34-456: MVR or MvR may refer to: Codes [ edit ] Maldivian rufiyaa , Maldives currency by ISO 4217 code Salak Airport , Maroua, Far North Province, Cameroon Marau language of Indonesian Papua, ISO 639-3 code IBM RPG II programming language "Move Remainder" operation code Organizations [ edit ] Fifth Republic Movement (Spanish: Movimiento V [Quinta] República ),
68-474: A Venezuelan political party Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera , a Swiss railway operator Science and technology [ edit ] Mechanical vapor recompression , an energy recovery process; Melt Volume(-flow) Rate , a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. Transportation [ edit ] Meon Valley Railway , cross-country railway 1903–1968, Hampshire, England Moors Valley Railway Mary Valley Rattler ,
102-812: A bimetallic Rf. 2 coin was introduced into circulation to replace the previous RF. 2 coin. laari Traditional pattern on ring Traditional pattern on ring In 1945, the Majlis of the Maldives (Parliament) passed bill number 2/66 on the "Maldivian Bank Note". Under this law, banknotes for Rf. 1 ⁄ 2 , Rf. 1, Rf. 2, Rf. 5 and Rf. 10 were printed and put into circulation on 5 September 1948. In 1951, Rf. 50 and Rf. 100 banknotes were introduced. The previous series of banknotes were issued in 1983 in denominations of Rf. 2, Rf. 5, Rf. 10, Rf. 20, Rf. 50 and Rf. 100. Rf. 500 banknotes were added in 1990, with
136-574: A different shape from the adults. Nearly all cowries have a porcelain-like shine, with some exceptions such as Hawaii 's granulated cowrie, Nucleolaria granulata . Many have colorful patterns. Lengths range from 5 mm (0.2 in) for some species up to 19 cm (7.5 in) for the Atlantic deer cowrie, Macrocypraea cervus . Cowrie shells, especially Monetaria moneta , were used for centuries as currency by native Africans. In his book Marriage and Morals , Bertrand Russell attributed
170-731: A feudal lord's resources to a worthy vassal. The Ojibwe aboriginal people in North America use cowrie shells which are called sacred miigis shells or whiteshells in Midewiwin ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba , Canada is named after this type of shell. There is some debate about how the Ojibway traded for or found these shells, so far inland and so far north, very distant from
204-423: A heritage railway line conducting steam train tours from Gympie to Amamoor (formerly Imbil). Miscellaneous [ edit ] Market Value Reduction , used by insurance companies Mound Visits Remaining, in baseball Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MVR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
238-497: A vulva or an eye. On the Fiji Islands, a shell of the golden cowrie or bulikula, Cypraea aurantium , was drilled at the ends and worn on a string around the neck by chieftains as a badge of rank. The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. Cowrie shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice , e.g., in board games like Pachisi , Ashta Chamma or in divination (cf. Ifá and
272-514: Is Rf. 12/ 85 per US dollar and the rate is permitted to fluctuate within a ±20% band, i.e. between Rf. 10/ 28 and Rf. 15/ 42 as of 10 April 2017. The earliest form of currency used in the Maldives was cowrie shells ( Cypraea moneta ) and historical accounts of travellers indicate that they were traded in this manner even during the 13th century. As late as 1344, Ibn Battuta observed that more than 40 ships loaded with cowry shells were exported each year. A single gold dinar
306-533: Is given as a token price for the ferry ride of the departed soul to cross the river " Vaitarani ". Cowries are used during cremation. Cowries are also used in the worship of Goddess Laxmi. In Brazil, as a result of the Atlantic slave trade from Africa, cowrie shells (called búzios ) are also used to consult the Orixás divinities and hear their replies. Cowrie shells were among the devices used for divination by
340-589: Is the currency of the Maldives . The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA). The most commonly used symbols for the rufiyaa are MVR and Rf. The ISO 4217 code for Maldivian rufiyaa is MVR. The rufiyaa is subdivided into 100 laari . The name "rufiyaa" is derived from the Sanskrit रूप्य ( rūpya , wrought silver ). The midpoint of exchange rate
374-684: The British Isles the local Trivia species (family Triviidae, species Trivia monacha and Trivia arctica ) are sometimes called cowries. The Ovulidae and the Triviidae are other families within Cypraeoidea , the superfamily of cowries and their close relatives. The word cowrie comes from Hindi कौडि ( kaudi ), which is itself derived from Sanskrit कपर्द ( kaparda ). The shells of cowries are usually smooth and shiny and more or less egg-shaped. The round side of
