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69-551: MEF may stand for: Government [ edit ] Mission Essential Functions - critical operations of the US government in the face of unexpected disruption Military [ edit ] Malaita Eagle Force , a militant organization originating in the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) , one of

138-542: A combination of regular appropriations and emergency funding in response to events. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 , Congress passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 , which created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA

207-478: A copy of the plan continued. A document named in italics supersedes a previously published document. The Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD 1) is a 2017 directive, released by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), that provides doctrine and guidance to all federal organizations for developing continuity program plans and capabilities. FCD 1 also serves as guidance to state, local, and tribal governments. The Federal Continuity Directive 2 (FCD 2) of June 2017

276-535: A current disaster in a way that reduces the impact of a similar future disaster. FEMA's emergency response is based on small, decentralized teams trained in such areas as the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT), Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), and Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS). FEMA's National Response Coordination Center (NRCC)

345-551: A data format used in electrophysiology Transport [ edit ] Mei Foo station , Hong Kong, MTR station code Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MEF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MEF&oldid=1235742607 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

414-713: A federal asset—for example, the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster . While on-the-ground support of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields, funding for rebuilding efforts, and relief funds for infrastructure development by directing individuals to access low-interest loans, in conjunction with

483-523: A major agency of the Department of Homeland Security. The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security . In March 2003, FEMA joined 22 other federal agencies, programs and offices in becoming the Department of Homeland Security. The new department, headed by Secretary Tom Ridge , brought a coordinated approach to national security from emergencies and disasters – both natural and man-made. FEMA manages

552-408: A measure in 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by extending the time they had for remitting tariffs on imported goods. This is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster. Between 1803 and 1930, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster. Examples include

621-436: A methodology, and checklists to identify, assess, and validate their essential functions. This CGC includes guidance for conducting a continuity Business Process Analysis (BPA), Business Impact Analysis (BIA), and a risk assessment that will identify essential function relationships, interdependencies, time sensitivities, threats and vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies." An unknown contingency plan (which some believe

690-458: A mockery of FEMA's new motto, "A Nation Prepared", and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions", "shatter agency morale" and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders". The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 demonstrated that

759-453: A nuclear war, dubbed CRP-2B . FEMA offers a large number of training classes, either at its own centers, through programs at the state level, in cooperation with colleges and universities, or online. The latter are free classes available to anyone, although only those with U.S. residency or work eligibility can take the final examinations. More information is available on the FEMA website under

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828-739: A part of U.S. government operations since President Dwight D. Eisenhower provided (via executive order ) various measures designed to ensure that the government of the United States would be able to continue operating after a nuclear war . These measures included construction of underground facilities such as " Mount Weather ", a putatively nuclear-weapon -proof facility in a hollowed-out mountain in northeastern Virginia ; and Raven Rock Mountain Complex near Camp David in Maryland. The public can now tour one such facility , intended to house

897-605: A plan developed, by that same agency, a contingency plan in the event of emergency, that would suspend the American constitution. And I was deeply concerned about it and wondered if that was an area in which he had worked. I believe that it was and I wanted to get his confirmation. Inouye: May I most respectfully request that that matter not be touched upon at this stage. If we wish to get into this, I'm certain arrangements can be made for an executive session. Section 202 The head of each Federal department and agency shall ensure

966-401: A truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone, and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world. There are also Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunications System (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in. Also, portable cell phone towers can be erected to allow local responders to access telephone systems. The first test of

1035-626: Is a directive to assist federal Executive Branch organizations in identifying their Mission Essential Functions (MEFs) and candidate Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs). The DHS together with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and in coordination with other non-federal partners in July 2013, developed the Continuity Guidance Circular 1 (CGC 1) and CGC 2. The preamble of

1104-597: Is a multiagency center located at FEMA HQ that coordinates the overall Federal support for major disasters and emergencies, including catastrophic incidents in support of operations at the regional level. The FEMA Administrator, or his or her delegate, activates the NRCC in anticipation of, or in response to, an incident by activating the NRCC staff, which includes FEMA personnel, the appropriate Emergency Support Functions, and other appropriate personnel (including nongovernmental organization and private sector representatives). During

