76-473: Mougins ( French pronunciation: [muʒɛ̃] ; Occitan : Mogins [muˈʒis] ; Latin : Muginum [muːˈɡiːnũː] ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Southeastern France. It is located on the heights of Cannes , in the arrondissement of Grasse . Mougins is a 15-minute drive from Cannes. The town
152-563: A chef here. The first floor of L’Amandier is still known as ‘Les Salles des Moines’ (The Monk's Hall) as it served as court house for the Monks of Saint Honorat in the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, this building had become a mill, pressing flowers grown on the hillsides of Mougins, to supply rose, jasmine and lavender oil for the perfumeries of the nearby village of Grasse. Le Moulin de Mougins : At Le Moulin de Mougins Roger Vergé hosted
228-493: A common origin (see Occitano-Romance languages ). The language was one of the first to gain prestige as a medium for literature among Romance languages in the Middle Ages. Indeed, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Catalan troubadours such as Guerau de Cabrera , Guilhem de Bergadan, Guilhem de Cabestany, Huguet de Mataplana , Raimon Vidal de Besalú, Cerverí de Girona , Formit de Perpinhan, and Jofre de Foixà wrote in Occitan. At
304-643: A consonant), whereas the southernmost dialects have more features in common with the Ibero-Romance languages (e.g. betacism ; voiced fricatives between vowels in place of voiced stops; - ch - in place of - it -), and Gascon has a number of unusual features not seen in other dialects (e.g. /h/ in place of /f/ ; loss of /n/ between vowels; intervocalic -r- and final -t/ch in place of medieval - ll -). There are also significant lexical differences, where some dialects have words cognate with French, and others have Catalan and Spanish cognates. Nonetheless, there
380-527: A dialect of French spoken by Jews in southern France. Southern Jewish French is now estimated to only be spoken by about 50–100 people. Domergue Sumien proposes a slightly different supradialectal grouping. Mougins Museum of Classical Art The MACM , the Mougins Museum of Classical Art (Musée d’Art Classique de Mougins), private museum inaugurated in June 2011 in the village of Mougins in
456-648: A marble statue of the Emperor Hadrian from his collection, known as the Cobham Hall Hadrian, to benefit the Museum. The MACM was spread over four floors from the crypt to the second floor as follows: The Egyptian Gallery (the "crypt") used to depict the theme of the afterlife with funerary masks, numerous other ancient artefacts and a sarcophagus, punctuated with works from Chagall, Calder, Rubens and Cocteau. The People and Personalities Gallery on
532-746: A part of a wider Occitano-Romanic group. One such classification posits three groups: According to this view, Catalan is an ausbau language that became independent from Occitan during the 13th century, but originates from the Aquitano-Pyrenean group. Occitan has 3 dialects spoken by Jewish communities that are all now extinct. A sociolect of the Gascon dialect spoken by Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Gascony . It, like many other Jewish dialects and languages, contained large amounts of Hebrew loanwords. It went extinct after World War 2 with
608-540: A second Occitan immigration of this period was assimilated by the similar Navarro-Aragonese language , which at the same time was fostered and chosen by the kings of Aragon . In the 14th century, Occitan across the whole southern Pyrenean area fell into decay and became largely absorbed into Navarro-Aragonese first and Castilian later in the 15th century, after their exclusive boroughs broke up (1423, Pamplona 's boroughs unified). Gascon-speaking communities were called to move in for trading purposes by Navarrese kings in
684-542: A single written standard form, nor does it have official status in France, home to most of its speakers. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which attempt to be pan-dialectal, whereas others are based on a particular dialect. These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining use of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as well as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary among different Occitan dialects. According to
760-476: A unitary language, as it lacks an official written standard . Like other languages that fundamentally exist at a spoken, rather than written, level (e.g. the Rhaeto-Romance languages , Franco-Provençal , Astur-Leonese , and Aragonese ), every settlement technically has its own dialect, with the whole of Occitania forming a classic dialect continuum that changes gradually along any path from one side to
836-491: A vaulted room that is now called the "Salle des Moines" ("The Monk's Hall") was located on the first floor of the restaurant L'Amandier . Built 260 m up at the top of the peak, the village was fortified in the Middle Ages. Its spiral form, its ramparts and its three gates, of which only the Porte Sarrazine (Sarrazine Gate) still exists today, gave this fiefdom a strategic position despite the many wartime attacks over
