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89-517: The other church on the hill, Saint Pierre de Montmartre , built in 1147, was the church of the prestigious Montmartre Abbey. On 15 August 1534, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Francis Xavier and five other companions bound themselves by vows in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, 11 Rue Yvonne Le Tac, the first step in the creation of the Jesuits . Near the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of

178-420: A community of nuns. By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a village surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach and cherry trees . The first mills were built on the western slope in 1529, grinding wheat , barley and rye . There were thirteen mills at one time, though by the late nineteenth century only two remained, During the 1590 Siege of Paris , in

267-465: A cross between a peach and a nectarine, but as they are the same species cannot be a true cross (hybrid); they are marketed in Australia and New Zealand. The fruit is intermediate in appearance, though, between a peach and a nectarine, large and brightly colored like a red peach. The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow, but white varieties also exist. The Koanga Institute lists varieties that ripen in

356-615: A crossbreed between peaches and plums , or a "peach with a plum skin", nectarines belong to the same species as peaches. Several genetic studies have concluded nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele , whereas a fuzzy peach skin is dominant . Nectarines have arisen many times from peach trees, often as bud sports . As with peaches, nectarines can be white or yellow, and clingstone or freestone. On average, nectarines are slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but with much overlap. The lack of skin fuzz can make nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of peaches, contributing to

445-554: A dance at Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. Maurice Utrillo lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and Raoul Dufy shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the Musée de Montmartre . Pablo Picasso , Amedeo Modigliani and other artists lived and worked in a building called Le Bateau-Lavoir during the years 1904–1909, where Picasso painted one of his most important masterpieces, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon . Several composers, including Erik Satie , lived in

534-495: A large number of cannon in a park at the top of the hill, near where the basilica is today. On 18 March 1871, the soldiers from the French Army tried to remove the cannon from the hilltop. They were blocked by members of the politically radicalised Paris National Guard , who captured and then killed two French army generals, and installed a revolutionary government that lasted two months. The heights of Montmartre were retaken by

623-586: A peaceful compromise between the even more radical Paris Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune refused to recognize him as mayor, and seized the town hall. He ran for a seat in the council of the Paris Commune, but received less than eight hundred votes. He did not participate in the Commune, and was out of the city when the Commune was suppressed by the French army. In 1876, he again

712-408: A peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan , known as persipan . Peaches and nectarines are the same species, though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lacks the fuzz (fruit-skin trichomes ) that peach skin has; a mutation in a single gene ( MYB25 ) is thought to be responsible for

801-403: A regular and reliable supply of water, with higher amounts just before harvest. Peaches need nitrogen -rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees. Without regular fertilizer supply, peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth. Blood meal , bone meal , and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers. The flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out because if

890-413: A suitable rootstock . Common rootstocks are 'Lovell Peach', 'Nemaguard Peach', Prunus besseyi , and 'Citation'. The rootstock provides hardiness and budding is done to improve predictability of the fruit quality. Peach trees need full sun, and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree. Peaches are planted in early winter. During the growth season, they need

979-452: A time into a "Temple of Reason", then largely abandoned. In 1794 the tower was rebuilt by Claude Chappe for the purpose of sending messages by visual telegraph signals to other towers in line of sight. Following the defeat of Napoleon, it was used as a barracks by occupying Russian soldiers in 1814. It barely escaped demolition, but was largely abandoned. It was finally restored by the architect Ernest-Claude Sauvageot between 1899 and 1905, and

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1068-704: Is also served by the Montmartre Funicular . The historic district established by the City of Paris in 1995 contains 60 ha (150 acres). and is bordered by Rue Caulaincourt and Rue Custine on the north, the Rue de Clignancourt on the east and the Boulevard de Clichy and Boulevard de Rochechouart to the south. The toponym Mons Martis , Latin for "Mount of Mars", survived into Merovingian times, gallicised as Montmartre. Archaeological excavations show that

1157-629: Is built over these gardens and peach orchards. In April 2010, an international consortium, the International Peach Genome Initiative , which includes researchers from the United States, Italy, Chile, Spain, and France, announced they had sequenced the peach tree genome (doubled haploid Lovell). Recently, it published the peach genome sequence and related analyses. The sequence is composed of 227 million nucleotides arranged in eight pseudomolecules representing