1173-566: Is available to homeowners in flood plains, through the National Flood Insurance Program , and also works to enforce no-build zones in known flood plains and relocate or elevate some at-risk structures. Pre-Disaster Mitigation grants are available to acquire property for conversion to open space, retrofit existing buildings, construct tornado and storm shelters, manage vegetation for erosion and fire control, and small flood control projects. Critics say this program

1242-740: Is broken out into three primary grant programs: State Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSP), Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI), and Operation Stonegarden (OPSG). As of 2024, the Tribal Homeland Security Grant Program (THSGP) is funded as a percentage carveout of HSGP as well. The Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NSGP) used to be funded under the HSGP as well, but Congress now funds that program separate from HSGP. NSGP provides funding for nonprofit organizations more at risk to terrorist actions and domestic violence extremeism to invest in target hardening. This includes, but

1311-506: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mission Essential Functions The Federal Emergency Management Agency provides guidance to the private sector for business continuity planning purposes. A continuity plan is essential to help identify critical functions and develop preventative measures to continue important functions should disruption occur. A Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government Plan) has been

1380-406: Is not limited to, organizations such as educational facilities, hospitals, and house of worship. In 2024, FEMA administered over $ 3 billion across the suite of homeland security grants. In 2018, FEMA had an annual budget of $ 18 billion that is used and distributed in different states according to the emergencies that occur in each one. An annual list of the use of these funds is disclosed at

1449-552: Is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state's gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs when an emergency or disaster takes place on federal property or to

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1518-467: Is underperforming because it is starved for funding compared to disaster response and recovery, the process of applying for a buyout is unreasonably slow, and is wasting taxpayer dollars because the National Flood Insurance Program has paid to reconstruct some properties up to 18 times. 1% of NFIP-insured properties are responsible for more than one quarter of the money the program has paid out. The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds rebuilding after

1587-554: The COVID-19 pandemic . According to a tweet posted on April 12, 2022, by Deanne Criswell , the FEMA flag, used between 1981 and 2003, was reintroduced. During the debate of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, some called for FEMA to remain as an independent agency. Following the failed response to Hurricane Katrina, critics called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security. Today FEMA exists as

1656-589: The East Coast . Friends, family, and co-workers were able to reach them only through a toll-free number and personal extensions. The Bush administration did not acknowledge the implementation of the COG plan until March 1, 2002. In 2007, Larry Sabato , a professor at the University of Virginia , criticized the incomplete nature of the plan in his book A More Perfect Constitution . In particular, he objected to

1725-988: The Federal Insurance Administration , the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration , the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program , the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by

1794-546: The General Services Administration (GSA) (upon termination of the OEmP). These actions demonstrated that, during those years, the nation's domestic preparedness was addressed by several disparate legislative actions, motivated by policy and budgetary earmarking, and not by a single, unifying, comprehensive strategy to meet the nation's needs over time. Then, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate

1863-732: The Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. ONSC also coordinated the continuing efforts of other Federal Executive Agencies. FEMA began administering the Center for Domestic Preparedness in 2007. FEMA administers the Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) which provides funding to state governments, local governments, Tribal governemnts, and Territorial governments along with specified Urban Areas and counties along international borders to invest in security enhancements. HSGP

1932-604: The National Flood Insurance Program . Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control. FEMA is also home to the National Continuity Programs Directorate (formerly the Office of National Security Coordination). ONSC was responsible for developing, exercising, and validating agency-wide continuity of government plans as well as overseeing and maintaining continuity readiness including

2001-527: The Ready Campaign , the national public service advertising campaign in collaboration with the Ad Council , to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man-made disasters. The Ready Campaign and its Spanish-language version Listo asks individuals to do three things: build an emergency supply kit, make a family emergency plan and be informed about

2070-510: The Small Business Administration . In addition to this, FEMA provides funds for response personnel training throughout the United States as part of the agency's preparedness effort. Federal emergency management in the U.S. has existed in one form or another for over 200 years. A series of devastating fires struck the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire , early in the 19th century. The 7th U.S. Congress passed