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#1732764743494912-625: A written account in Occitan from Pamplona centered on the burning of borough San Nicolas from 1258, while the History of the War of Navarre by Guilhem Anelier (1276), albeit written in Pamplona, shows a linguistic variant from Toulouse . Things turned out slightly otherwise in Aragon, where the sociolinguistic situation was different, with a clearer Basque-Romance bilingual situation (cf. Basques from
988-410: Is "probably not more divergent from Occitan overall than Gascon is". There is no general agreement about larger groupings of these dialects. Max Wheeler divides the dialects into two groups: Pierre Bec divides the dialects into three groups: In order to overcome the pitfalls of the traditional romanistic view, Bec proposed a "supradialectal" classification that groups Occitan with Catalan as
1064-513: Is Leisa Paoli. Ancient artworks used to be presented with paintings, drawings, and sculptures by artists such as Henri Matisse , Marc Chagall , Raoul Dufy , Paul Cézanne , Auguste Rodin , Salvador Dalí , Andy Warhol , Marc Quinn , Antony Gormley , and Damien Hirst , amongst many others. The collection also included works by artists who spent time in Mougins, such as Francis Picabia , Jean Cocteau , Man Ray , and Pablo Picasso (who spent
1140-631: Is a Romance language spoken in Southern France , Monaco , Italy 's Occitan Valleys , as well as Spain 's Val d'Aran in Catalonia ; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania . It is also spoken in Calabria ( Southern Italy ) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese ). Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the linguistic distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as
1216-587: Is a member of the Arms and Armour Committee at The Metropolitan Museum of New York and member of The Board of Visitors at The Ashmolean Museum Oxford. He is a past board member of The Hadrian's Wall Trust. Levett is also an Honorary Fellow of The Ashmolean Museum, an honorary fellow of Wolfson College Oxford and a member of the Oxford University Chancellors Court of Benefactors. On 29 October 2019, Levett consigned for sale at Christie's
1292-464: Is a significant amount of mutual intelligibility . Gascon is the most divergent, and descriptions of the main features of Occitan often consider Gascon separately. Max Wheeler notes that "probably only its copresence within the French cultural sphere has kept [Gascon] from being regarded as a separate language", and compares it to Franco-Provençal, which is considered a separate language from Occitan but
1368-594: Is also often the tourist destination for Hollywood stars during the Cannes Film Festival . Dame Elizabeth Taylor hosted the 'amfAR' AIDS Charity dinner for the Hollywood elite for almost 10 years until 2008. Mougins has an important culinary history, with chef Roger Vergé , having owned two restaurants in the village: L'Amandier et Le Moulin de Mougins. In 1969, Vergé came to Mougins. A true pioneer: he dusted off and lightened French cuisine. He invented
1444-560: Is surrounded by forests, most notably the Valmasque forest. In the town there are pines, olives and cypress trees. The hilltop of Mougins has been occupied since the pre-Roman period. Ancient Ligurian tribes who inhabited the coastal area between Provence and Tuscany , were eventually absorbed into the spread of the Roman Empire and then became part of an official Ligurian state that was created by Emperor Augustus (X Regio). On
1520-413: Is the other native language. Up to seven million people in France understand the language, whereas twelve to fourteen million fully spoke it in 1921. In 1860 , Occitan speakers represented more than 39% of the whole French population (52% for francophones proper); they were still 26% to 36% in the 1920s and fewer than 7% in 1993. Occitan is fundamentally defined by its dialects, rather than being
1596-467: Is worthier and better suited for romances and pastourelles ; but [the language] from Limousin is of greater value for writing poems and cançons and sirventés ; and across the whole of the lands where our tongue is spoken, the literature in the Limousin language has more authority than any other dialect, wherefore I shall use this name in priority. The term Provençal , though implying a reference to
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#17327647434941672-527: The òc language (Occitan), the oïl language (French), and the sì language (Italian). The word òc came from Vulgar Latin hoc ("this"), while oïl originated from Latin hoc illud ("this [is] it"). Old Catalan and now the Catalan of Northern Catalonia also have hoc ( òc ). Other Romance languages derive their word for "yes" from the Latin sic , "thus [it is], [it
