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52-705: Lüleburgaz is a hub for road and rail transportation, with the city being connected to Istanbul and Edirne by the Istanbul-Kapıkule Regional Train and to Plovdiv, Sofia, Belgrade, Bucharest and Budapest by the Bosphorus Express and the Istanbul-Sofia Express . Its best known attraction is the 16th-century Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque , named after the Grand Vizier Mehmet Paşa Sokolović and designed by

104-758: A pulmonary abscess in 1922. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Proust is known to have been homosexual ; his sexuality and relationships with men are often discussed by his biographers. Although his housekeeper, Céleste Albaret , denies this aspect of Proust's sexuality in her memoirs, her denial runs contrary to the statements of many of Proust's friends and contemporaries, including his fellow writer André Gide as well as his valet Ernest A. Forssgren. Proust never openly disclosed his homosexuality, though his family and close friends either knew or suspected it. In 1897, he fought

156-476: A social climber whose aspirations as a writer were hampered by his lack of self-discipline. His reputation from this period, as a snob and an amateur, contributed to his later troubles with getting Swann's Way , the first part of his large-scale novel, published in 1913. At this time, he attended the salons of Mme Straus , widow of Georges Bizet and mother of Proust's childhood friend Jacques Bizet, of Madeleine Lemaire and of Mme Arman de Caillavet , one of

208-458: A CFR sleeping car . Since the train uses electrified and non-electrified track, locomotives pulling the train also change. From Istanbul, the train is pulled by an E68000 electric locomotive to Kapıkule , where a BDŽ class-07 diesel locomotive becomes the motive power. At Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria, the BDŽ class-07 de-couples and either a BDŽ class-43 or a BDZ class-45 electric locomotive couples onto

260-498: A Catholic, but he never formally practised that faith. He later became an atheist and was something of a mystic . By the age of nine, Proust had had his first serious asthma attack, and thereafter he was considered a sickly child. Proust spent long holidays in the village of Illiers . This village, combined with recollections of his great-uncle's house in Auteuil, became the model for the fictional town of Combray, where some of

312-460: A book its size. That year Proust also began working on a novel, which was eventually published in 1952 and titled Jean Santeuil by his posthumous editors. Many of the themes later developed in In Search of Lost Time find their first articulation in this unfinished work, including the enigma of memory and the necessity of reflection; several sections of In Search of Lost Time can be read in

364-399: A duel with writer Jean Lorrain , who publicly questioned the nature of Proust's relationship with his Proust's lover Lucien Daudet ; both duellists survived. Despite Proust's public denials, his romantic relationship with composer Reynaldo Hahn and his infatuation with his chauffeur and secretary, Alfred Agostinelli, are well documented. On the night of 11 January 1918, Proust was one of

416-584: A factory in Lüleburgaz, as does its East Thracian division Trakya Cam ( Thrace Glass ). Founded in 2007, the women's football club, Düvenciler Lisesispor , played in the Turkish Women's First Football League after promotion from the Second League. In 2011 the team changed its name to Lüleburgaz 39 Spor and its colours from yellow-black to red-green. The club ended its participation in

468-474: A greater threat to society than the Church. He was equally critical of the right, lambasting "the insanity of the conservatives," whom he deemed "as dumb and ungrateful as under Charles X ," and referring to Pope Pius X 's obstinacy as foolish. Proust always rejected the bigoted and illiberal views harbored by many priests at the time, but believed that the most enlightened clerics could be just as progressive as

520-432: A novel on which he worked continually during this period. The rough outline of the work centred on a first-person narrator , unable to sleep, who during the night remembers waiting as a child for his mother to come to him in the morning. The novel was to have ended with a critical examination of Sainte-Beuve and a refutation of his theory that biography was the most important tool for understanding an artist's work. Present in

572-458: A regular society column in the journal Le Mensuel . In 1892, he was involved in founding a literary review called Le Banquet (also the French title of Plato 's Symposium ), and throughout the next several years Proust published small pieces regularly in this journal and in the prestigious La Revue Blanche . In 1896 Les plaisirs et les jours , a compendium of many of these early pieces,