2139-497: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority over flood control and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding. Federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), in 1973 by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration was created as an organizational unit within

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2208-835: The presidency since 1792 (currently found in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, 3 U.S.C.   § 19 ). This runs from the Vice President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then through the Cabinet secretaries in a sequence specified by Congress. Continuity of government plans are not limited to the federal government. The majority of states have constitutional provisions that provide for

2277-548: The CGC 1 states that its function is to provide "direction to the non-Federal Governments (NFGs) for developing continuity plans and programs. Continuity planning facilitates the performance of essential functions during all-hazards emergencies or other situations that may disrupt normal operations. By continuing the performance of essential functions through a catastrophic emergency, the State, territorial, tribal, and local governments, and

2346-712: The Cold War. The ones that are still considered to be in operation are listed here. The United States Congress was formerly housed in the Greenbrier Bunker, but since it was discovered in the early 1990s the new location of the Congressional bunker is unknown. Two National Emergency Command Posts Afloat were: These vessels were decommissioned in 1970. The Defense Communication Agency was tasked in 1963 with maintaining an active backup of all communications for any event that could disrupt communications and

2415-663: The Department of Defense's Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York , in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear-generating station suffered a partial core meltdown . These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. In 1996,

2484-728: The EOP; after that, the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization , which renamed the former agency; then, the Office of Civil Defense , under the Department of Defense (DoD); the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW); the Department of Agriculture ; the Office of Emergency Planning (OEmP); the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (replacing the OCD in the DoD); the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and

2553-696: The National Dam Safety Program Act; disaster assistance under the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ; earthquake hazards reduction under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 and further expanded by Executive Order 12699, regarding safety requirements for federal buildings and Executive Order 12941, concerning the need for cost estimates to seismically retrofit federal buildings; emergency food and shelter under

2622-1131: The Peruvian ministry of economics and finance Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas , the Uruguayan ministry of economics and finance Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze , the Italian ministry of economics and finance Ministry of Environment and Forests , India Science/technology [ edit ] Managed Extensibility Framework , a software plugin framework, written by Microsoft Maximum Elevation Figure (flying) Maximal expiratory flow, another name for peak expiratory flow in spirometry Medial eye fields Metro Ethernet Forum Modernized e-File (MeF), an electronic system for filing U.S. income taxes Modified Energy Factor ( Energy Star Rating Value, US Department of Energy (DOE)) Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio collection code Myocyte Enhancer Factor (2) Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) Isolation Enzyme 1 Multiscale Electrophysiology Format ,

2691-462: The RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency. The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave

2760-752: The Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987; hazardous materials, under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act . In addition, FEMA received authority for counterterrorism through the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment under the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996, which was a response to the recognized vulnerabilities of the U.S. after the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. Congress funded FEMA through

2829-584: The agency was elevated to cabinet rank; this was not continued by President George W. Bush. Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency's resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness. After FEMA's creation through reorganization and executive orders, Congress continued to expand FEMA's authority by assigning responsibilities to it. Those responsibilities include dam safety under

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2898-627: The backup contingency systems continue to operate. It is assumed that the various bunkers and airplanes have been equipped with special communication equipment to survive a catastrophe. Federal Emergency Management Agency The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), initially created under President Jimmy Carter by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders on April 1, 1979. The agency's primary purpose

2967-634: The case of radioactive contamination . This guidance is specified as action guide for Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Devices (IND) involving high levels of radiation. According to the Federation of American Scientists , during the Cold War FEMA prepared assessments of the likely consequences of a full-scale Soviet nuclear attack on the United States for use in planning mitigation and recovery efforts. FEMA also prepared plans for evacuating major U.S. cities in response to

3036-503: The classified and more detailed version of the government's continuity-of-operations plan in a letter signed by him and the chairperson of the House Homeland Security Committee, which is supposed to have access to confidential government information. The president, to the surprise of the congressional committee, refused to provide the information. As of August 2007 , efforts by the committee to secure

