. As such the Molossians were among the 32 known Greek tribes of the Mycenaean Age in particular after the split of Proto-Greek. N. G. L. Hammond (1982) argues that the Molossians and other Epirote tribes spoke Greek at least from the Dark Ages (1100–800 BC). The language

3519-456: The original types. Molossians According to Strabo , the Molossians, along with the Chaonians and Thesprotians , were the most famous among the fourteen tribes of Epirus, who once ruled over the whole region . The Chaonians ruled Epirus at an earlier time, and afterwards the Thesprotians and Molossians controlled the region. The Thesprotians, the Chaonians, and the Molossians were

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3588-403: The pack of running hounds , which included barcelets and brachetz (both scent hounds ); and the sighthound and greyhound . More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is The Master of Game (circa 1406) by Edward of York , a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt , greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel , and mastiff , used by

3657-450: The pastoral or shepherd types, mastiffs or bandogs , and various village dogs. Subtypes describing the function of dogs in each group were also included. "It is important", reminded Anne Rogers Clark and Andrew Brace, "not to claim great age for breeds, though it is quite legitimate to claim considerable antiquity for types of dogs". Attempts to classify dogs into different 'species' show that dog types could be quite distinctive, from

3726-449: The period of its colonization (1020–900 BC). The Molossian expansion in Epirus possibly began in the early 6th century BC. As such they became a leading power in the region already from the time of historian Hecataeus ( c.  550 –476 BC). Their expansion was primarily directed towards the Thesprotians. However, the nearby Chaonians also lost some pastures but they kept control of an area stretching from Grammos (ancient Boion) to

3795-473: The privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes. The Master of Game is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus (circa 1387). The Book of Saint Albans , published in 1486, a "school" book about hawking , hunting, fishing, and heraldry , attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there

3864-400: The purpose of the constructed genealogy was to provide the Molossian dynasty with a "cultural passport as Greeks" in their relations with other ruling houses. These genealogical claims from the Molossian ruling dynasty were part of a planned effort by them in order to use elements of Greek culture for their own political ends in order to dominate in regional power struggles. Plutarch writes

3933-482: The region around Dodona the region where the Hellenes originated. The first inscriptions come from Corinthian colonies or dedications to Dodona and are not representative of sites in Epirus, although some of the early Dodona tablets may be related to Epirus. The first epigraphic evidence in Epirus outside of Dodona and the nearby colonies dates from the beginning of 4th century BC. The Molossian decrees issued during

4002-540: The region witnessed widescale destruction the Greek language in Epirus showed remarkable vitality in the following centuries both in the cities as well as outside them. There is today an overall consensus that the Molossians were among the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, which spoke the North-West Doric dialect of Ancient Greek , akin to that of Aetolia, Phocis, and certain other regions, this

4071-404: The reign of king Neoptolemos I (370–368 BC) display considerable experience in the use of Greek language. They used a Greek dialect which was not borrowed by nearby Corinthian colonies, but a distinct northwestern Greek dialect similar to Akarnanian, Aetolian and Lokrian, which also exhibited several unique features. Thus, the possibility of being borrowed is rejected. Most inscriptions comes from

4140-516: The rest of Greece, precluding serious debate about the Greekness of the Epirotes, including the Molossians. The most famed member of the Molossian dynasty was Pyrrhus , who became famous for his several Pyrrhic victories in battle over the Romans . According to Plutarch , Pyrrhus was the son of Aeacides of Epirus and a Greek woman from Thessaly named Phthia , the daughter of a war hero in

4209-514: The ruling dynasty of the Molossians in classical antiquity constructed a prestigious genealogy going back to the Trojan War and then these names from the Trojan cycle were used for contemporary rulers of the dynasty like Neoptolemos and Pyrrhus of Epirus . In the case of the Molossian ruling class, the philosopher who has been credited with much of the mythological construction of their origins

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4278-481: The southwest of Ohrid-Prespa. The Epirotes were traditionally on friendly terms with the Corinthians , however in 5th century BC during the last decades of the reign of Tharyps , the Molossians adopted a pro- Athenian policy. This change had also its effects in trade. In 385 BC, Alcetas , the deposed Molossian king who was exiled to the court of Dionysius of Syracuse with aid by the Illyrians , attacked

4347-411: The three principal clusters of Greek tribes that had emerged from Epirus and were the most powerful among all other tribes. The Molossians were also renowned for their vicious hounds , which were used by shepherds to guard their flocks. This is where the canine breed Molossoid , native to Greece, received its name. Virgil tells us that in ancient Greece the heavier Molossian dogs were often used by

4416-426: The three sons of Neoptolemus , son of Achilles and Deidamia . Following the sack of Troy , Neoptolemus and his armies settled in Epirus where they joined with the local population. Molossus inherited the kingdom of Epirus after the death of Helenus , son of Priam and Hecuba of Troy, who had married his erstwhile sister-in-law Andromache after Neoptolemus's death. According to some historians, their first king

4485-404: The time, the grammateus ( Greek : γραμματεύς ) meaning "secretary", the hieromnemones (Greek: ἱερομνήμονες) literally meaning "of the sacred memory" and the ten damiourgoi (Greek: δημιουργοί) literally meaning "creators"; one each for the ten tribes which made up the Molossian group (Arctanes, Tripolies, Celaethoi, Genoaei, Ethnestes, Triphyles, Omphales , Onopernoi and Amymnoi. Once a year

4554-418: The various types of dogs in use. Some of the old types no longer needed for work (such as the wolfhound ) were remade and kept from extinction as show dogs, and other old types were refined into many new breeds. Sometimes, multiple new breeds might be born in the same litter of puppies. In 1873, only forty breeds and varieties were known; today, there are many hundreds of breeds, some 400 of them recognized by

4623-473: The visual characteristics of a modern purebred dog. In contrast, modern dog breeds strictly adhere to long-established breed standards , that began with documented foundation breeding stock sharing a common set of inheritable characteristics, developed by long-established, reputable kennel clubs that recognize the dog as a purebred. A "dog type" can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog , or more specifically, as in spaniel . Dogs raised and trained for

4692-517: Was Phaethon, one of those who came into Epirus with Pelasgus . According to Plutarch , Deucalion and Pyrrha , having set up the worship of Zeus at Dodona , settled there among the Molossians. At the time, among writers of the classical era these stories were not doubted . According to Johannes Engels (2010) in the Oxford Companion to Macedonia, genealogical links through the Trojan cycle and other myths strongly connected Epirus with

4761-655: Was demonstrated thorough genealogies and foundation legends. As such the local royal household, the settlements and tribes traced their origin to Achaean mythical heroes of the Mycenaean era. Such genealogies were known and widely accepted in Ancient Greece at least from the end of the Archaic period , as demonstrated in the poems of Pindar ( c.  518 – 438 BC) dedicated to the Achaean Neoptolemos. As such, in order to increase their prestige,

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