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113-709: The park protects areas representative of the Lake of the Woods Ecoregion within the Boreal Shield ecozone . The park's protection also specifically extends to the Tie Creek basin, an area of great spiritual significance to Indigenous peoples. Whiteshell Provincial Park was designated a provincial park by the Government of Manitoba in 1961. It was one of the first group of parks established the year following

226-559: A 20-year effort to convert its entire 516 km (321 mi) section of the Trans-Canada Highway into a four-lane limited-access divided highway. The highway has a speed limit of 110 km/h (68 mph) on most of its sections in New Brunswick. New Brunswick was the first province where the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway was made entirely into a four-lane limited-access divided highway. From Moncton,

339-458: A 75-kilometre (47 mi) section from Whitbourne to St. John's are divided. Although there does not appear to be any nationally-sanctioned "starting point" for the entire Trans-Canada Highway system, St. John's has adopted this designation for the section of highway running in the city. The foot of East White Hills Road in St. John's, near Logy Bay Road , would be a more precise starting point of

452-405: A beach, golf course, ski resort, riding stables and many other tourist services. It is the west end of Manitoba Provincial Road 301 which runs east through Faloma, Toniata, and Star Lake to the community of West Hawk Lake. Provincial campgrounds in the southern portion of the park are Caddy Lake, Falcon Beach, Falcon Lakeshore and West Hawk Lake. West Hawk Lake, the deepest lake in the province,

565-458: A four-lane divided highway . Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba have widened most of their southern Trans-Canada Highway network to four lanes. In Quebec, most sections of the TCH network overlap with the province's Autoroute freeways. New Brunswick is the only province to have its whole length of the main Trans-Canada Highway route at a four-lane freeway standard. Like the former U.S. Route 66 ,

678-835: A freeway and proceeds 206 km (128 mi) east to Montreal , as Highway 417 in Ontario (and the Queensway in Ottawa) and Autoroute 40 in Quebec. The Trans-Canada assumes the name Autoroute Métropolitaine (also known as "The Met" or "Metropolitan Boulevard") as it traverses Montreal as an elevated freeway. At the Laurentian interchange, in Montreal, the Abitibi route (Highway 66, Route 117, A-15) rejoins

791-465: A junction just south of Rivière-du-Loup , 173 km (107 mi) northeast of Lévis . At that junction, the highway turns southeast and changes designation to Autoroute 85 for 43 km (27 mi), and then downgrades from a freeway to Route 185 , a non-Autoroute (not limited-access) standard highway until Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha! , where Autoroute 85 resumes once again. The portion from Autoroute 20 to Edmundston , New Brunswick,

904-421: A landscape of broadly rolling uplands and lowlands with precambrian granitic bedrock outcrops. Few clear drainage channels were left in the rocky sediments deposited by the glacier resulting in a deranged drainage pattern . The numerous wetlands and lakes formed give this ecozone a unique character. Water features in this ecozone contain 22% of Canada's freshwater surface area. Soil types vary widely across

1017-463: A maximum of 90 km/h (56 mph) in rural areas. The Trans-Canada Highway through the three prairie provinces is 1,667 km (1,036 mi) long. It starts at the border with British Columbia at Kicking Horse Pass, and runs all the way to the Ontario border at Whiteshell. The highway continues through Alberta, running east for 206 km (128 mi) as Alberta Highway 1 to Lake Louise , Banff , Canmore , and Calgary . This section of

1130-471: A province (especially in Ontario and Quebec) as the TCH piggybacks along separate provincial highways (which often continue as non-TCH routes outside the designated sections) en route. In addition, Ontario and Quebec use standard provincial highway shields to number the highway within their boundaries, but post numberless Trans-Canada Highway shields alongside them to identify it. As the Trans-Canada route

1243-644: A signalized four-lane arterial road for short stretches in Salmon Arm , Revelstoke , and Golden , but has no signal lights on it for most of its length. The highway crosses two high passes along its route: Rogers Pass in Glacier National Park , and Kicking Horse Pass in Yoho National Park . At Kicking Horse Pass, the highest point on the whole Trans-Canada Highway system is reached, at 1,627 m (5,338 ft). Speed limits on

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1356-684: A small arterial road , it enters the Departure Bay Terminal and crosses the Strait of Georgia to Horseshoe Bay via BC Ferries . From there, it travels through Metro Vancouver on a four-to-eight-lane freeway before leaving the city and continuing as a four-lane freeway eastward up the Fraser Valley to Hope . There, the Trans-Canada Highway exits the freeway and turns north for 186 km (116 mi) through Fraser Canyon and Thompson Canyon toward Cache Creek , mostly as

1469-410: A tourism and travel centre. The Coquihalla project also realigned Highway 1 (TCH) to a new freeway bypass around Kamloops . Plans for a freeway to bypass or eliminate traffic congestion and road hazards along the heavily-travelled route from Victoria to Nanaimo on Vancouver Island were cancelled during the recession that followed the 1987 stock market crash . In Alberta, between 1964 and 1972,

1582-450: A two-lane route, portions of the route are built as two-lane expressways . Two short bypasses are also considered part of the Trans-Canada Highway system. These include the 42-kilometre-long (26 mi) Perimeter Highway 100 bypass around Winnipeg, which provides an expressway standard alternative to the crowded Highway 1 in the city centre, and the 34-kilometre-long (21 mi) two-lane Kenora Bypass ( Highway 17A ), which