3105-421: The continuity of essential functions in any national security emergency by providing for: succession to office and emergency delegation of authority in accordance with applicable law; safekeeping of essential resources, facilities, and records; and establishment of emergency operating capabilities. The Continuity of Operations Plan involves numerous bunkers , special airplanes, and communication systems. Much of

3174-460: The continuity of government in the event of a major disaster? Brendan Sullivan [North's counsel, agitatedly]: Mr. Chairman? [Senator Daniel] Inouye: I believe that question touches upon a highly sensitive and classified area so may I request that you not touch upon that? Brooks: I was particularly concerned, Mr. Chairman, because I read in Miami papers, and several others, that there had been

3243-413: The department. This agency would oversee disasters until its incorporation into FEMA in 1978. Prior to implementation of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 by E.O. 12127 and E.O. 12148, many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster. Over the years, Congress increasingly extended

3312-545: The different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond. The campaign messages have been promoted through television, radio, print, outdoor and web PSAs, as well as brochures, toll-free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites. The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 added a Surge Capacity Force, which allows the Department of Homeland Security to supplement FEMA employees with additional personnel from various federal departments in

3381-516: The end of the year on FEMA's website. FEMA maintains 23 cadres of various work functions and skillsets to prepare, respond, and recover from various disasters. FEMA's Mitigation Directorate is responsible for programs that take action before a disaster, in order to identify risks and reduce injuries, loss of property, and recovery time. The agency has major analysis programs for floods , hurricanes and tropical storms , dams, and earthquakes . FEMA works to ensure affordable flood insurance

3450-559: The entire United States Congress , on the grounds of the Greenbrier Resort in White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia . Other provisions of the plans included executive orders designating certain government officials to assume Cabinet and other executive-branch positions and carry out the responsibilities of the position if the primary officeholders are killed. There has been a formal line of succession to

3519-555: The event the agency is overwhelmed. The Force has been activated for Hurricane Sandy , Hurricane Harvey , Hurricane Irma , Hurricane Maria , and the 2017 California wildfires . The Stafford Act was amended by the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (PETS Act) in 2006, and the Disaster Recovery Reform Act (DRRA) in 2018. FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies during

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3588-549: The fact that there is no constitutional procedure for replacing U.S. House members in the case of a large-scale disaster that could potentially kill a large number of representatives. In regard to the Continuity of Operations Plan, Sabato said it "failed outright" during the September 11 attacks. On July 18, 2007, Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-OR), a member of the U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security at that time, requested

3657-704: The first such federal agencies was the Federal Civil Defense Administration , which operated within the Executive Office of the President . Functions to administer disaster relief were then given to the President himself, who delegated to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. Subsequently, a new office of the Office of Defense Mobilization was created. Then, the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, managed by

3726-529: The information about them is classified; however, information on various systems has been released by the government or described to the public by reporters and writers. Since many of the details are classified, the public information may be incorrect. Also they are subject to change without public notice so this list may not reflect current plans. During the Cold War, the United States constructed bunkers to help provide survivability to military command and government officials. Some have been decommissioned since

3795-501: The initial stages of a response, FEMA will, as part of the whole community, focus on projected, potential, or escalating critical incident activities. The NRCC coordinates with the affected region(s) and provides needed resources and policy guidance in support of incident-level operations. The NRCC staff specifically provides emergency management coordination, planning, resource deployment, and collects and disseminates incident information as it builds and maintains situational awareness—all at

3864-768: The major deployable subdivisions of the United States Marine Corps; see 1st Marine Expeditionary Force , 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force , 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force during the First World War Organizations [ edit ] Mahratta Education Fund , Indian non-profit organisation Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change Media Education Foundation MEF International School Istanbul Middle East Forum , an American conservative think tank Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas ,

3933-586: The management of command and control communications systems as the National Communications System. This mission was partially transferred to Defense Information Systems Agency in charge of supporting command, control, communications, and information systems for the military in the 1990s and would support the National Command Authority . These functions were later transferred to Joint Forces Command and STRATCOM but