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624-577: A residential bishopric, although the Diocese of Arcadiopolis survives as a Roman Catholic titular see . Marcel Lefebvre , the founder of the Society of Saint Pius X , was one of its titular bishops . Lüleburgaz came under Ottoman control during the early period of the Ottoman Empire 's enlargement to Balkans. The Battle of Lüleburgaz was fought between 28 October and 2 November 1912 during

676-561: Is a topic of debate. However, In Search of Lost Time discusses homosexuality at length and features several principal characters, both men and women, who are either homosexual or bisexual : the Baron de Charlus, Robert de Saint-Loup, Odette de Crécy, and Albertine Simonet. Homosexuality also appears as a theme in Les plaisirs et les jours and his unfinished novel, Jean Santeuil . Proust inherited much of his mother's political outlook, which

728-473: Is one of the most pro-European cities of Turkey; mayoral candidates advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections. Historically, the centre-left, secular and pro-European Republican People's Party (CHP) has dominated city politics. In the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum , 72.89% of the population of Lüleburgaz voted "no". In the 2018 Turkish general election

780-601: The First Balkan War . The city was occupied by the Greek army between 1920 and 1922, before becoming part of the Modern Turkish Republic. Lüleburgaz experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ), with hot, dry summers, and chilly, rainy, somewhat snowy winters. The economy of Lüleburgaz is mainly based on the industrial sector and agriculture. There are various factories around

832-662: The Ottoman chief architect Mimar Sinan who also designed a bridge for the city. The city used to be the capital of the Roman province of Europa , established by the Roman Emperor Diocletian in 294. The city's ancient name was Bergula but Emperor Theodosius I changed it to Arcadiopolis in honour of his son and successor Arcadius . The city of Arcadiopolis fell to Attila the Hun during his campaign against

884-495: The Romanian State Railways (CFR). The train serves several important cities including Istanbul , Edirne , Stara Zagora , and Bucharest . The train is pulled by a variety of locomotives in each country. Today the train consists of three or four cars usually supplied by the three railways. There are two couchettes , either TCDD Intercity stock or CFR 40-31/44-31 stock, a single coach, either TCDD or CFR, and

936-641: The Trans Balkan Express ( Turkish : Bosfor Ekspresi ), is an international passenger train running between Istanbul , Turkey and Bucharest , Romania . It runs together with the Istanbul-Sofia Express as far as Dimitrovgrad upon entering Bulgaria , where the latter continues to Sofia . The train is jointly operated by three national railways: the TCDD Taşımacılık (TCDD), the Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), and

988-464: The Byzantine forces defeat an invading Kievan - Pecheneg - Magyar force who were aiming to capture Constantinople , 100 miles (161 kilometres) to the east. As the capital of the Roman province of Europa , Acradiopolis had its own bishop , who was recorded as attending a number of important church councils; it was noted as an autocephalous archbishopric by the seventh century. It is no longer

1040-549: The Eastern Roman Empire in 443 AD. During the revolt of Thomas the Slav against Michael II , the city was Thomas' last refuge after the defection of his troops in 823. Michael II invested the city and after more than five months of siege, the exhausted and starving troops gave up their leader in exchange for an imperial pardon. Thomas was handed over on a donkey and tortured. The Battle of Arcadiopolis of 970 saw

1092-948: The city of Ruse on the Danube river. A diesel locomotive once again takes over, and it crosses the Danube via the Danube Bridge and into the Romanian town of Giurgiu , stopping at the Giurgiu North Railway Station. Then it continues north to Bucharest. After circling the city, the train enters from the northwest into Bucharest North railway station . Marcel Proust Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust ( / p r uː s t / PROOST ; French: [maʁsɛl pʁust] ; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922)