1246-473: Is distinct from that of caterpillars later in the year, as earwigs characteristically remove semicircles of petal and leaf tissue from the tips, rather than internally. Greasebands applied just before blossom are effective. The larvae of such moth species as the peachtree borer ( Synanthedon exitiosa ), the yellow peach moth ( Conogethes punctiferalis ), the well-marked cutworm ( Abagrotis orbis ), Lyonetia prunifoliella , Phyllonorycter hostis ,

1335-442: Is in the house where the painters Maurice Utrillo and Suzanne Valadon lived and worked in second-floor studios. The house was Pierre-Auguste Renoir 's first Montmartre address. Many other personalities moved through the premises. The mansion in the garden at the back is the oldest hotel on Montmartre, and one of its first owners was Claude de la Rose, a 17th-century actor known as Rosimond , who bought it in 1680. Claude de la Rose

1424-452: Is red-brown, oval shaped, around 1.3–2 cm long, and surrounded by a wood-like husk. Peaches, along with cherries, plums, and apricots, are stone fruits ( drupes ). The various heirloom varieties including the 'Indian Peach', or 'Indian Blood Peach', which ripens in the latter part of the summer, and can have color ranging from red and white, to purple. Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones , depending on whether

1513-616: Is required to mature the crop, with mean temperatures of the hottest month between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). Typical peach cultivars begin bearing fruit in their third year. Their lifespan in the U.S. varies by region; the University of California at Davis gives a lifespan of about 15 years while the University of Maine gives a lifespan of 7 years there. Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories—freestones and clingstones. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from

1602-530: Is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000–5,000 years ago, the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe. These bottlenecks highlighted the substantial reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities. Peaches were introduced into

1691-739: Is the red-light district of Pigalle . That area is, today, largely known for a wide variety of stores specializing in instruments for rock music. There are also several concert halls, also used for rock music. The actual Moulin Rouge theatre is also in Pigalle, near the Blanche métro station. See: Category:People of Montmartre 48°53′13″N 02°20′28″E  /  48.88694°N 2.34111°E  / 48.88694; 2.34111 Saint Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Pierre de Montmartre ( French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ pjɛʁ də mɔ̃maʁtʁ] )

1780-597: Is the second oldest surviving church in Paris , after the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres . It is one of the two main churches on Montmartre , the other being the more famous 19th-century Sacré-Cœur Basilica , just above it. Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, begun in 1133, was the church of the prestigious Montmartre Abbey, destroyed in the French Revolution. According to the earliest biography of Saint Ignatius Loyola ,

1869-719: The Kuahuqiao site near Hangzhou . Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place. Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings and literature beginning from the early first millennium BC. A domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan, in 4700–4400 BC, during the Jōmon period . It was already similar to modern cultivated forms, where

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1958-588: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : For China specifically see Peach production in China § Cultivars . The variety P. persica var. nucipersica (or var. nectarina ) – these are commonly called nectarines – has a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a "shaved peach" or "fuzzless peach", due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs. Though fuzzy peaches and nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, with nectarines often erroneously believed to be

2047-528: The Southern Hemisphere in February and March. In 1909, Pacific Monthly mentioned peacherines in a news bulletin for California. Louise Pound, in 1920, claimed the term peacherine is an example of language stunt. Flat peaches, or pan-tao , have a flattened shape, in contrast to ordinary near-spherical peaches. Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars budded or grafted onto

2136-472: The fontaine Saint-Denis (on modern impasse Girardon ), then descended the north slope of the hill, where he died. Hilduin wrote that a church had been built "in the place formerly called Mont de Mars, and then, by a happy change, 'Mont des Martyrs'." In 1134, King Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre , still standing. He also founded

2225-454: The place du Tertre . By the 19th century, the butte was famous for its cafés, guinguettes with public dancing, and cabarets. Le Chat Noir at 84 boulevard de Rochechouart was founded in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis , and became a popular haunt for writers and poets. The composer Eric Satie earned money by playing the piano there. The Moulin Rouge at 94 boulevard de Clichy was founded in 1889 by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler ; it became

2314-401: The 12th century. The pillars that support the vaulted roof have a cruciform shape, and are composed of bundles of slender columns. The capitals of columns have a variety of Romanesque and early Gothic motifs, including acanthus leaves, crochets and stylised water lilies. The lower aisle on the right side of the nave, facing the choir, has several picturesque capitals on the columns, dating from