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#1732775608462408-562: The Kaniyar Panicker astrologers of Kerala , India. In certain parts of Africa, cowries were prized charms, and they were said to be associated with fecundity, sexual pleasure and good luck. It is also used in the treatment of certain diseases such as rashes and ringworm when it is burnt into ashes. In Pre-dynastic Egypt and Neolithic Southern Levant , cowrie shells were placed in the graves of young girls. The modified Levantine cowries were discovered ritually arranged around
442-676: The Royal Mint in England. The new issue consisted of denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 laari. Unlike his predecessors, Sultan Fareed did not embellish his title on the coins; instead he used the National Emblem on the reverse side with the traditional title of the state ( Arabic : الدولة المحلديبية , State of Maldives) and the denomination value on the obverse side. The currency was put into circulation in February 1961 and all
476-580: The United Kingdom by Heaton's Mint , Birmingham , England in 1913. Following the end of coin production specifically for the Maldives, the Sultanate came to use the Ceylonese rupee . This was supplemented in 1947 by issues of banknotes denominated in rufiyaa, equal in value to the rupee. In 1960, coins denominated in laari, now worth one hundredth of the rufiyaa, were introduced. In 1990,
510-530: The annual customs of Dahomey of Benin ). A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled. In Nepal cowries are used for a gambling game, where 16 pieces of cowries are tossed by four different bettors (and sub-bettors under them). This game is usually played at homes and in public during the Hindu festival of Tihar or Deepawali . In
544-470: The Great" ( Dhivehi : ކަނޑާއި އެއްގަމުގެ ރަސްގެފާނު، މަތިވެރި އިސްކަންދަރު ) is found on the edge. After this period, gold coins replaced the existing silver ones during the reign of Sultan Hassan Nooruddin in 1787. He used two different qualities of gold in his coins; one was called Mohoree and the other Baimohoree, of which the former is of higher value. How this gold was obtained is uncertain. Throughout
578-571: The Pacific, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun to Mozambique . Cowrie shell money was important in the trade networks of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia . In the United States and Mexico , cowrie species inhabit the waters off Central California to Baja California (the chestnut cowrie is the only cowrie species native to the eastern Pacific Ocean off
612-663: The Rf. 2 replaced by a coin in 1995. In October 2015, the Maldives Monetary Authority issued a Rf. 5,000 banknote in polymer to commemorate the 50th anniversary of independence, and issued a new family of banknotes in polymer that included a new denomination of Rf. 1,000. A Rf. 5 banknote printed in polymer was revealed in May 2017 and was issued in July 2017. It was originally planned that this denomination
646-546: The coast of the United States; further south, off the coast of Mexico, Central America and Peru , Little Deer Cowrie habitat can be found; and further into the Pacific from Central America, the Pacific habitat range of Money Cowrie can be reached ) as well as the waters south of the Southeastern United States . Some species in the family Ovulidae are also often referred to as cowries. In
680-551: The formal ISO 4217 code was changed from MVQ ( Maldive rupee ) into MVR ( rufiyaa ). ISO 4217 Standard definition: The currency symbol for Maldivian Rufiyaa was introduced to the public by MMA on 3 July 2022. The symbol represents letter “Ra” of Thaana script which also is the first letter in spelling “Rufiyaa” in Dhivehi . A parallel line is added to letter “Ra” to represent the arithmetic “equal” sign as used in various other currency symbols. The symbol can be customised to match
714-498: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MVR&oldid=1254217914 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Maldivian rufiyaa The Maldivian rufiyaa ( Dhivehi : ދިވެހި ރުފިޔާ ; sign : Rf or ރ ; code : MVR )
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#1732775608462748-481: The natural habitat. Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that the shells were found in the ground, or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers. Finding the cowrie shells so far inland could indicate the previous use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, who may have obtained them through an extensive trade network in the ancient past. In Eastern India, particularly in West Bengal, it
782-403: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bronze coins were issued denominated in laari . Sultan Mohamed Imaadhudheen IV (1900–1904) introduced what historians believe to be the first machine struck coins, judging the superior quality of the engravements. His successor Sultan Mohamed Shamshudeen III (1904–1935) made the last of these coins, 1 and 4 laari denominations, which were struck in