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1144-443: The city. Pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi-Aventis , Deva Holding A.S. and Zentiva have their main manufacturers within the urban area of Lüleburgaz. Crops widely grown around Lüleburgaz include wheat, corn and sunflowers, with the latter being one of the symbols of the city. Trakya Birlik , with its headquarters in the city, is one of Turkey's main sunflower oil producers. Şişecam , Turkey's leading glass producer, has

1196-647: The consolidation of the Republic. Much of In Search of Lost Time concerns the vast changes, most particularly the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the middle classes, that occurred in France during the fin de siècle . Proust's father, Adrien Proust , was a prominent French pathologist and epidemiologist , studying cholera in Europe and Asia. He wrote numerous articles and books on medicine and hygiene. Proust's mother, Jeanne Clémence (maiden name: Weil),

1248-683: The first draft in Jean Santeuil . The portrait of the parents in Jean Santeuil is quite harsh, in marked contrast to the adoration with which the parents are painted in Proust's masterpiece. Following the poor reception of Les Plaisirs et les Jours , and internal troubles with resolving the plot, Proust gradually abandoned Jean Santeuil in 1897 and stopped work on it entirely by 1899. Beginning in 1895 Proust spent several years reading Thomas Carlyle , Ralph Waldo Emerson , and John Ruskin . Through this reading, he refined his theories of art and

1300-466: The highest, and unquestionably the most original expression of French genius”. 1908 was an important year for Proust's development as a writer. During the first part of the year he published in various journals pastiches of other writers. These exercises in imitation may have allowed Proust to solidify his own style. In addition, in the spring and summer of the year Proust began work on several different fragments of writing that would later coalesce under

1352-416: The last. This last volume was rendered by other translators at different times. When Scott Moncrieff's translation was later revised (first by Terence Kilmartin , then by D. J. Enright ) the title of the novel was changed to the more literal In Search of Lost Time . In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation of the book by editor Christopher Prendergast and seven translators in three countries, based on

1404-554: The league in the 2013-14 season. The city and the Battle of Lüleburgas feature in Marcel Proust 's Time Regained , the final chapter of Remembrance of Things Past , published in 1927. The festival of koliada is historically celebrated in the city in the month of January. The city of Lüleburgaz is home to several local media agencies including the centre-left Lüleburgaz Görünüm Gazetesi and Lüleburgaz Haber. Lüleburgaz

1456-404: The men identified by police in a raid on a male brothel run by Albert Le Cuziat. Proust's friend Paul Morand openly teased Proust about his visits to male prostitutes . In his journal, Morand refers to Proust, as well as Gide, as "constantly hunting, never satiated by their adventures ... eternal prowlers, tireless sexual adventurers." The exact influence of Proust's sexuality on his writing

1508-411: The models for Madame Verdurin, and mother of his friend Gaston Arman de Caillavet , with whose fiancée (Jeanne Pouquet) he was in love. It is through Mme Arman de Caillavet, he made the acquaintance of Anatole France , her lover. Proust had a close relationship with his mother. To appease his father, who insisted that he pursue a career, Proust obtained a volunteer position at Bibliothèque Mazarine in

1560-468: The most enlightened secularists, and that both could serve the cause of "the advanced liberal Republic". He approved of the more moderate stance taken in 1906 by Aristide Briand , whom he described as "admirable". Proust was among the earliest Dreyfusards , even attending Émile Zola 's trial and proudly claiming to have been the one who asked Anatole France to sign the petition in support of Alfred Dreyfus 's innocence. In 1919, when representatives of

1612-473: The most important scenes of In Search of Lost Time take place. (Illiers was renamed Illiers-Combray in 1971 on the occasion of the Proust centenary celebrations.) In 1882, at the age of eleven, Proust became a pupil at the Lycée Condorcet ; however, his education was disrupted by his illness. Despite this, he excelled in literature, receiving an award in his final year. Thanks to his classmates, he

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1664-466: The most popular party was the CHP which received 51.38% of the vote. The liberal democratic Nation Alliance received 64.80% of the votes in the city. In the 2019 Turkish local elections the most popular candidate was Murat Gerenli of the CHP which received 66.55% of the vote. Lüleburgaz is twinned with: Bosphorus Express The Bosphorus Express ( Bulgarian : Босфор експрес ), also known as