2403-403: The 12th century. These feature several fantastic birds, as well as allegorical figures; one capital features a man with the head of a pig astride another man with the head of a goat, representing Luxury and Sorcery. The oldest and most picturesque architecture is found in the choir and the apse. The single traverse of the choir was given a new vaulted ceiling in 1147, with crossing ribs. The apse

2492-509: The 1680s the buildings of the upper abbey were in poor condition. In 1686 the religious community abandoned the buildings, except for the abbey church, and moved down the hill to a new priory. The church was preserved as a choir for the nuns and a sepulchre for the Abbesses. During the French Revolution, the Abbey of Montmartre and the crypts were destroyed, and the chapel was transformed for

2581-567: The 19th century in Maryland, Delaware, Georgia, South Carolina, and finally Virginia. The Shanghai honey nectar peach was a key component of both the food culture and agrarian economy the area where the modern megacity of Shanghai stands. Peaches were the cornerstone of early Shanghai's garden culture. As modernization and westernization swept through the city the Shanghai honey nectar peach nearly disappeared completely. Much of modern Shanghai

2670-717: The 20th, during the Belle Époque , many artists lived, worked, or had studios in or around Montmartre, including Amedeo Modigliani , Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Suzanne Valadon , Piet Mondrian , Pablo Picasso , Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh . Montmartre is also the setting for several hit films. The area is served by the underground Métro , with Line 2 stations at Barbès–Rochechouart , Anvers , Pigalle and Blanche , Line 4 stations at Château Rouge and Barbès–Rochechouart, as well as Line 12 stations at Pigalle, Abbesses , Lamarck–Caulaincourt and Jules Joffrin . It

2759-656: The 2nd century. The butte owes its particular religious importance to the text entitled Miracles of Saint-Denis , written before 885 by Hilduin , abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis, which recounted how Saint Denis , a Christian bishop, was decapitated on the hilltop in 250 AD on orders of the Roman prefect Fescennius Sisinius for preaching the Christian faith to the Gallo-Roman inhabitants of Lutetia . According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as

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2848-455: The 7th and 9th centuries, most of the sarcophagi found in ancient sites were made of molded gypsum. In modern times, the mining was done with explosives, which riddled the ground under the butte with tunnels, making the ground very unstable and difficult to build upon. The construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur required making a special foundation that descended 40 metres (130 ft) under

2937-853: The Americas in the 16th century by the Spanish . By 1580, peaches were being grown in Latin America and were cultivated by the remnants of the Inca Empire in Argentina. In the United States the peach was soon adopted as a crop by American Indians . The peach also became naturalized and abundant as a wild species in the eastern U.S.. Peaches were being grown in Virginia as early as 1629. Peaches grown by Indians in Virginia were said to have been "of greater variety and finer sorts" than those of

3026-684: The English colonists. Also in 1629, peaches were listed as a crop in New Mexico . William Penn noted the existence of wild peaches in Pennsylvania in 1683. In fact, peaches may have already spread to the American Southeast by the early to mid 16th century, actively cultivated by Indigenous communities before permanent Spanish settlement of the region. Peach plantations became an objective of American military campaigns against

3115-661: The French Army with heavy fighting at the end of May 1871, during what became known as the Semaine Sanglante , or "Bloody Week". In 1870, the future French prime minister during World War I, Georges Clemenceau , was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement, including Montmartre, by the new government of the Third Republic , and was also elected to the National Assembly . A member of the radical republican party, Clemenceau tried unsuccessfully to find

3204-652: The Great is sometimes said to have introduced them into Greece after conquering Persia, but no historical evidence for this claim has been found. Peaches were, however, well known to the Romans in the first century AD; the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in two fragments of wall paintings, dated to the first century AD, in Herculaneum , preserved due to the Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD, and now held in

3293-658: The Indians. In 1779, the Sullivan Expedition destroyed the livelihood of many of the Iroquois people of New York . Among the crops destroyed were plantations of peach trees. In 1864, Kit Carson led a successful U.S. army expedition to Canyon de Chelly , Arizona to destroy the livelihood of the Navajo . Carson destroyed thousands of peach trees. A soldier said they were the "best peach trees I have ever seen in