816-806: The old Italian term for the cowrie shell ( porcellana ) due to their similar appearance. Cowrie shells have held cultural, economic, and ornamental significance in various cultures. The cowrie was the shell most widely used worldwide as shell money . It is most abundant in the Indian Ocean , and was collected in the Maldive Islands , in Sri Lanka , along the Indian Malabar coast , in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, in Maluku in
850-625: The previously traded coins, with the exception of Shamshudeen III's 1 and 4 laari, were withdrawn from circulation on 17 June 1966. The newly established central bank , the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA), introduced the Rf. 1 coin on 22 January 1983. The coin was minted in West Germany . In 1984, a new series of coins was introduced which did not include the 2 laari denomination. In 1995, Rf. 2 coins were introduced. Coins currently in circulation are 1 laari, 2 laari, 5 laari, 10 laari, 25 laari, 50 laari, Rf. 1, Rf. 2. In 2017,
884-463: The same festival these shells are also worshiped as a symbol of Goddess Lakshmi and wealth. Large cowrie shells such as that of a Cypraea tigris have been used in Europe in the recent past as a darning egg over which sock heels were stretched. The cowrie's smooth surface allows the needle to be positioned under the cloth more easily. In the 1940s and 1950s, small cowry shells were used as
918-553: The shell is called the Dorsal Face, whereas the flat under side is called the Ventral Face, which shows a long, narrow, slit-like opening ( aperture ), which is often toothed at the edges. The narrower end of the egg-shaped cowrie shell is the anterior end, and the broader end of the shell is called the posterior. The spire of the shell is not visible in the adult shell of most species, but is visible in juveniles, which have
952-513: The shells, were used as Chinese currency . They were also used as means of exchange in India . The Classical Chinese character for money ( 貝 ) originated as a stylized drawing of a Maldivian cowrie shell. Words and characters concerning money, property or wealth usually have this as a radical . Before the Spring and Autumn period the cowrie was used as a type of trade token awarding access to
986-484: The skull in female burials. During the Bronze Age , cowries became more common as funerary goods, also associated with burials of women and children. Cowrie shells are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms . In Mende culture, cowrie shells are viewed as symbols of womanhood , fertility , birth and wealth . Its underside is supposed, by one modern ethnographic author, to represent
1020-493: The use of cowrie shells as currency in ancient Egypt to the similarity between shape of the shell and that of female genitalia. After the 1500s, however, the shell's use as currency became even more common. Western nations, chiefly through the slave trade , introduced huge numbers of Maldivian cowries in Africa. The Ghanaian cedi was named after cowrie shells. Starting over three thousand years ago, cowrie shells, or copies of
1054-484: The ‘look and feel’ of the font with which the symbol is used to be together, whilst maintaining the proportions and ratios of the construction. The symbol was designed by Mr. Hassan Shujau. It was chosen among 70 concept proposals received by MMA through a nationwide competition. The proposals were evaluated by an evaluation committee comprising members from MMA, Dhivehi Bahuge Academy and other areas of expertise. In early 1960, Sultan Mohamed Fareed I ordered coins from
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1088-441: Was Ghaazee Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-Auzam . The seal was much broader than the wires hence it was barely legible. The first known of coins were introduced by Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar (1648–1687). Compared to the previous forms of money, these coins were much neater and minted in pure silver. The coins were minted in the capital city of Malé , a fact which it acknowledged on the reverse. The legend "King of Land and Sea, Iskandhar
1122-438: Was to be replaced by a coin of the same denomination, but public input convinced the Maldives Monetary Authority to go for the banknote. Illustrations on the banknotes were done by Maizan Hassan Manik and Abbaas (Bamboo). 2018 2020 2018 Cowrie Cowrie or cowry ( pl. cowries ) is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails in the family Cypraeidae . The term porcelain derives from
1156-642: Was worth 400,000 shells. During the 17th and 18th centuries, lārin (parallel straps of silver wire folded in half with dyed Persian and Arabic inscriptions) were imported and traded as currency. This form of currency was used in the Persian Gulf , India, Ceylon and the Far East during this time. Historians agree that this new form of currency was most probably exchanged for cowry shells and indicates Maldives' lucrative trade with these countries. The first Sultan to imprint his own seal onto this currency
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