1748-640: The Romance of Flamenca (13th century), the Song of the Albigensian Crusade (1213–1219?), Daurel e Betó (12th or 13th century), Las, qu'i non-sun sparvir, astur (11th century) and Tomida femina (9th or 10th century). Occitan was the vehicle for the influential poetry of the medieval troubadours ( trobadors ) and trobairitz : At that time, the language was understood and celebrated throughout most of educated Europe. It
1824-810: The Alpes-Maritimes department, France has closed its doors in August 2023 to make way for a new museum, FAMM (Female Artists of the Mougins Museum) opening in June 2024. This new museum will showcase works by artists from The Levett Collection. Artists such as Joan Mitchell , Lee Krasner , Helen Frankenthaler , Grace Hartigan , Elaine de Kooning , Louise Bourgeois , Tracey Emin , Sarah Lucas , Howardena Pindell , Joan Semmel , Nancy Graves , Cecily Brown , Carrie Mae Weems , Barbara Hepworth , Marlene Dumas , Alma Thomas , Leonor Fini , Franciszka Themerson , Sahara Longe , Elizabeth Colomba will be exhibited, as well as many more. The museum's director
1900-612: The Aurelia way linking from Rome to Arles , Muginum came into being during the 1st century BC. In 1056, Gillaume de Gauceron, the Count of Antibes, gave the Mougins hillside to the Monks of Saint Honorat (from the nearby Îles de Lerins just off the coast of Cannes) who continued to administer the village, and until the eve of the French Revolution in 1789 its history matched that of the abbey. The former monks' court house,
1976-595: The Gascon language ) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken (in the Val d'Aran ). Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be
2052-468: The UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages , four of the six major dialects of Occitan (Provençal, Auvergnat , Limousin and Languedocien) are considered severely endangered , whereas the remaining two ( Gascon and Vivaro-Alpine ) are considered definitely endangered . The name Occitan comes from the term lenga d'òc ("language of òc "), òc being the Occitan word for yes. While
2128-582: The Val d'Aran cited c. 1000 ), but a receding Basque language (Basque banned in the marketplace of Huesca, 1349). While the language was chosen as a medium of prestige in records and official statements along with Latin in the early 13th century, Occitan faced competition from the rising local Romance vernacular, the Navarro-Aragonese , both orally and in writing, especially after Aragon's territorial conquests south to Zaragoza , Huesca and Tudela between 1118 and 1134. It resulted that
2204-489: The "Scène 55" cultural space was opened to host concerts, theatre and puppet theatre shows, and artistic workshops. In summer, the "Festival Notre-Dame-de-Vie" hosts a festival of classical music in the setting of the eponymous chapel. In the village, the Organ Festival takes places every year in the church of Saint-Jaques-le-Majeur and the open-air exhibition "Mougins Monumental" brings unusual and large sculptures to
2280-464: The 20th century. Mougins has a strong culinary history with such great chefs as Roger Vergé and Alain Ducasse having managed restaurants in the village. The legendary hospitality of chef Roger Vergé and his wife Denise attracted the greatest international stars to their Michelin starred restaurants: Elizabeth Taylor , Sharon Stone , Sean Connery ... Given its close proximity to Cannes, Mougins
2356-591: The FRAC, the town of Mougins, and the association MVE (Mougins Village Energy). A collaboration with the town of Mougins - open air exhibition in Mougins Village A collaboration with King's College of London at The Arcade at Bush House & The Inigo Rooms, Somerset House East Wing King's College London, UK A collaboration with the town of Mougins- Espace Culturel de Mougins The MACM's important loan programme has seen numerous artefacts and artworks on loan to
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2432-613: The Judeo-Occitan dialects, Judeo-Niçard was spoken by the community of Jews living in Nice , who were descendants of Jewish immigrants from Provence, Piedmont, and other Mediterranean communities. Its existence is attested from a few documents from the 19th century. It contained significant influence in both vocabulary and grammar from Hebrew. All three of these dialects have some influence in Southern Jewish French,
2508-667: The UK, Spain, Italy and Egypt and sponsored academic scholarships at Wolfson College and The Ruskin School of Art in Oxford. He has aided curatorial funding at The Ashmolean, The British Museum, and The British School at Rome . As well as this, he has funded renovation works at The Charterhouse Museum London, Charterhouse School Surrey, The National Gallery and the chapel Notre Dame de Vie in Mougins, and has sponsored conferences at King's College London, Senate House UCL and at The Mougins Museum. He
2584-538: The center of an old village, in an old rehabilitated presbytery, the Mougins Photography Centre aims to highlight the many trends in contemporary photography. Built in 1894, this historic place houses temporary exhibitions throughout the year. Located above the town hall's marriage registration office, it houses temporary exhibitions and a series of unreleased photos of Pablo Picasso, taken during this everyday life at Notre-Dame-de-Vie. In 2017,
