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51-571: In comparison to the previous single Moto G models, the G4 fragmented the line into three models, with the base model joined by the Moto G4 Play and the Moto G4 Plus with an upgraded camera and a fingerprint reader. The Moto G4's hardware design was refreshed featuring a "water repellent nano-coating" on the motherboard and a camera protrusion. However, unlike the previous generation Moto G3,

102-416: A BIOS , as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or UEFI . UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run Windows 8 . When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This Power-On Self Test (POST) may include testing some of the following things: Chipset In

153-615: A water cooling system instead of many fans. Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement. A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this

204-472: A 13-megapixel rear-facing camera and a 5-megapixel front-facing camera. The Moto G4 also supports 802.11n Wi-Fi connectivity and an FM radio receiver. The device shipped with Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow" . Motorola stated that the Moto G4 line would receive occasional security patches. On December 29, 2016, Motorola began rolling out an update to Android 7.0 "Nougat" . In September 2017, Motorola stated that

255-439: A card-cage case with components connected by a backplane containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into

306-411: A computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor , memory and peripherals . The chipset is usually found on the motherboard of computers. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors . Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices,

357-406: A different number of connections depending on its standard and form factor . A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three PCI-Express x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded PCI ). A standard EATX motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and

408-472: A lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on

459-555: A peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had Cassette BASIC (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. The boot firmware in modern IBM PC compatible motherboard designs contains either

510-448: A separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after

561-412: A set of low-speed peripherals: PS/2 keyboard and mouse , floppy disk drive , serial ports , and parallel ports . By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as

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612-449: A traditional northbridge to do so. Intel followed suit in 2008 with the release of its Core i series CPUs and the X58 platform. In newer processors integration has further increased, primarily through the inclusion of the system's primary PCIe controller and integrated graphics directly on the CPU itself. As fewer functions are left un-handled by the processor, chipset vendors have condensed

663-433: A variety of other custom components. Similarly, the term mainboard describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities. Prior to the invention of the microprocessor , the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in

714-704: A variety of sizes and shapes called form factors , some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2024 , most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor — even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of

765-515: A varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia ) and Crossfire (for AMD ). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. In newer motherboards,

816-439: Is a high-end version that features a 16-megapixel camera with dual-tone flash and infrared auto-focus, as well as an integrated fingerprint reader, up to 4 GB of RAM, and up to 64 GB of internal storage. The G4 and G4 Play were also sold as part of Amazon.com 's Prime Exclusive program, which offered a discounted version of the phone to Amazon Prime subscribers, subsidized by the display of personalized advertising on

867-415: Is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory , and provides connectors for other peripherals . Unlike a backplane , a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor,

918-406: Is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. A CPU socket (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support

969-704: The Apple II and IBM PC include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PCjr . Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards. Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat. Motherboards are produced in

1020-477: The Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor unit would load its program counter with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from

1071-555: The Intel 80286 CPU. In home computers , game consoles, and arcade hardware of the 1980s and 1990s, the term chipset was used for the custom audio and graphics chips. Examples include the Original Amiga chipset and Sega 's System 16 chipset. In x86 -based personal computers, the term chipset often refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the northbridge and the southbridge . The northbridge links

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1122-429: The M.2 slots are for SSD and/or wireless network interface controller . Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash . Passive cooling , or a single fan mounted on the power supply , was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until

1173-727: The NCR 53C9x , a low-cost chipset implementing a SCSI interface to storage devices, could be found in Unix machines such as the MIPS Magnum , embedded devices, and personal computers. Traditionally in x86 computers, the processor's primary connection to the rest of the machine was through the motherboard chipset's northbridge. The northbridge was directly responsible for communications with high-speed devices (system memory and primary expansion buses, such as PCIe, AGP, and PCI cards, being common examples) and conversely any system communication back to

1224-482: The chipset 's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the mother of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards : sound cards , video cards , network cards , host bus adapters , TV tuner cards , IEEE 1394 cards, and

1275-494: The lock screen . Due to this, the Prime Exclusive models of the device are ineligible for Motorola's bootloader unlocking program. 1080p30 video 1080p30 video w/ slow-motion f /2.0 PDAF and laser autofocus 1080p30 video w/ slow-motion f /2.2 720p30 video Light Accelerometer Light Accelerometer The Moto G4 was lauded as a top budget smartphone, with Android Central concluding that it "represents

1326-617: The 1990s, a major designer and manufacturer of chipsets was VLSI Technology in Tempe, Arizona. Some of their innovations included the integration of PCI bridge logic, the GraphiCore 2D graphics accelerator and direct support for synchronous DRAM, the forerunner of DDR SDRAM memory. The Apple Macintosh SE , Macintosh II and later the Quadras series used chipsets from VLSI Technology , even though they were ASICs designed by Apple. After

1377-584: The CPU die itself (the chipset often contains secondary PCIe connections though). However, the Platform Controller Hub was also integrated into the processor package as a second die for mobile variants of the Skylake processors. AMD's FCH has been discontinued since the release of the Carrizo series of CPUs as it has been integrated into the same die as the rest of the CPU. However, since

1428-420: The CPU series and speed. With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits , it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB , the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers. A typical motherboard will have