1695-478: A two-lane rural highway with only occasional traffic lights. Approaching Kamloops , Highway 1 re-enters a short freeway alignment (briefly concurrent with Highways 5 and 97 ), before passing through Kamloops itself as a four-lane signalized highway. From Kamloops, the highway continues east as a mostly-two-lane rural highway through the Interior of British Columbia, with occasional passing lanes. It widens to

1808-545: Is 1,045 km (649 mi) long, beginning in Victoria at the intersection of Douglas Street and Dallas Road (where the "Mile 0" plaque stands), and ending on the Alberta border at Kicking Horse Pass . The highway starts by passing northward along the east coast of Vancouver Island for 99 km (62 mi) to Nanaimo along a mostly-four-lane, heavily-signalized highway. After passing through downtown Nanaimo on

1921-480: Is a two-lane route that bypasses the entire town to the north. Early on, much of the route of the Trans-Canada Highway was first explored in order to construct the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 19th century, a route which much of the mainline TCH route later ended up following. The Trans-Canada Highway was not the first road across Canada. In British Columbia, the highway was predated by

2034-599: Is also archaeological evidence of ancient copper trading, prehistoric quartz mining, and stone tool making in the area. The copper trade, which extended toward Lake Superior , began approximately 6,000 years ago. Many artifacts and prehistoric camps were discovered in Whiteshell Provincial Park and are protected under the Heritage Act of Manitoba . The park is still used by Indigenous peoples for wild rice harvesting and ceremonies. Around 1920,

2147-421: Is approximately 120 km (75 mi) long. Since the Trans-Canada Highway for the most part follows Quebec's Autoroute System, which is always composed of a minimum four-lane freeway, travel through Quebec is generally, safe, fast, and congestion-free. The exception is the route through Montreal, which can be prone to traffic congestion. However, drivers can bypass the city on the tolled Autoroute 30, which

2260-437: Is designated as Highway 16 in all four provinces that it passes through (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). It follows a more northerly east–west route across Western Canada than the main TCH and passes through fewer cities, with Edmonton being the largest on the route. Other major municipalities on the route include Prince Rupert , Prince George , Lloydminster , and Saskatoon . The Yellowhead Highway

2373-600: Is highly valued and sold as "Winnipeg goldeye". Boreal Shield Ecozone (CEC) The Boreal Shield Ecozone , as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is the largest ecozone in Canada . Covering 1.8 million square kilometres it covers almost 20% of Canada's landmass, stretching from northern Saskatchewan to Newfoundland . The retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet left

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2486-470: Is largely non-functional as a major long distance corridor due to its roundabout route and the complete avoidance of the Toronto area. It is a 671-kilometre-long (417 mi) alternate route to Highway 17 (the mainline TCH) between Sudbury and Ottawa. It passes through several major communities, including Orillia and Peterborough . Because it passes closer to major population centres, this section of

2599-461: Is limited to 110 km/h (68 mph), but is 100 km/h (62 mph) east of Winnipeg. East of Winnipeg, the highway continues for over 200 km (120 mi) to Kenora , Ontario. At the provincial border, the expressway becomes an arterial highway, and the numeric designation of the highway changes from 1 to 17. It is signed with a provincial shield along with a numberless Trans-Canada Highway sign, and continues as an arterial highway along

2712-560: Is located along the Whiteshell River just north of West Hawk Lake. The fish in the hatchery are used to help stock lakes throughout Manitoba. It is open during the summer months. Whiteshell Provincial Park is home to a variety of large mammals including black bear , moose , white-tailed deer , timber wolf and lynx . Smaller mammals such as river otter , marten , fisher , red fox , mink , hare , beaver , bats , skunk , raccoon , muskrat and red squirrels also inhabit

2825-481: Is located at PTH 44, slightly east of Rennie. The sanctuary protects nesting Canada geese each spring. The interpretive centre provides information about the biology of the geese and the history of the sanctuary, as well as an observation gallery for the lake and interpretive programs. The Whiteshell Trappers Museum is located on the grounds of the Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary. Built in 1997,

2938-606: Is most well-known for passing through Jasper National Park in Alberta, where it crosses the Continental Divide through its namesake Yellowhead Pass . Since it carries significantly less traffic than its more southerly counterpart, the Yellowhead is almost exclusively a two-lane highway in British Columbia and Manitoba, and is only partially a four-lane expressway in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Until 1990,

3051-658: Is not part of the Trans-Canada. The maximum speed limit on the Quebec Autoroute System (including the TCH) is a strictly-enforced 100 km/h (62 mph). However, the speed limit may be lower in select spots, such as through tunnels or major interchanges. Since 2018, Quebec has been working on upgrading the 40-kilometre-long (25 mi) two-lane section of Trans-Canada Highway along Route 185 to an Autoroute, with 21.5 km (13.4 mi) of new freeway commissioned during 2021–22, another 10 km in 2024 and

3164-628: Is notable that the Trans-Canada largely bypasses Canada's most heavily populated region, the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario, which includes Canada's largest city, Toronto . However, a short section of the Central Ontario branch does pass through the rural northeastern edge of Durham Region at both Sunderland and Beaverton, which is officially part of the Greater Toronto Area. Access to Toronto itself from