2660-526: The chef Roger Vergé, in 2006, the Mayor of Mougins, Richard Galy, decided to create the very first International Gastronomy Festival, the 'Les Étoiles de Mougins'. Since 2012, Mougins has been the only town in France to be awarded the “Ville et Métier d’Art” label for gastronomy. The Musée d’Art Classique de Mougins, also known as MACM, is the Mougins Museum of Classical Art. The museum displays within
2736-452: The cities in southern France is unlikely to hear a single Occitan word spoken on the street (or, for that matter, in a home), and is likely to only find the occasional vestige, such as street signs (and, of those, most will have French equivalents more prominently displayed), to remind them of the traditional language of the area. Occitan speakers, as a result of generations of systematic suppression and humiliation (see Vergonha ), seldom use
2812-536: The continuity of the Graeco-Roman legacy through to the present. Its collection includes artefacts from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well as drawings, paintings, and sculptures by Paul Cézanne , Marc Chagall , Pablo Picasso , Auguste Renoir , Jean Cocteau , Salvador Dalí , Raoul Dufy , Antony Gormley , Keith Haring , Damien Hirst , Henri Matisse , Henry Moore , Francis Picabia , Marc Quinn , Auguste Rodin , and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec . Located in
2888-610: The course of its history. The village grew outside its old fortifications, while still adhering to the circular structure of the ramparts. During the 18th-century War of the Austrian Succession , the village was plundered by the Austro-Sardinian armies and damaged by fire. Following this, some of the ramparts were deconstructed and several new little streets of early 19th-century houses were built. On 1 March 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte , exiled until this time on
2964-490: The early 12th century to the coastal fringe extending from San Sebastian to the river Bidasoa , where they settled down. The language variant they used was different from the ones in Navarre, i.e. a Béarnese dialect of Gascon. Gascon remained in use in this area far longer than in Navarre and Aragon, until the 19th century, thanks mainly to the fact that Donostia and Pasaia maintained close ties with Bayonne . Though it
3040-921: The end of the 11th century, the Franks , as they were called at the time, started to penetrate the Iberian Peninsula through the Ways of St. James via Somport and Roncesvalles , settling in various locations in the Kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon enticed by the privileges granted them by the Navarrese kings . They settled in large groups, forming ethnic boroughs where Occitan was used for everyday life, in Pamplona , Sangüesa , and Estella-Lizarra , among others. These boroughs in Navarre may have been close-knit communities that tended not to assimilate with
3116-466: The final 12 years of his life in Mougins village). The museum embraced the visionary concept of displaying ancient, neo-classical, modern and contemporary art side by side to show the pervasive and lasting influence of the ancient world. Thus works by Sir Peter Paul Rubens , Marc Chagall , Henri Matisse , Damien Hirst and others were included in the museum alongside their ancient sources of inspiration. This dialogue and fusion between ancient and modern
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3192-534: The geographical territory in which Occitan is spoken is surrounded by regions in which other Romance languages are used, external influences may have influenced its origin and development. Many factors favored its development as its own language. Catalan in Spain's northern and central Mediterranean coastal regions and the Balearic Islands is closely related to Occitan, sharing many linguistic features and
3268-548: The ground floor presented busts and statues of historical figures from ancient Greece and Rome, their influence highlighted by sculptures of Sosno , Arman , Quinn and Hirst . The Gods and Goddesses Gallery, on the first floor, displayed Greek and Roman bronzes, marble statues, pottery, glass and silverware, an extensive collection of coins and a display case dedicated to antique jewellery. Works by artists such as Renoir , Rodin , Klein , Warhol , Picasso , Modigliani , Braque and Dalí were exhibited alongside. The Armoury, on
3344-722: The island of Elba , landed on the beaches of Golfe-Juan with his troops. The emperor began the “One Hundred Day’s March” to return to Paris and seize power. He crossed Mougins to join Grasse , Digne , Gap and Grenoble . Commandant Amédée-François Lamy was born in Mougins in February 1858, and died at the Battle of Kousséri in Chad in April 1900. Fort-Lamy in Chad was named after him, but