1479-506: The CPU to very high-speed devices, especially RAM and graphics controllers , and the southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA ). In many modern chipsets, the southbridge contains some on-chip integrated peripherals , such as Ethernet , USB , and audio devices. Motherboards and their chipsets often come from different manufacturers. As of 2021 , manufacturers of chipsets for x86 motherboards include AMD , Intel , VIA Technologies and Zhaoxin . In

1530-471: The CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support

1581-482: The G4 Play was added back to the officially supported list of devices offering an update to Lineage 17.1 (Android 10). A port of postmarketOS for the G4 Play exists under the code name motorola-harpia. The Moto G4 is available in a standard model, as well as the Moto G4 Play and Moto G4 Plus . The Play is a low-end model with reduced specifications, as well as an 8-megapixel camera and 720p display. The Plus model

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1632-559: The Moto G4 Plus does not feature IPX7 certification. The G4 was available in black and white-colored versions, with different rear-cover and accent-colors available for custom order via MotoMaker. The G4 has a removable back cover which exposes SIM card slots and a MicroSD card slot. The G4 includes a 5.5-inch 1080p display, an octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 617 system-on-chip, and 2/3 GB of RAM . The Moto G4 includes either 16 or 32 GB of internal storage expandable via MicroSD . It has

1683-575: The Moto G4 Plus would receive an update to Android 8.1 "Oreo" although no estimated date was given. An Android 8.1 update was released in February 2019. Official alternative Android-ROMs for all three G4 models were released by LineageOS , and their support originally was set to end with the final version 14.1 (corresponds to Android 7.1) in September 2018. However, several new unofficial community releases were released afterwards. On April 1, 2021,

1734-574: The backplane. In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with

1785-552: The chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance . Sometimes the term "chipset" is used to describe a system on chip (SoC) used in a mobile phone. In computing , the term chipset commonly refers to a set of specialized chips on a computer 's motherboard or an expansion card . In personal computers , the first chipset for the IBM PC AT of 1984 was the NEAT chipset developed by Chips and Technologies for

1836-414: The exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting

1887-480: The ideal experience for an inexpensive Android phone and is a fantastic value." CNET called the G4 an "unbeatable bargain." Others noticed that, unlike the third-generation Moto G, the price of the G4 did not make it much cheaper than more powerful phones. Motherboard A motherboard (also called mainboard , main circuit board , MB , base board , system board , or, in Apple computers, logic board )

1938-454: The interface between a northbridge and southbridge was the PCI bus. Before 2003, any interaction between a CPU and main memory or an expansion device such as a graphics card(s) — whether AGP , PCI or integrated into the motherboard — was directly controlled by the northbridge IC on behalf of the processor. This made processor performance highly dependent on the system chipset, especially

1989-460: The late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on heat sinks , due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional computer fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use

2040-433: The motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a super I/O chip or an embedded controller . Motherboards contain a ROM (and later EPROM , EEPROM , NOR flash ) that stores firmware that initializes hardware devices and boots an operating system from a peripheral device . The terms bootstrapping and boot come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps". Microcomputers such as

2091-419: The motherboard. Other components such as external storage , controllers for video display and sound , and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset , which provides

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2142-454: The northbridge's memory performance and ability to shuttle this information back to the processor. In 2003, however, AMD's introduction of the Athlon 64 series of processors changed this. The Athlon 64 marked the introduction of an integrated memory controller being incorporated into the processor itself thus allowing the processor to directly access and handle memory, negating the need for

2193-443: The other hand, use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. In desktop PCs and notebook computers,

2244-532: The processor. This connection between the processor and northbridge is commonly designated the front-side bus (FSB). Requests to resources not directly controlled by the northbridge were offloaded to the southbridge, with the northbridge being an intermediary between the processor and the southbridge. The southbridge handled "everything else", generally lower-speed peripherals and board functions (the largest being hard disk and storage connectivity) such as USB, parallel and serial communications. In 1990s and early 2000s,

2295-521: The release of the Zen architecture, there's still a component called a chipset which only handles relatively low speed I/O such as USB and SATA ports and connects to the CPU with a PCIe connection. In these systems all PCIe connections are routed directly to the CPU. The UMI interface previously used by AMD for communicating with the FCH is replaced with a PCIe connection. Technically the processor can operate without

2346-445: The remaining northbridge and southbridge functions into a single chip. Intel's version of this is the " Platform Controller Hub " (PCH) while AMD's version was called Fusion Controller Hub (FCH). The PCH is still called a chipset. This is an enhanced southbridge for the remaining peripherals—as traditional northbridge duties, such as memory controller, expansion bus (PCIe) interface and even on-board video controller, are integrated into

2397-406: The same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which

2448-405: The supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. Modern motherboards include: Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as USB for mouse devices and keyboards . Early personal computers such as

2499-506: The switch to PowerPC , Apple used various ASIC suppliers for their chipsets such as VLSI technology, Texas Instruments , LSI Logic or Lucent Technologies (later known as Agere Systems ). When Apple switched to Intel they used traditional PC chipsets. In the 1980s, Chips and Technologies pioneered the manufacturing of chipsets for PC-compatible computers. Computer systems produced since then often share commonly used chipsets, even across widely disparate computing specialties. For example,

2550-507: The turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook ). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor , main memory , and other essential components connected to

2601-679: Was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed capacitor plague . Modern motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F)

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