3277-485: Is part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, and bypasses the city with a mix of traffic lights and interchanges, while Highway 1 continues through central Winnipeg as a signalized arterial road. With the exception of a 15.3-kilometre-long (9.5 mi) stretch of two-lane highway just west of the Ontario border, the entire length of Highway 1 through the Prairie Provinces is a four-lane highway. While

3390-582: Is part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, but is almost exclusively referred to as the Yellowhead Highway and is often recognized as its own highway under that name. In comparison, Highway 1 in Western Canada is always referred to as the Trans-Canada Highway, and has a significantly higher traffic volume with a route passing through more major cities than the less important Highway 16 (Yellowhead) TCH route. Therefore Highway 1

3503-586: Is usually considered to be part of the main Trans-Canada Highway route, while Highway 16 is not, although it may be considered a second mainline corridor as it serves a more northerly belt of major cities, as well as having its own Pacific terminus. Although the TCH network is strictly a transcontinental system, and does not enter any of Canada's three northern territories or run to the United States border , it does form part of Canada's overall National Highway System (NHS), which provides connections to

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3616-478: The Canadian Shield , a rugged, forested area with thousands of lakes. There are many cottage communities along this section of the Trans-Canada Highway, some of which have their driveways directly onto the highway. Highway 11/Highway 17 proceeds southeast for 65 km (40 mi) to Thunder Bay , then northeast for 115 km (71 mi) to Nipigon . An 83-kilometre (52 mi) segment of

3729-703: The Coquihalla Highway in 1986, the Trans-Canada Highway through the Fraser Canyon received less traffic, because the freeway bypass shortened the drive between Hope and Kamloops by 90 minutes. However, the route was retained as part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, and is considered a scenic route and a valuable part of the Fraser Country Circle Tour. The opening of the Coquihalla was also an economic disaster for many of

3842-742: The Crowsnest Highway , the Big Bend Highway , and the Cariboo Highway , all of which were constructed during the Great Depression era. Many of the earlier highways in British Columbia were largely gravel and had many frequent inland ferry crossings at wide rivers and lakes. In Alberta, the section between Calgary and Banff was predated by the Morley Trail (now Highway 1A), which was driveable starting in

3955-552: The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) transferred the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep along 14.2 km (8.8 mi) of Highway 17 east of "the split" with Highway 417 to Trim Road (Regional Road 57) to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , a process commonly referred to as downloading . The Regional Municipality then designated the road as Regional Road 174 . Despite

4068-572: The Northwest Territories , Yukon , and the border, although the NHS (apart from the TCH sections) is unsigned. Canada's National Highway System is not under federal jurisdiction or coordination, as highway construction and maintenance are entirely under the jurisdiction of the individual provinces , which also handle route numbering on the Trans-Canada Highway. The Western provinces have voluntarily coordinated their highway numbers so that

4181-651: The TCH or T-Can ) is a transcontinental federal–provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada , from the Pacific Ocean on the west coast to the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast. The main route spans 7,476 km (4,645 mi) across the country, one of the longest routes of its type in the world. The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers , although there are small variations in

4294-615: The 1910s and paved in the 1930s. The first route over the Central Canadian Rockies to connect Calgary to British Columbia was the Banff–Windermere Parkway , which was opened in 1922 and is now numbered as Highway 93. Sections of road across the Prairies have also existed since the 1920s. A gravel road connection across northern Ontario (Highway 17) was constructed starting in 1931. While this section

4407-494: The Main TCH route between Kenora and Thunder Bay, passing through the town of Fort Frances on the U.S. border. Then, after running concurrently with the main Trans-Canada Highway route, Highway 11 splits off to the north at Nipigon , running through a vast and sparsely-populated area of northern Ontario. This highway sees little long-distance traffic compared to the main route, beside heavy transport trucks looking to avoid

4520-594: The Mainland segment of the Trans-Canada Highway in British Columbia range from 90–100 km/h (56–62 mph), although in towns it can be as low as 50 km/h (31 mph). A combination of difficult terrain and growing urbanization limits posted speeds on the Vancouver Island section to 50 km/h (31 mph) in urban areas, 80 km/h (50 mph) over the Malahat and through suburban areas, and

4633-522: The Manitoba Parks Reservation Service. Fees vary depending on facilities and services provided. The northern portion of the park may be accessed by road from the west via PR 307 at Seven Sisters Falls or Highway 44 at Rennie. Pointe du Bois can be reached by road via PR 313 . Furthermore, Via Rail 's Canadian serves the park at Brereton Lake , Ophir , and Winnitoba stations . Provincial campgrounds located in

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4746-492: The New Brunswick border, the main Trans-Canada Highway route continues east into Nova Scotia at Amherst , where it settles onto Nova Scotia Highway 104 . Southeast of Amherst, near Thomson Station , the highway traverses the Cobequid Pass , a 45-kilometre (28 mi) tolled section ending at Masstown , before passing by Truro , where it links with Highway 102 to Halifax, 117 km (73 mi) east of

4859-528: The New Brunswick border. Halifax , like Toronto, is a provincial capital that the Trans-Canada Highway does not pass through. Beyond Truro, the highway continues east for 57 km (35 mi) to New Glasgow, where it meets Highway 106 , before continuing to the Canso Causeway , which crosses the Strait of Canso onto Cape Breton Island near Port Hawkesbury . From the Canso Causeway,