3420-476: The language at the beginning of the 13th century by Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Besalú(n) in his Razós de trobar : La parladura Francesca val mais et [es] plus avinenz a far romanz e pasturellas; mas cella de Lemozin val mais per far vers et cansons et serventés; et per totas las terras de nostre lengage son de major autoritat li cantar de la lenga Lemosina que de negun'autra parladura, per qu'ieu vos en parlarai primeramen. The French language
3496-460: The language in the presence of strangers, whether they are from abroad or from outside Occitania (in this case, often merely and abusively referred to as Parisiens or Nordistes , which means northerners ). Occitan is still spoken by many elderly people in rural areas, but they generally switch to French when dealing with outsiders. Occitan's decline is somewhat less pronounced in Béarn because of
3572-480: The language. Following the pattern of language shift , most of this remainder is to be found among the eldest populations. Occitan activists (called Occitanists ) have attempted, in particular with the advent of Occitan-language preschools (the Calandretas ), to reintroduce the language to the young. Nonetheless, the number of proficient speakers of Occitan is thought to be dropping precipitously. A tourist in
3648-461: The larger collection of dialects grouped under the name langues d'oïl ) should be used for all French administration. Occitan's greatest decline occurred during the French Revolution , in which diversity of language was considered a threat. In 1903, the four Gospels ( "Lis Evangèli" , i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) were translated into Provençal as spoken in Cannes and Grasse. The translation
3724-515: The last speakers being elderly Jews in Bayonne . About 850 unique words and a few morphological and grammatical aspects of the dialect were transmitted to Southern Jewish French. Judeo-Provençal was a dialect of Occitan spoken by Jews in Provence . The dialect declined in usage after Jews were expelled from the area in 1498, and was probably extinct by the 20th century. The least attested of
3800-772: The latter term for the language as a whole. Many non-specialists, however, continue to refer to the language as Provençal . One of the oldest written fragments of the language found dates back to 960, shown here in italics mixed with non-italicized Latin: De ista hora in antea non decebrà Ermengaus filius Eldiarda Froterio episcopo filio Girberga ne Raimundo filio Bernardo vicecomite de castello de Cornone ... no·l li tolrà ni no·l li devedarà ni no l'en decebrà ... nec societatem non aurà , si per castellum recuperare non o fa , et si recuperare potuerit in potestate Froterio et Raimundo lo tornarà , per ipsas horas quæ Froterius et Raimundus l'en comonrà . Carolingian litanies ( c. 780 ), though
3876-664: The leader sang in Latin , were answered to in Old Occitan by the people ( Ora pro nos ; Tu lo juva ). Other famous pieces include the Boecis , a 258-line-long poem written entirely in the Limousin dialect of Occitan between the year 1000 and 1030 and inspired by Boethius 's The Consolation of Philosophy ; the Waldensian La nobla leyczon (dated 1100), Cançó de Santa Fe ( c. 1054 –1076),
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#17327647434943952-415: The modern Occitan-speaking area. After Frédéric Mistral 's Félibrige movement in the 19th century, Provençal achieved the greatest literary recognition and so became the most popular term for Occitan. According to Joseph Anglade , a philologist and specialist of medieval literature who helped impose the then archaic term Occitan as the standard name, the word Lemosin was first used to designate
4028-422: The negative sense: for example, "Vous n'avez pas de frères?" "Si, j'en ai sept." ("You have no brothers?" "But yes, I have seven."). The name "Occitan" was attested around 1300 as occitanus , a crossing of oc and aquitanus ( Aquitanian ). For many centuries, the Occitan dialects (together with Catalan ) were referred to as Limousin or Provençal , after the names of two regions lying within
4104-537: The officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran. Across history, the terms Limousin ( Lemosin ), Languedocien ( Lengadocian ), Gascon , in addition to Provençal ( Provençal , Provençau or Prouvençau ) later have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, the term "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in Provence , in southeast France. Unlike other Romance languages such as French or Spanish , Occitan does not have
4180-811: The old village of Mougins and next to the 12th-century chapel of the same name. Picasso's studio was in the old village in a building that is now the tourist office, while the studio of Fernand Léger was above what is now the village wine shop, next to the rear of the Mougins Museum of Classical Art (MACM). Sir Winston Churchill liked to sit in the middle of nature in front of the Notre-Dame-de-Vie chapel to write, very close to his neighbour Pablo Picasso , who used to come and set up his easel here. Arman , Elizabeth von Arnim , Yves Klein , César Baldaccini Yves Saint Laurent , Christian Dior , Catherine Deneuve , Édith Piaf , Jacques Brel , were other artists who drew their artistic inspiration from Mougins in
