32-665: Mound House can refer to: Mound House, Nevada , an unincorporated town in Lyon County, Nevada Mound House (Greene County, Illinois) , an archeological site in Greene County, Illinois Mound House (Duncan Falls, Ohio) , a site on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Muskingum County, Ohio Mound House (Fort Myers Beach, Florida) ,
64-512: A fertilizer. Gypsum may act as a source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost miraculous fertilizer. American farmers were so anxious to acquire it that a lively smuggling trade with Nova Scotia evolved, resulting in the so-called "Plaster War" of 1820. Gypsum is moderately water-soluble (~2.0–2.5 g/L at 25 °C) and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits retrograde solubility, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. When gypsum
96-474: A range of industrial processes. Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) is recovered at some coal-fired power plants. The main contaminants are Mg, K, Cl, F, B, Al, Fe, Si, and Se. They come both from the limestone used in desulfurization and from the coal burned. This product is pure enough to replace natural gypsum in a wide variety of fields including drywalls, water treatment, and cement set retarder. Improvements in flue gas desulfurization have greatly reduced
128-413: A result, waste gypsum is stored in stacks indefinitely, with significant risk of leaching their contaminants into water and soil. To reduce the accumulation and ultimately clear out these stacks, research is underway to find more applications for such waste products. People can be exposed to gypsum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. Calcium sulfate per se is nontoxic and
160-587: A site on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, Florida Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mound House . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mound_House&oldid=1151705109 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
192-552: A stop here, now commemorated by a Historical Marker located on the grounds of the Moonlite BunnyRanch legal brothel. Mound House grew in importance with the Comstock silver strike and the famed Virginia and Truckee Railroad (V&T) passed through the community. It grew in population during the mining boom with a railroad station (1871) and post office (1877) as the center of the community. Upon construction of
224-543: A wide range of colors to local deposits. Because gypsum dissolves over time in water, gypsum is rarely found in the form of sand. However, the unique conditions of the White Sands National Park in the US state of New Mexico have created a 710 km (270 sq mi) expanse of white gypsum sand, enough to supply the US construction industry with drywall for 1,000 years. Commercial exploitation of
256-510: Is contaminated by impurities found in the rock, namely fluoride , silica , radioactive elements such as radium , and heavy metal elements such as cadmium . Similarly, production of titanium dioxide produces titanium gypsum (TG) due to neutralization of excess acid with lime . The product is contaminated with silica, fluorides, organic matters, and alkalis. Impurities in refinery gypsum waste have, in many cases, prevented them from being used as normal gypsum in fields such as construction. As
288-507: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mound House, Nevada Mound House is a small unincorporated community in Lyon County , Nevada on U.S. Route 50 that is situated between Nevada's capital, Carson City , and Dayton . Its elevation is 4,974 feet (1,516 m). It is in Lyon County , one of eight Nevada counties that allow for legalized prostitution , and
320-448: Is even approved as a food additive, but as powdered gypsum, it can irritate skin and mucous membranes. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for gypsum exposure in the workplace as TWA 15 mg/m for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m for respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set
352-593: Is heated in air it loses water and converts first to calcium sulfate hemihydrate ( bassanite , often simply called "plaster") and, if heated further, to anhydrous calcium sulfate ( anhydrite ). As with anhydrite , the solubility of gypsum in saline solutions and in brines is also strongly dependent on sodium chloride (common table salt) concentration. The structure of gypsum consists of layers of calcium (Ca ) and sulfate ( SO 2− 4 ) ions tightly bound together. These layers are bonded by sheets of anion water molecules via weaker hydrogen bonding , which gives
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#1732771953739384-474: Is home to four brothels . Situated adjacent to Carson City, the community of Mound House lies just east of the county line and is the first community in Lyon County as one travels east on U.S. Route 50 from Carson City. Mound House came into being as a community in the 19th century as settlers traveled west toward California along the Carson River route. The famed Pony Express (1860–1861) once had
416-462: Is prized for ornamental work of various sorts. In arid areas, gypsum can occur in a flower-like form, typically opaque, with embedded sand grains called desert rose . It also forms some of the largest crystals found in nature, up to 12 m (39 ft) long, in the form of selenite. Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks . Deposits are known to occur in strata from as far back as
448-498: The Archaean eon . Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs , from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins . Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur . Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral. Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give
480-717: The Byzantine Empire , and the Nottingham alabasters of Medieval England . The word gypsum is derived from the Greek word γύψος ( gypsos ), "plaster". Because the quarries of the Montmartre district of Paris have long furnished burnt gypsum ( calcined gypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known as plaster of Paris . Upon adding water, after a few dozen minutes, plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing
512-790: The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have indicated the existence of gypsum dunes in the northern polar region of Mars, which were later confirmed at ground level by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity . Commercial quantities of gypsum are found in the cities of Araripina and Grajaú in Brazil; in Pakistan, Jamaica, Iran (world's second largest producer), Thailand, Spain (the main producer in Europe), Germany, Italy, England, Ireland, Canada and
544-590: The narrow gauge Carson and Colorado Railway (C&C) in 1880, Mound House became an important multi-gauge transfer depot for both freight and passengers. The original community suffered the fate of many of the Comstock tied communities, population and commerce fading with the demise of the silver boom. Completion of the Hazen branch (1905) of the Southern Pacific Railroad , which had purchased