1716-446: The novel the "greatest fiction to date". André Gide was initially not so taken with his work. The first volume was refused by the publisher Gallimard on Gide's advice. He later wrote to Proust apologizing for his part in the refusal and calling it one of the most serious mistakes of his life. Finally, the book was published at the author's expense by Grasset and Proust paid critics to speak favorably about it. Proust died before he

1768-572: The right-wing Action Française published a manifesto upholding French colonialism and the Catholic Church as the embodiment of civilised values, Proust rejected their nationalistic and chauvinistic views in favor of a liberal pluralist vision which acknowledged Christianity 's cultural legacy in France . Julien Benda commended Proust in La Trahison des clercs as a writer who distinguished himself from his generation by avoiding

1820-695: The role of the artist in society. Also, in Time Regained Proust's universal protagonist recalls having translated Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies . The artist's responsibility is to confront the appearance of nature, deduce its essence and retell or explain that essence in the work of art. Ruskin's view of artistic production was central to this conception, and Ruskin's work was so important to Proust that he claimed to know "by heart" several of Ruskin's books, including The Seven Lamps of Architecture , The Bible of Amiens , and Praeterita . Proust set out to translate two of Ruskin's works into French, but

1872-532: The same year. Finally, and most crushingly, Proust's beloved mother died in September 1905. She left him a considerable inheritance. His health throughout this period continued to deteriorate. Proust spent the last three years of his life mostly confined to his bedroom of his apartment 44 rue Hamelin (in Chaillot ), sleeping during the day and working at night to complete his novel. He died of pneumonia and

1924-465: The suburb of Marmaray , 27 km (17 mi) from Istanbul's Sirkeci Terminal . After passing through Edirne it arrives at the town of Kapıkule on the Turkish - Bulgarian border. The electric locomotive disconnects and is replaced with a diesel locomotive. Passengers need to disembark and cross the rail tracks to clear passport control. After the city of Gorna Oryahovitsa , the train arrives at

1976-502: The summer of 1896. After exerting considerable effort, he obtained a sick leave that extended for several years until he was considered to have resigned. He never worked at his job, and he did not move from his parents' apartment until after both were dead. His life and family circle changed markedly between 1900 and 1905. In February 1903, Proust's brother, Robert Proust , married and left the family home. His father died in November of

2028-421: The train. At Russe , the BDŽ electric locomotive is exchanged with a Romanian class-65 diesel locomotive, which pulls the train to Bucharest. İstanbul–Kapıkule Kapıkule–Dimitrovgrad Dimitrovgrad–Gorna Oryahovitsa Gorna Oryahovitsa–Russe Russe–Bucharest Between Dimitrovgrad and Russe, one or two BDŽ Coaches are added to the train for domestic travel. The journey starts at Halkali station in

2080-523: The twin traps of nationalism and class sectarianism. Proust was considered a hypochondriac by his doctors. His correspondence provides some clues on his symptoms. According to Yellowlees Douglas, Proust suffered from the vascular subtype of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome . Proust was involved in writing and publishing from an early age. In addition to the literary magazines with which he was associated, and in which he published while at school ( La Revue verte and La Revue lilas ), from 1890 to 1891 he published

2132-540: The unfinished manuscript notebooks are many elements that correspond to parts of the Recherche , in particular, to the "Combray" and "Swann in Love" sections of Volume 1, and to the final section of Volume 7. Trouble with finding a publisher, as well as a gradually changing conception of his novel, led Proust to shift work to a substantially different project that still contained many of the same themes and elements. By 1910 he

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2184-408: The working title of Contre Sainte-Beuve . Proust described his efforts in a letter to a friend: "I have in progress: a study on the nobility, a Parisian novel, an essay on Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert , an essay on women, an essay on pederasty (not easy to publish), a study on stained-glass windows, a study on tombstones, a study on the novel". From these disparate fragments Proust began to shape