4972-642: The North Whiteshell are Otter Falls, Nutimik Lake, Betula Lake, White Lake, Big Whiteshell Lake and Brereton Lake. The Whiteshell Natural History Museum, opened in 1960 and located in a log building, features mounted wildlife displays of local animals. Other displays include the boreal forest, Canadian Indigenous peoples, petroforms, sturgeon and the Winnipeg River. The museum is located on PR 307 at Nutimik Lake. It has been closed since 2018. The Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary and Interpretive Centre

5085-545: The Saskatchewan Border. In 1970, plans were made for a six-to-eight-lane freeway to carry the Trans-Canada Highway though the heart of North Calgary, but the plan was soon dropped due to citizen outcry . Between Ottawa and the Ontario–Quebec border, the Trans-Canada Highway designation was taken from the two-lane Highway 17 and applied to the existing Highway 417 freeway in 1997–98. On April 1, 1997,

5198-561: The TCH route to Montreal after connecting with Autoroute 15 . The main Highway ;11 continues south until it intersects the main Trans-Canada Highway route (Highway 17) in North Bay. Except for the southernmost stretches south of Labelle , these highways are two-lane undivided routes. The southern Ontario Trans-Canada Highway route is even more abstract than the northern ones, as it uses four different provincial highways, and

5311-464: The TCH sees higher traffic volumes. It is made up of various sections of freeways, expressways, and two-lane routes. Another spur route of the Trans-Canada Highway splits off the mainline in eastern New Brunswick. This route connects to Prince Edward Island across the 13-kilometre-long (8.1 mi) Confederation Bridge , crosses the central part of Prince Edward Island, including through the provincial capital of Charlottetown , before crossing back to

5424-550: The Trans-Canada Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon is commemorated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway . Fox was forced to abandon his cross-country Marathon of Hope run here, and a bronze statue of him was later erected in his honour. The highway is the only road that connects eastern and western Canada. On January 10, 2016, the Nipigon River Bridge suffered a mechanical failure, closing

5537-542: The Trans-Canada Highway for 17 hours; the only alternative was to go through the United States, around the south side of Lake Superior . Highway 17 proceeds east from Nipigon for 581 km (361 mi) along the northern and eastern coast of Lake Superior. Between Wawa and Sault Ste. Marie , the highway crosses the Montreal River Hill , which sometimes becomes a bottleneck on the system in

5650-584: The Trans-Canada Highway was completely rerouted from its former two-lane alignment along the Bow River to a new, more direct, four-lane freeway between Banff and Calgary, resulting in the bypassing of several towns, such as Canmore . Prior to this change, one of the first traffic circles in Canada existed on Highway 1 at the "gateway" junction for Banff from at least as early as the 1950s. The current interchange on Highway 1 for Banff Avenue now occupies

5763-633: The Whiteshell River just below Betula Lake. Falcon Lake lies to the south of the TransCanada Highway. Big Whiteshell Lake is the largest of a number of lakes lying to the north of the Whiteshell River. The park is located along the eastern side of Southern Manitoba, along the Ontario border. It is the first area that is entered when arriving in Manitoba from the east on the Trans-Canada Highway which runs east west through

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5876-481: The Yellowhead Highway had its own unique highway number signs, but they have now mostly been replaced with standard maple-leaf Trans-Canada Highway signs, with numberless Yellowhead shields posted adjacent to them. The 1,547-kilometre (961 mi) section of Highway 71 and Highway 11 between Kenora and North Bay, Ontario , is considered part of the Trans-Canada Highway. This highway first runs south of

5989-701: The area for harvesting wild rice, hunting, fishing, trade, ceremonies, teaching, and dwelling. In 1734, La Vérendrye was the first European to explore the area during his quest for a route to the Western Sea . First Nations, fur traders, and trappers used the Winnipeg River as the main travel route through this area, as well as the Whiteshell River . Whiteshell Provincial Park has many pink granite ridges, cliffs, and flat granite areas used for petroform making by First Nation peoples. There

6102-590: The area. The Ojibway , or Anishinaabe , first mapped some of the area on birch bark. The name of the park is derived from the cowrie shells that were used in ceremonies by the Anishinaabe , including the Ojibway, and among them the Midewiwin practitioners. The historic Winnipeg River and the Whiteshell River are the main rivers that run through the park. For thousands of years, Indigenous peoples used

6215-544: The city of Regina , and skirts around the city on the Regina Bypass , the most expensive infrastructure project in Saskatchewan to date . Beyond Regina, it continues east for 486 km (302 mi), across the border with Manitoba, to the cities of Brandon and Portage la Prairie , and finally 84 km (52 mi) east to Winnipeg . The southern portion of Winnipeg's Perimeter Highway (Highway 100)

6328-578: The city on Highway 417, which is between six and eight lanes wide at this point. In Southern Ontario , the speed limit is generally 80 km/h (50 mph) on the Trans-Canada, while in Northern Ontario it is 90 km/h (56 mph). Sections routed along Highway 417 outside urban Ottawa feature a higher limit of 110 km/h (68 mph). While Highways 17 and 417 are largely free from traffic congestion except for minor rush hour delays on Ottawa's stretch of Highway 417,

6441-409: The city. Ontario plans to eventually extend the 417 freeway to Sudbury, which will widen the section of the mainline TCH between Ottawa and Sudbury to four-lane freeway standards. However, there is no funding secured for such a project, as Ontario is currently focusing on extending Highway 400 to Sudbury along the Highway 69 corridor (which is part of the Georgian Bay TCH route). It