4256-484: The other. Nonetheless, specialists commonly divide Occitan into six main dialects: The northern and easternmost dialects have more morphological and phonetic features in common with the Gallo-Italic and Oïl languages (e.g. nasal vowels ; loss of final consonants; initial cha/ja- instead of ca/ga- ; uvular ⟨r⟩ ; the front-rounded sound /ø/ instead of a diphthong, /w/ instead of /l/ before
4332-549: The predominantly Basque -speaking general population. Their language became the status language chosen by the Navarrese kings, nobility, and upper classes for official and trade purposes in the period stretching from the early 13th century to the late 14th century. Written administrative records were in a koiné based on the Languedocien dialect from Toulouse with fairly archaic linguistic features. Evidence survives of
4408-662: The province's history (a late addition to the Kingdom of France), though even there the language is little spoken outside the homes of the rural elderly. The village of Artix is notable for having elected to post street signs in the local language. The area where Occitan was historically dominant has approximately 16 million inhabitants. Recent research has shown it may be spoken as a first language by approximately 789,000 people in France , Italy , Spain and Monaco . In Monaco, Occitan coexists with Monégasque Ligurian , which
4484-517: The region of Provence , historically was used for Occitan as a whole, for "in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old Provincia romana Gallia Narbonensis and even Aquitaine ". The term first came into fashion in Italy . Currently, linguists use the terms Provençal and Limousin strictly to refer to specific varieties within Occitan, using
4560-426: The same space ancient, neoclassical, modern, and contemporary art in order to highlight the influence of the ancient world on influential artists from Sir Peter Paul Rubens to Damien Hirst . Located at the entrance of the village of Mougins, the private museum holds a collection of over 800 works over four floors. The MACM focuses on the reciprocal influences of the ancient civilisations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece, and
4636-626: The second floor, was a fantastic focus on the largest private collection of Greek and Roman arms and armour in the world. The MACM has produced several publications, including: The permanent collection at the MACM has evolved throughout the life of the museum. New pieces were acquired with a view to sustaining and developing the museum's concept of the fusion of ancient and modern art and the influence that Antiquity has had on subsequent artistic creation. The Museum has also hosted and been otherwise involved in many temporary exhibitions: A collaboration with
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#17327647434944712-497: The surrealist painter Francis Picabia built his home here. His famous friends followed, and turn set up home in Mougins: Fernand Léger , Paul Éluard , Robert Desnos , Jean Cocteau , Isadora Duncan , Man Ray and Pablo Picasso . Pablo Picasso spent the last 12 years of his life living in Mougins (1961–1973), where he died and lived in a 'mas' (farmhouse) at Notre-Dame-de-Vie, which is a small hilltop just beside
4788-632: The term would have been in use orally for some time after the decline of Latin, as far as historical records show, the Italian medieval poet Dante was the first to have recorded the term lingua d'oc in writing. In his De vulgari eloquentia , he wrote in Latin, "nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil" ("for some say òc , others sì , yet others say oïl "), thereby highlighting three major Romance literary languages that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for "yes",
4864-484: The town of Mougins at the Espace Culturel de Mougins A collaboration with the town of Mougins at the Espace Culturel de Mougins A collaboration with the 5* Relais & Chateaux hotel Le Mas Candille at Le Mas Candille, Mougins A collaboration with the town of Mougins at the Espace Culturel de Mougins A collaboration with the town of Mougins - open air exhibition in Mougins Village A collaboration between
4940-442: The very first AMFAR Gala , a charity event to which celebrities flocked, contributing to the town's gastronomic reputations. Consequently, in the 1970s, Mougins boasted 7 Michelin stars and became the village with the most stars in France. A friend of the arts and artists, over the years Vergé transformed his restaurant into a living museum with works by his friends César Baldaccini, Arman, Folon or Tobiasse. In order to pay homage to