4002-490: The nation more vulnerable to known hazards, like hurricanes . After allegations of mismanagement during Hurricane Katrina, the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) was transferred from the Department of Homeland Security to the Department of Health and Human Services by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act , signed by President George W. Bush on December 18, 2006. In fall 2008, FEMA took over coordination of

4071-672: The national wireless emergency system by FEMA was broadcast to an estimated 225 million electronic devices at 14:18 EDT on October 3, 2018. The text message was accompanied by a flashing warning sign and warning tone. The president may direct FEMA to broadcast such alerts only for national emergencies or if the public is in danger. The facility may not be used for personal messages from the president. Mobile phone owners can not opt out of these warnings. On August 1, 2008, FEMA released "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) incidents", which provide an action guide in

4140-1074: The national-level. FEMA maintains the NRCC as a functional component of the NOC for incident support operations. An example of NRCC activity is the coordination of emergency management activities that took place in connection with the 2013 Colorado floods . Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics. There are also National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT) and Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT). Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents. The Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces perform rescue of victims from structural collapses, confined spaces, and other disasters, for example, mine collapses and earthquakes. These teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate

4209-590: The private sector support the ability of the Federal Government to perform National Essential Functions (NEFs)." CGC 1 parallels the information in FCD 1 closely, but is geared to states, territories, tribal and local governments, and private-sector organizations. The purpose of Continuity Guidance Circular 2 (CGC 2) is to provide "non-Federal Governments (NFGs) with guidance on how to implement CGC 1, Annex D: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. It provides them with guidance,

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4278-513: The range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. By enacting these various forms of legislative direction, Congress established a category for annual budgetary amounts of assistance to victims of various types of hazards or disasters, it specified the qualifications, and then it established or delegated the responsibilities to various federal and non-federal agencies. In time, this expanded array of agencies themselves underwent reorganization. One of

4347-437: The several singular functions; FEMA was created to house civil defense and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a very controversial decision. FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. 3 and was activated by President Jimmy Carter in an Executive Order on April 1, 1979. In July, Carter signed Executive Order 12148 shifting disaster relief efforts to the new federal-level agency. FEMA absorbed

4416-487: The succession of government in the event of an "enemy attack". The George W. Bush administration put the Continuity of Operations plan into effect for the first time directly following the September 11 attacks . Their implementation involved a rotating staff of 75 to 150 senior officials and other government workers from every federal executive department and other parts of the executive branch in two secure bunkers on

4485-409: The vision of further unification of functions and another reorganization could not address the problems FEMA had previously faced. The "Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina", released February 15, 2006, by the U.S. Government Printing Office, revealed that federal funding to states for "all hazards" disaster preparedness needs

4554-433: The waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after the Great Fire of New York (1835) . After the collapse of the John T. Ford 's Theater in June 1893, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the building. After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932. The purpose of

4623-442: Was Rex 84 ) was publicly mentioned during the Iran-Contra Hearings in 1987. Transcripts from the hearing in the New York Times record the following dialogue between Congressman Jack Brooks , Oliver North's attorney Brendan Sullivan and Senator Daniel Inouye , the Democratic Chair of the Committee: [Congressman Jack] Brooks: Colonel North, in your work at the N.S.C. were you not assigned, at one time, to work on plans for

4692-464: Was absorbed into DHS effective March 1, 2003. As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of Department of Homeland Security, employing more than 2,600 full-time employees. It became Federal Emergency Management Agency again on March 31, 2007, but remained in DHS. President Bush appointed Michael D. Brown as FEMA's director in January 2003. Brown warned in September 2003 that FEMA's absorption into DHS would make

4761-482: Was not awarded unless the local agencies made the purposes for the funding a "just terrorism" function. Emergency management professionals testified that funds for preparedness for natural hazards were given less priority than preparations for counter-terrorism measures. Testimony also expressed the opinion that the mission to mitigate vulnerability and prepare for natural hazard disasters before they occurred had been separated from disaster preparedness functions, making

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