2236-523: Was a French novelist , literary critic , and essayist who wrote the monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (in French – translated in English as Remembrance of Things Past and more recently as In Search of Lost Time ) which was published in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927. He is considered by critics and writers to be one of the most influential authors of the 20th century. Proust

2288-408: Was able to complete his revision of the drafts and proofs of the final volumes, the last three of which were published posthumously and edited by his brother Robert . The book was translated into English by C. K. Scott Moncrieff , appearing under the title Remembrance of Things Past between 1922 and 1931. Scott Moncrieff translated volumes one through six of the seven volumes, dying before completing

2340-527: Was able to gain access to some of the salons of the upper bourgeoisie , providing him with copious material for In Search of Lost Time . In spite of his poor health, Proust served a year (1889–90) in the French army, stationed at Coligny Barracks in Orléans , an experience that provided a lengthy episode in The Guermantes' Way , part three of his novel. As a young man, Proust was a dilettante and

2392-496: Was at work on À la recherche du temps perdu . Begun in 1909, when Proust was 38 years old, À la recherche du temps perdu consists of seven volumes totaling around 3,200 pages (about 4,300 in The Modern Library's translation) and featuring more than 2,000 characters. Graham Greene called Proust the "greatest novelist of the twentieth century, just as Tolstoy was of the nineteenth" and W. Somerset Maugham called

2444-750: Was born on 10 July 1871 at the home of his great-uncle in the Paris Borough of Auteuil (the south-western sector of the then-rustic 16th arrondissement ), two months after the Treaty of Frankfurt formally ended the Franco-Prussian War . His birth took place at the very beginning of the French Third Republic , during the violence that surrounded the suppression of the Paris Commune , and his childhood corresponded with

2496-489: Was hampered by an imperfect command of English. To compensate for this he made his translations a group affair: sketched out by his mother, the drafts were first revised by Proust, then by Marie Nordlinger, the English cousin of his friend and sometime lover Reynaldo Hahn , then finally polished by Proust. Questioned about his method by an editor, Proust responded, "I don't claim to know English; I claim to know Ruskin". The Bible of Amiens , with Proust's extended introduction,

2548-908: Was published in French in 1904. Both the translation and the introduction were well-reviewed; Henri Bergson called Proust's introduction "an important contribution to the psychology of Ruskin", and had similar praise for the translation. At the time of this publication, Proust was already translating Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies , which he completed in June 1905, just before his mother's death, and published in 1906. Literary historians and critics have ascertained that, apart from Ruskin, Proust's chief literary influences included Saint-Simon , Montaigne , Stendhal , Flaubert , George Eliot , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , and Leo Tolstoy . In Proust’s 1904 article "La mort des cathédrales" (The Death of Cathedrals) published in Le Figaro , Proust called Gothic cathedrals “probably

2600-409: Was published. The book included a foreword by Anatole France , drawings by Mme Lemaire in whose salon Proust was a frequent guest, and who inspired Proust's Mme Verdurin. She invited him and Reynaldo Hahn to her château de Réveillon (the model for Mme Verdurin's La Raspelière) in summer 1894, and for three weeks in 1895. This book was so sumptuously produced that it cost twice the normal price of

2652-522: Was supportive of the French Third Republic and near the liberal centre of French politics. In an 1892 article published in Le Banquet entitled "L'Irréligion d'État", Proust condemned extreme anti-clerical measures such as the expulsion of monks, observing that "one might just be surprised that the negation of religion should bring in its wake the same fanaticism , intolerance, and persecution as religion itself." He argued that socialism posed

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2704-524: Was the daughter of a wealthy German–Jewish family from Alsace . Literate and well-read, she demonstrated a well-developed sense of humour in her letters, and her command of the English language was sufficient to help with her son's translations of John Ruskin . Proust was raised in his father's Catholic faith . He was baptized on 5 August 1871 at the Church of Saint-Louis-d'Antin and later confirmed as

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