3382-759: The National Archaeological Museum in Naples. Archaeological finds show that peaches were cultivated widely in Roman northwestern Continental Europe, but production collapsed around the sixth century; some revival of production followed with the Carolingian Renaissance of the ninth century. An article on peach tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture . The peach

3471-585: The Royal Abbey of Montmartre , a monastery of the Benedictine order , whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a small chapel, called the Martyrium , at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a popular pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye d'en bas was built at that site, and in 1686 it was occupied by

3560-657: The United States by David Fairchild of the Department of Agriculture in 1906, a number of colonial-era newspaper articles make reference to nectarines being grown in the United States prior to the Revolutionary War. The 28 March 1768 edition of the New York Gazette (p. 3), for example, mentions a farm in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, where nectarines were grown. Peacherines are claimed to be

3649-411: The abbey. During the years when Françoise Renée de Lorraine, the sister of Marie, Duchess of Guise , was abbess, and especially while Marguerite Louise d'Orléans , Grand Duchess of Tuscany, was in confined residence there (starting in 1675), music came to play an important role in the abbey religious services. Marc-Antoine Charpentier , Marie's composer, wrote devotional music to be performed there. By

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3738-697: The absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, the name Prunus kunmingensis has been assigned to these fossils. Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia, genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the Neolithic period . Until recently, cultivation was believed to have started around 2000 BC. More recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from

3827-573: The acidic, yellow-fleshed cultivars . Peach trees are relatively short-lived as compared with some other fruit trees. In some regions orchards are replanted after 8 to 10 years, while in others trees may produce satisfactorily for 20 to 25 years or more, depending upon their resistance to diseases, pests, and winter damage. The scientific name persica , along with the word "peach" itself – and its cognates in many European languages – derives from an early European belief that peaches were native to Persia (modern-day Iran). The Ancient Romans referred to

3916-429: The apostles sleep below, and contrasts the somber shadows of the earthly world below with the illumination of the heavens at the top of the painting. The main organ originally was located in the church of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, which was demolished in 1840. The case of the organ is made from oak, with three towers, and dates to the end of the 18th century. It is classified as a national historic object. The instrument

4005-499: The area. The last of the bohemian Montmartre artists was Gen Paul (1895–1975), born in Montmartre and a friend of Utrillo. Paul's calligraphic expressionist lithographs, sometimes memorializing picturesque Montmartre itself, owe a lot to Raoul Dufy . Among the last of the neighborhood's bohemian gathering places was R-26 , an artistic salon frequented by Josephine Baker , Le Corbusier and Django Reinhardt . Its name

4094-555: The birthplace of the French cancan . Artists who performed in the cabarets of Montmartre included Yvette Guilbert , Marcelle Lender , Aristide Bruant , La Goulue , Georges Guibourg , Mistinguett , Fréhel , Jane Avril , and Damia . During the Belle Époque from 1872 to 1914, many artists lived and worked in Montmartre, where the rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. Pierre-Auguste Renoir rented space at 12 rue Cortot in 1876 to paint Bal du moulin de la Galette , showing

4183-590: The blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about −4 °C (25 °F). If the flowers are not fully open, though, they can tolerate a few degrees colder. Climates with significant winter rainfall at temperatures below 16 °C (61 °F) are also unsuitable for peach cultivation, as the rain promotes peach leaf curl , which is the most serious fungal disease for peaches. In practice, fungicides are extensively used for peach cultivation in such climates, with more than 1% of European peaches exceeding legal pesticide limits in 2013. Finally, summer heat

4272-411: The chilling period, key chemical reactions occur, but the plant appears dormant. Once the chilling period is fulfilled, the plant enters a second type of dormancy, the quiescence period. During quiescence, buds break and grow when sufficient warm weather favorable to growth is accumulated. The trees themselves can usually tolerate temperatures to around −26 to −30 °C (−15 to −22 °F), although

4361-538: The city. Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities ( faubourgs ) surrounding Paris, and became part of the 18th arrondissement of Paris . In 1871, Montmartre was the site of the beginning of the revolutionary uprising of the Paris Commune . During the Franco-Prussian War , the French army had stored