6554-457: The designation of Highway 1 and runs northeast for 219 km (136 mi) through Corner Brook , east for another 352 km (219 mi) through Gander , and finally ends at St. John's , another 334 km (208 mi) southeast, for a total of 905 km (562 mi), crossing the island. The majority of the Trans-Canada Highway in Newfoundland is undivided, though sections in Corner Brook, Grand Falls-Windsor , Glovertown , and

6667-417: The development of roads brought tourists into the Whiteshell area. The first summer cottages were close to the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian National Railway . In 1922 Brereton Lake Dominion Park was created. A decade later and in 1930 the park was transferred to the province of Manitoba and established the Whiteshell Forest Reserve. Further roadwork continued, linking the reserve to Ontario in

6780-427: The diversity of both plant and animal species and increase the forest's vulnerability to disease. Many Shield lakes and soils are extremely sensitive to changes in pH . Acid rain from local sources and from the long-range transport of airborne pollutants has already taken an ominous toll. It may be weakening the general vigour and growth rate of trees, as well as of aquatic species, in sensitive areas. Under 3% of

6893-492: The east and campgrounds and picnic sites further north. A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in the community of Falcon Lake by the province to commemorate the role of the Dawson Road in Manitoba's heritage. Three rivers flow through the park forming strings of lakes. The Winnipeg River defines the northern edge of the park from Eaglenest Lake, straddling the Manitoba-Ontario boundary flowing west through Numao Lake, Nutimik Lake, Dorothy Lake, Margaret Lake to Natalie Lake on

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7006-529: The east. In areas of muskeg there are stands of black spruce or tamarack . There are frequent forest fires. Being largely wild and remote, this ecozone is rich in wildlife, including woodland caribou , moose , wolf , black bear , raccoon , marten , fisher , striped skunk , lynx , bobcat and eastern chipmunk . Common birds include Boreal owl , great horned owl , blue jay , white- sparrow and evening grosbeak . Lakes contain brook char , lake trout , northern pike , perch , and walleye . Off

7119-401: The ecozone's total land space forbids industrial activities of any kind; this land space is therefore designated as protected. Another 5% of the ecozone's land space is also considered protected, though not as strictly; activities such as mining or forestry may be tolerable in such areas. The Boreal Shield is the largest ecozone in Canada , however, compared to other ecozones, it exhibits among

7232-530: The highway (again signed exclusively with the TCH shield) follows the Saint John River Valley, running south for 170 km (110 mi) to Woodstock (parallelling the Canada–US border ) and then east for another 102 km (63 mi) to pass through Fredericton . 40 km (25 mi) east of Fredericton, the Saint John River turns south, whereby the highway crosses the river at Jemseg and continues heading east to Moncton another 135 km (84 mi) later. On November 1, 2007, New Brunswick completed

7345-400: The highway continues east, now designated as Highway 105 on Cape Breton Island, until reaching the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal at North Sydney . From North Sydney, a 177-kilometre (110 mi) ferry route, operated by the Crown corporation Marine Atlantic , continues the highway to Newfoundland , arriving at Channel-Port aux Basques , whereby the Trans-Canada Highway assumes

7458-439: The highway continues southeast for 54 km (34 mi) to a junction at Aulac close to the New Brunswick– Nova Scotia border (near Sackville ). Here, Trans-Canada Highway again splits into two routes, with the main route continuing to the nearby border with Nova Scotia as Route 2, and a 70-kilometre (43 mi) route designated as Route 16 , which runs east to the Confederation Bridge at Cape Jourimain . From

7571-416: The highway passes through Banff National Park and has significant tourism. The section of Highway 1 through Banff National Park was also one of the first highways in North America to have wildlife crossing structures and fencing installed on it . After leaving the mountains it enters Calgary, where it becomes known as 16 Avenue N , a busy six-lane street with many signalized intersections. For

7684-409: The highway, where the road meets and transfers into the start of the Trans-Canada Highway. The terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway in Victoria , at the foot of Douglas Street and Dallas Road at Beacon Hill Park , is also marked by a "mile zero" monument. St. John's downtown arena, Mary Brown's Centre , was originally branded under naming rights as "Mile One Centre" in reference to the geography of

7797-417: The larger national ecozone and ecoprovince system. The Alberta Natural Subregion - Natural Regions (2006) found within this ecozone are: The Manitoba Ecoregions within this ecozone are: The Saskatchewan Ecoregions within this ecozone are: The regional climate has long, cold winters and short summers, conditions which are moderated in coastal regions. Summers in the east are warmer than those in

7910-426: The longer Trans-Canada Highway route. Another example is that much long-distance traffic between Western and Eastern Canada will drive south into the United States and use the Interstate Highway System, rather than the Trans-Canada Highway through Northern Ontario . The main Trans-Canada Highway is uniformly designated as Highway 1 across the four western provinces. The British Columbia section of Highway 1

8023-417: The main TCH line. The TCH then follows Autoroute 25 southbound, crossing the St. Lawrence River through the 6-lane Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge–Tunnel , and proceeds northeast on Autoroute 20 for 257 km (160 mi) to Lévis (across from Quebec City ). East of Lévis , the Trans-Canada Highway continues on Autoroute 20 following the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to