5016-454: The village. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the village was a centre of floral production, producing lavender, roses and jasmine for the perfumeries in nearby Grasse. Mougins is a living village, where both the ancient buildings and the 19th-century houses are inhabited as they have always been. Mougins School, the more commonly used name for the Mougins British International School international school has been in operation since it
5092-439: The world. The founder of the museum is Christian Levett, a British investment manager renowned for his great interest in history and art. A collector since childhood, in 2009 he formed the museum to place his antiquity and classical art collection on public display. The Musée de Mougins was created by remodelling a 600m medieval edifice to house his collection. The building itself used to be the village prison in medieval times, it
5168-445: The “Cuisine du Soleil” (Sunshine Cuisine) that he introduced across the globe, contributing to the growing reputation of French cuisine. He was awarded 5 stars by the Michelin Guide for his two restaurants. L'Amandier : Roger Vergé owned L'Amandier for over twenty years, while also training another of the world's greatest contemporary chefs, Alain Ducasse , who worked for Roger Vergé in Mougins from 1977-1981, and ultimately worked as
5244-444: Was done], etc.", such as Spanish sí , Eastern Lombard sé , Italian sì , or Portuguese sim . In modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish, sí is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word oi , akin to òc , which is sometimes used at the end of yes–no questions and also in higher register as a positive response. French uses si to answer "yes" in response to questions that are asked in
5320-500: Was established in 1964. There is an elementary school "les cabrieres" and a middle school "les campelieres". Mougins is twinned with: Occitan language Italy Occitan ( English: / ˈ ɒ k s ɪ t ən , - t æ n , - t ɑː n / ; Occitan pronunciation: [utsiˈta, uksiˈta] ), also known as lenga d'òc ( Occitan: [ˈleŋɡɒ ˈðɔ(k)] ; French : langue d'oc ) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal ,
5396-425: Was given the official Roman Catholic Imprimatur by vicar general A. Estellon. The literary renaissance of the late 19th century (in which the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature winner, Frédéric Mistral, among others, was involved) was attenuated by World War I , when (in addition to the disruption caused by any major war) many Occitan speakers spent extended periods of time alongside French-speaking comrades. Because
5472-723: Was made particularly clear in the museum with iconic displays such as, for example, depictions of the Greek Goddess Aphrodite by Warhol , Dalí and Yves Klein accompany 1st and 2nd century AD depictions of the Goddess, in marble and in bronze. The museum's large and diverse collection of antiquities included Roman, Greek and Egyptian sculpture, vases, coins, and jewellery, and the world's largest private collection of ancient arms and armour . The museum has won several international awards and has loaned dozens of objects to other museums and university exhibitions all over
5548-414: Was renamed N'Djamena in 1973. The main 'Place' in the village is named after Commandant Lamy and the back-street village house that he was born in has a plaque to show where he lived. In modern times, Mougins has been frequented and inhabited by many important personalities. The exile Volodymyr Vynnychenko , former Prime Minister of Ukraine , lived in Mougins from 1934 until his death in 1951. In 1924,
5624-543: Was still an everyday language for most of the rural population of southern France well into the 20th century, it is now spoken by about 100,000 people in France according to 2012 estimates. There is a movement in regions of France where Occitan was widely spoken to introduce educational programs to encourage young people in these regions to learn the language. According to the 1999 census, there were 610,000 native speakers (almost all of whom were also native French speakers) and perhaps another million people with some exposure to
5700-521: Was the maternal language of the English queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and kings Richard I (who wrote troubadour poetry) and John . With the gradual imposition of French royal power over its territory, Occitan declined in status from the 14th century on. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) decreed that the langue d'oïl (French – though at the time referring to the Francien language and not
5776-541: Was then turned into a mill before becoming a private residence in the 1950s. The interior was entirely renovated to display the collection while the façade remains in its original style. Christian Levett, a philanthropist, sponsored multiple exhibitions at The British Museum , Royal Academy , National Gallery , Sir John Soane's Museum and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford . He has funded archaeological works in
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