576-658: The C&;C the previous year, allowed traffic bound for the transcontinental railroad to bypass the V&;T entirely, and Mound House suffered as a result. At the turn of the 20th century, there were two gypsum operations near Mound House: the Regan mill to the east and the Adams operation to the north. By 1923, the Regan mill had not been in operation for several years. In about 1904, former Nevada Governor Jewett W. Adams acquired
608-700: The United States. Large open pit quarries are located in many places including Fort Dodge, Iowa , which sits on one of the largest deposits of gypsum in the world, and Plaster City, California , United States, and East Kutai , Kalimantan , Indonesia. Several small mines also exist in places such as Kalannie in Western Australia , where gypsum is sold to private buyers for additions of calcium and sulfur as well as reduction of aluminum toxicities on soil for agricultural purposes. Crystals of gypsum up to 11 m (36 ft) long have been found in
640-479: The V&T. Future Nevada Governor Emmet D. Boyle designed and supervised the construction of the new mill. In February 1909, the mill started shipping product. In 1912, Nevada Gypsum Co. sold its holdings to Pacific Portland Cement Company , which operated the mine and mill until 1924. In 1924, Pacific Portland Cement Company moved its operations to Empire, Nevada . The dismantling of the Mound House mill
672-462: The Virginia & Truckee Railway underway since the mid-1970s, Mound House residents and visitors can now once again hear the sound of trains nearby. However, the 2009 version of the V&T had to deviate from the historical alignment down what is now Red Rock Road and Highland Drive due to the development that had taken place over the last 68 years. As a result, the new trains will not pass through
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#1732771953739704-495: The amount of toxic elements present. Gypsum precipitates onto brackish water membranes , a phenomenon known as mineral salt scaling , such as during brackish water desalination of water with high concentrations of calcium and sulfate . Scaling decreases membrane life and productivity. This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or nanofiltration . Other forms of scaling, such as calcite scaling, depending on
736-418: The area, strongly opposed by area residents, was permanently prevented in 1933 when President Herbert Hoover declared the gypsum dunes a protected national monument . Gypsum is also formed as a by-product of sulfide oxidation , amongst others by pyrite oxidation , when the sulfuric acid generated reacts with calcium carbonate . Its presence indicates oxidizing conditions. Under reducing conditions,
768-489: The caves of the Naica Mine of Chihuahua , Mexico. The crystals thrived in the cave's extremely rare and stable natural environment. Temperatures stayed at 58 °C (136 °F), and the cave was filled with mineral-rich water that drove the crystals' growth. The largest of those crystals weighs 55 tonnes (61 short tons) and is around 500,000 years old. Synthetic gypsum is produced as a waste product or by-product in
800-672: The crystal perfect cleavage along the sheets (in the {010} plane). Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often twinned crystals , and transparent, cleavable masses called selenite . Selenite contains no significant selenium ; rather, both substances were named for the ancient Greek word for the Moon . Selenite may also occur in a silky, fibrous form, in which case it is commonly called "satin spar". Finally, it may also be granular or quite compact. In hand-sized samples, it can be anywhere from transparent to opaque. A very fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster ,
832-542: The main constituent in many forms of plaster , drywall and blackboard or sidewalk chalk . Gypsum also crystallizes as translucent crystals of selenite . It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness defines gypsum as hardness value 2 based on scratch hardness comparison . Fine-grained white or lightly tinted forms of gypsum known as alabaster have been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Ancient Rome ,
864-586: The material to harden or "set" in ways that are useful for casting and construction. Gypsum was known in Old English as spærstān , "spear stone", referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the word spar in mineralogy, by comparison to gypsum, refers to any non- ore mineral or crystal that forms in spearlike projections. In the mid-18th century, the German clergyman and agriculturalist Johann Friderich Mayer investigated and publicized gypsum's use as
896-559: The northern gypsum deposit. The gypsum was transported via the SPRR and by large carts to the old Mexican mill for refining in Empire City . Adams named his product "Empire" plaster. Empire brand plaster was used in the rebuilding of San Francisco after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. In 1907 Adams, J.C. Curry and Nathaniel Bell formed Nevada Gypsum Co., which started construction of a new mill and tramway just north of Mound House on
928-415: The site of the original Mound House depot and yards. Significant industrial enterprises, small commercial businesses, mining, and several residential areas make up the community of Mound House today. Gypsum Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate , with the chemical formula CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as
960-451: The sulfates it contains can be reduced back to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria . This can lead to accumulation of elemental sulfur in oil-bearing formations, such as salt domes, where it can be mined using the Frasch process Electric power stations burning coal with flue gas desulfurization produce large quantities of gypsum as a byproduct from the scrubbers. Orbital pictures from
992-561: The water source, can also be important considerations in distillation , as well as in heat exchangers , where either the salt solubility or concentration can change rapidly. A new study has suggested that the formation of gypsum starts as tiny crystals of a mineral called bassanite (2CaSO 4 ·H 2 O). This process occurs via a three-stage pathway: The production of phosphate fertilizers requires breaking down calcium-containing phosphate rock with acid, producing calcium sulfate waste known as phosphogypsum (PG). This form of gypsum
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1024-402: Was completed by September 1924. Gypsum mining and a mill still operate today in the community. However, the community's railroads eventually fell victim to economic forces, with the C&C abandoning its line between Mound House and Fort Churchill in 1934, and the V&T closing its Carson City-Virginia City line in 1938. The rails were removed for scrap in 1941. With the reconstruction of
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