8136-439: The main Trans-Canada route is designated Highway 1 and the Yellowhead route is designated Highway 16 throughout. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador also designate Highway 1 as their section of the TCH, while New Brunswick uses Highway 2 (a separate important highway—albeit non-TCH—is Highway 1 in that province). East of Manitoba, the highway numbers change at each provincial boundary, or within

8249-420: The main route across Northern and Eastern Ontario, until widening out to a freeway at Arnprior, near Ottawa. In Kenora, the Trans-Canada designation includes both the main route through the city's urban core and the 33.6 km (20.9 mi) Highway 17A bypass route to the north. The existing branch from Kenora continues east for 136 km (85 mi) to Dryden . This section of highway passes through

8362-404: The mainland on a ferry. This length of the route is 234 km (145 miles), and consists of New Brunswick Highway 16, Prince Edward Island Highway 1, and Nova Scotia Highway 106. This leg of the Trans-Canada Highway sees moderately high traffic volumes and is an important tourist route. The Confederation Bridge is often viewed as an attraction in itself. Although the highway is mostly

8475-408: The mainline from Northern Ontario is via the non-TCH southern section of Highway 400, while access from Toronto to Quebec and points east is via Highway 401 (North America's busiest highway and a major national highway in itself), a short non-TCH section of Autoroute 20 , and A-30 , where the Trans-Canada is joined at A-40 just west of Montreal. From Ottawa, the Trans-Canada Highway continues as

8588-446: The many non-expressway sections of the Trans-Canada Highway often form the main streets of communities, with homes and businesses directly adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway. The Trans-Canada Highway is not always the preferred route between two cities, or even across the country. For example, the vast majority of traffic travelling between Hope and Kamloops, British Columbia, takes the Coquihalla Highway via Merritt , rather than

8701-633: The markers in some provinces. While by definition the Trans-Canada Highway is a highway system that has several parallel routes throughout most of the country, the term "Trans-Canada Highway" often refers to the main route that consists of Highway 1 (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba), Highways 17 and 417 (Ontario), Autoroutes 40, 25, 20, and 85 (Quebec), Highway 2 (New Brunswick), Highways 104 and 105 (Nova Scotia), and Highway 1 (Newfoundland). This main route starts in Victoria and ends in St. John's , passes through nine of

8814-480: The museum resembles a fur trapper 's cabin . Interpreters discuss the history of fur trapping, trapping techniques, and local wildlife. The park may be accessed from the south side via exits on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1), where visitors may enter near Falcon Lake on the western side or West Hawk Lake on the east. The main park entrance is located at Falcon Lake, immediately south of the Trans-Canada Highway . Falcon Lake has two provincially operated campgrounds,

8927-426: The next 293 km (182 mi) after Calgary, the Trans-Canada Highway continues as a four-lane expressway, with few stops along its route. Medicine Hat is served by a series of six interchanges, after which the Trans-Canada crosses into Saskatchewan on the way to Moose Jaw . The highway mainly travels straight as a four-lane route for most of these sections. The expressway continues 79 km (49 mi) east to

9040-453: The non-freeway sections are subject to frequent closures due to crashes, especially in winter. It is considered a dangerous route due to its extensive outdated sections of winding two-lane highway. Because this section of the highway passes through a largely undeveloped and forested area, collisions with animals are a common cause of crashes. As recently as 2022 , Sault Ste. Marie's local government has asked for Highway 17 to be expanded north of

9153-416: The northern and eastern coasts, aquatic mammals include grey seal , harp seal , hooded seal , ringed seal , sperm whale , orca , Atlantic pilot whale , fin whale , blue whale , northern right whale , bowhead whale , and humpback whale . Fire suppression, insect control, clear-cutting and single-species tree farming are widespread in accessible areas. These practices may, over the long term, reduce

9266-408: The older United States Numbered Highway System . As a result, highway construction standards vary considerably among provinces and cities. In much of British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador, the Trans-Canada Highway system is still in its original two-lane state. British Columbia is actively working on converting its section of Highway 1 east of Kamloops to

9379-589: The only true freeway sections of the route are along the Regina Bypass, in Medicine Hat, and between Calgary and Banff, the whole highway is largely stoplight-free, with "split" at-grade intersections forming the vast majority of the junctions. The speed limit is restricted to 90 km/h (56 mph) through national parks in Canada, including Banff National Park. East of Banff, traffic on most of Highway 1 through Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba

9492-518: The park's northwestern edge. The Whiteshell River enters in the south-eastern corner linking West Hawk Lake , Caddy Lake , South Cross Lake, North Cross Lake, Sailing Lake, Mallard Lake, Lone Island Lake, Jessica Lake, White Lake and Betula Lake before joining the Winnipeg River at Nutimik Lake. The Rennie River forms a third chain of lakes, arising in Shiaro Lake within the park through Jean Lake, Brereton Lake, Rice Lake, Heart Lake before joining

9605-499: The park. Provincial Trunk Highway 44 joins West Hawk Lake with Rennie. Provincial Road 309 connects Provincial Road 307 at White Lake with Lone Island Lake and Big Whiteshell Lake. Park vehicle permits are typically required year-round in Manitoba Provincial Parks. Permits are available at all campgrounds and district offices, or can be purchased online. The population in the park increases significantly in

9718-504: The park. The birds in the park include owls , bald eagles , ruby throated hummingbirds, chickadees , blue jays, grosbeaks, turkey vultures, redpolls , woodpeckers , osprey , loons , ruffed grouse , ducks and Canada geese . Snakes , turtles and a wide variety of insects are found in the park. The lakes and rivers contain perch , walleye , jackfish , lake sturgeon , black crappie , burbot , whitefish , trout , white bass , smallmouth bass and mooneye . Smoked mooneye meat

9831-697: The passage of the Manitoba Provincial Parks Act. Tourism interest in the area had begun shortly after the arrival of railway lines—the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883 and the Canadian Northern Railway around 1908. In 1927, the area was suggested as the location for Manitoba's first national park, eventually losing out to a competing proposal for Riding Mountain National Park . The Ojibway people and various other groups before them initially populated

9944-546: The protests of the region that the route served a provincial purpose, a second round of transfers saw Highway 17 within Ottawa downloaded entirely on January 1, 1998, adding an additional 12.8 km (8.0 mi) to the length of Regional Road 174. The highway was also downloaded within the United Counties of Prescott and Russell , where it was redesignated as County Road 17. The result of these transfers

10057-466: The region in response to the wide range of climate and soil components present. Cryosols are found in the most northerly areas wherever there is permafrost . Accumulation of organic matter, particularly peat , results in organic soils in much of the area. Brunisols occur in the north and west of the region where coarse to medium sediments are found. In these soils, soil formation is ongoing and will eventually result in either podzols or luvisols. In

10170-417: The region. The usage of miles instead of kilometres at both designations dates back to when the Trans-Canada Highway was completed in 1962, prior to metrication in Canada . The Yellowhead Highway is a 2,859-kilometre (1,777 mi) highway in Western Canada, running from Masset, British Columbia , to where it intersects Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) just west of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba . It

10283-556: The remaining 8.5 km (5.3 mi) of freeway under construction, with final completion targeted for 2026. Once this project is complete, the disconnected sections of Autoroute 85 will be joined, and all of Quebec's Mainline Trans-Canada Highway route will be minimum four-lane freeway standards. This will also result in the TCH becoming a continuous freeway from Arnprior, Ontario, to Lower South River, Nova Scotia . The Trans-Canada Highway crosses into New Brunswick and becomes Route 2 just northwest of Edmundston . From Edmundston,

10396-479: The route a full freeway began in the late 1990s and was completed in 2007. The 13-kilometre-long (8.1 mi) Confederation Bridge connecting PEI to New Brunswick opened in 1997. Replacing the ferry that previously serviced that route, it was hailed as a major accomplishment. In 2000 and 2001, Transport Canada considered funding an infrastructure project to have the full Trans-Canada system converted to limited-access divided highways. Although construction funding

10509-490: The significant elevation changes along the Lake Superior route, since it is much flatter and the transit time for heavy hauling is usually the same. The area is also not well-known as a tourist destination outside of fishing tours, which are often fly-in. A much shorter 60-kilometre (37 mi) section of Highway 66 connects another northern Trans-Canada Highway route to Quebec's Highway 117 , which itself continues

10622-554: The site. In the rest of Banff National Park, much of the predecessor Highway 1 parkway was bypassed by a new two-lane route in the 1960s. The original route between Banff and Lake Louise remains as the Bow Valley Parkway and Lake Louise Drive, while a section over Kicking Horse Pass was abandoned and is now part of the Great Divide Trail . Between 1973 and 1990, the highway was twinned from Calgary to

10735-982: The smallest shares of land that have been deemed protected. Because the region is abundant in forest land, it is subject to extensive forestry practices. In order to strengthen public dialogue and engagement on matters concerned with protected areas within the ecozone, land allocation programs have been adopted in Ontario and Saskatchewan. The programs consist of local and regional-level advisory groups that serve to help select and manage conservation areas in these provinces. A number of protected areas have been established to protect representative and/or significant portions of this ecozone. These include Georgian Bay Islands National Park , Gros Morne National Park , La Mauricie National Park , Mealy Mountains National Park Reserve , Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve , Pukaskwa National Park , and Terra Nova National Park . Trans-Canada Highway The Trans-Canada Highway ( French : Route Transcanadienne ; abbreviated as

10848-439: The south and east, podzols are found under forests growing primarily on sand in cold conditions. Gleysols are found where poor drainage has resulted in depleted oxygen. Luvisols are present where forests overlay clay deposits. These two soil types occur across the region wherever these conditions occur. This ecozone can be further subdivided into six ecoprovinces: Each province continues to work on defining subregions within

10961-490: The summer. Many of these seasonal residents own cottages or cabins built on land leased from the Crown. The word 'cottaging' is used to describe staying at these seasonal residences. Visitors to the park who are not interested in camping can choose to rent a cottage or cabin or stay in a lodge or resort. The Province operates ten serviced campgrounds in the park May through October. Reservations for these sites must be made through

11074-531: The ten provinces, and connects most of the country's major cities, including Vancouver , Calgary , Regina , Winnipeg , Ottawa , Montreal , Quebec City , and Fredericton . One of the main route's eight other parallel routes connects to the tenth province, Prince Edward Island . While the other parallel routes in the system are also technically part of the Trans-Canada Highway, they are usually considered either secondary routes or different highways altogether. For example, Highway 16 throughout Western Canada

11187-478: The time it was considered a major improvement to the gravel roads and ferries it replaced, it was soon believed to be insufficient to handle the growing traffic volumes. In response, several provinces began to construct realignments, freeway widenings, and twin sections of highway in response to traffic flow and safety concerns. In British Columbia's Lower Mainland, the Upper Levels Freeway alignment

11300-471: The towns along the Fraser Canyon section of the Trans-Canada Highway, since most of the travel and tourism business along the route quickly dried up when most of the traffic took the new highway. The towns continue to be largely deprived of wealth, and some are close to being abandoned. On the other hand, Merritt , located midway up the new Coquihalla highway, ended up booming, and continues to grow as

11413-491: The west of the region. The mean annual temperature ranges from -4 °C in northern Saskatchewan to 5.5 °C in Newfoundland. Precipitation increases from west to east. The region is widely forested with white and black spruce , balsam fir and jack pine . Deciduous trees are more common in the south, with white birch , trembling aspen and balsam poplar . There are also yellow birch and sugar maple to

11526-466: The whole alignment of the Trans-Canada Highway through the Lower Mainland a freeway. All bypassed sections of the highway were absorbed into various urban and rural road networks. The older freeways in the Lower Mainland were largely built as a parkway design, with wide, forested medians and low overpasses (a road configuration that was common across North America at the time). After the opening of

11639-487: The winter when inclement weather can make the steep grade virtually impassable. At Sault Ste. Marie, the main route turns eastward for 291 km (181 mi) to Sudbury . The mainline route then continues east from Sudbury for 151 km (94 mi) to North Bay. The northern route rejoins the mainline here, which continues 339 km (211 mi) to Arnprior , where it widens to a freeway and becomes Highway 417 . The freeway continues to Ottawa passing through

11752-541: Was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949, with construction commencing in 1950. The highway officially opened in 1962, with the completion of the Rogers Pass section of highway between Golden and Revelstoke . This section of highway bypassed the original Big Bend Highway, the last remaining section of gravel highway on the route. Upon its original completion, the Trans-Canada Highway

11865-630: Was completed on August 30, 2007, with the new Park Bridge and Ten Mile Hill sections opening up 16 km (9.9 mi) of new four-lane highway. Other smaller four-lane widening projects on the Trans-Canada Highway in the interior of British Columbia were also built around the same time. As part of the Gateway Program , 37 km (23 mi) of congested four-lane Highway 1 freeway in Metro Vancouver were widened to an eight-lane buildout starting in 2012. This project continues into

11978-491: Was composed of sections from pre-existing provincial highways, it is unlikely that the Trans-Canada Highway will ever have a uniform designation across the whole country. Unlike the Interstate Highway System in the United States, the Trans-Canada Highway system has no national construction standard, and it was originally built mostly as a two-lane highway with few multi-lane freeway sections, similar to

12091-576: Was formed by a meteorite, and is a popular spot for scuba diving and ice diving. Located at West Hawk Lake, the West Hawk Museum features exhibits about the area's geology, area gold mining, and the formation of the lake from the impact of meteorite that formed the West Hawk crater. The Whiteshell Fish Hatchery Interpretive Centre allows visitors to learn about the hatchery's activities in raising lake sturgeon, trout and walleye. The hatchery

12204-399: Was largely open by the late 1930s, it was not fully completed until 1951 (in large part due to World War II interrupting construction). However, despite the gap, vehicles could still cross the county by getting ferried around the relatively short section of incomplete highway by either rail or water, and Highway 11 was completed to Hearst from the east by 1937 and Nipigon by 1943. The system

12317-625: Was made available to some provinces for portions of the system, the federal government ultimately decided to not pursue a comprehensive limited-access highway conversion. Opposition to funding the limited-access widening was due to low traffic levels on parts of the Trans-Canada Highway. Prior to the start of the Great Recession in 2008, the highway underwent some changes through the Rocky Mountains from Banff National Park to Golden , British Columbia. A major piece of this project

12430-478: Was opened in 1960 with the completion of the Second Narrows Crossing , which allowed the Trans-Canada Highway to bypass downtown Vancouver's streets and the narrow Lions Gate Bridge . The four-lane Upper Levels Freeway was relatively-crudely constructed, with narrow lanes, low overpasses, and no proper merge ramps. It remains in this state in the present day . Between 1962 and 1964, Highway 1

12543-558: Was rerouted onto a new four-lane freeway bypass between Vancouver and Chilliwack . This section of highway was originally part of British Columbia's own 400 series of highways , until the designation was replaced by Highway 1. A freeway alignment on the Trans-Canada Highway between Chilliwack and Hope opened in 1986. The opening of the Cassiar Tunnel in 1990 bypassed the last sets of signal lights in Vancouver, rendering

12656-476: Was the longest uninterrupted highway in the world. Construction on other legs continued until 1971, when the last gap on Highway 16 was completed in the Upper Fraser Valley east of Prince George , at which point the highway network was considered complete. When the Trans-Canada Highway first opened, it was almost exclusively a two-lane route for its whole length across the country. While at

12769-479: Was the truncation of Highway 17 at the western end of Highway 417. 1990 saw the opening of the two-lane Kenora Bypass , providing through traffic with a way to avoid the congested town. Starting in the 1960s, Quebec began to build its Autoroute network. Many sections of Trans-Canada Highway were widened to freeway standards during that era of highway construction. Starting in 1987, New Brunswick began to widen its section of TCH to four lanes. Work to make

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