4450-446: The country, every one of them bearing fruit.” Peaches grow in a fairly limited range in dry, continental or temperate climates, since the trees have a chilling requirement that tropical or subtropical areas generally do not satisfy except at high altitudes (for example in certain areas of Ecuador , Colombia , Ethiopia , India, and Nepal ). Most cultivars require 500 hours of chilling around 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F). During

4539-679: The crop yield by partially defoliating the tree. Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease, including Bordeaux mixture and other copper-based products (the University of California considers these organic treatments), ziram , chlorothalonil , and dodine . The fruit is susceptible to brown rot or a dark reddish spot. Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0 °C (32 °F) and in high humidity. They are highly perishable, so are typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest. Peaches are climacteric fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from

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4628-678: The difference between the two. In 2018, China produced 62% of the world total of peaches and nectarines. Spain , Italy , Turkey and Greece , all situated in the Mediterranean region , are prominent producers of peaches. Prunus persica trees grow up to 7 m (23 ft) tall and wide, but when pruned properly, they are usually 3–4 m (10–13 ft) tall and wide. The leaves are lanceolate , 7–16 cm (3– 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, 2–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) broad, and pinnately veined. The flowers are produced in early spring before

4717-417: The eight peach chromosomes (2n = 16). In addition, 27,852 protein-coding genes and 28,689 protein-coding transcripts were predicted. Particular emphasis in this study is reserved for the analysis of the genetic diversity in peach germplasm and how it was shaped by human activities such as domestication and breeding. Major historical bottlenecks were found, one related to the putative original domestication that

4806-493: The flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. Peaches with white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity , while yellow-fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness, though this also varies greatly. Both colors often have some red on their skins. Low-acid, white-fleshed peaches are the most popular kinds in China, Japan, and neighbouring Asian countries, while Europeans and North Americans have historically favoured

4895-533: The following season's flower buds are usually killed at these temperatures, preventing a crop that summer. Flower bud death begins to occur between −15 and −25 °C (5 and −13 °F), depending on the cultivar and on the timing of the cold, with the buds becoming less cold tolerant in late winter. Another climate constraint is spring frost. The trees flower fairly early (in March in Western Europe), and

4984-667: The font is in the Renaissance style. – The statue of Saint Peter on his throne, located in the lower aisle on the south side, is a copy of a work displayed in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican in Rome. – The painting "Christ in the Garden of Olives", in the choir, was created by Joseph-François Parrocel (1704–1781). It depicts Christ receiving a message from God carried by an angel, while

5073-473: The former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries and gypsum mines. The mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period , first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground and put into sacks. Sold as montmartarite , it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water. Between

5162-493: The fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. This selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor, though. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long. Different countries have different cultivars. In the United Kingdom, for example, these cultivars have gained

5251-433: The fruit tree borer ( Maroga melanostigma ), Parornix anguliferella , Parornix finitimella , Caloptilia zachrysa , Phyllonorycter crataegella , Trifurcula sinica , Suzuki's promolactis moth ( Promalactis suzukiella ), the white-spotted tussock moth ( Orgyia thyellina ), the apple leafroller ( Archips termias ), the catapult moth ( Serrodes partita ), the wood groundling ( Parachronistis albiceps ) or

5340-401: The fruit's plum-like appearance. The lack of down on nectarines' skin also means their skin is more easily bruised than peaches. The history of the nectarine is unclear; the first recorded mention in English is from 1616, but they had probably been grown much earlier within the native range of the peach in central and eastern Asia. Although one source states that nectarines were introduced into

5429-560: The full number of peaches mature on a branch, they are undersized and lack flavor. Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers. Fresh peaches are easily bruised, so do not store well. They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest. The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape. The Baldassari palmette is a design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches. In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising

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5518-480: The ground to hold the structure in place. A fossil tooth found in one of these mines was identified by Georges Cuvier as an extinct equine , which he dubbed Palaeotherium , the "ancient animal". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later. Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the Battle of Paris in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of

5607-547: The heights of Montmartre were occupied from at least Gallo-Roman times. Texts from the 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori (Mount Mercury); a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century and the remains of a major wall. Earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But (2 rue Pierre-Dac) found vestiges of Roman baths from

5696-551: The last decade of the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV placed his artillery on top of the butte of Montmartre to fire down into the city. The siege eventually failed when a large relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw. The abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution , and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines . The last abbess, Marie-Louise de Laval-Montmorency ,

5785-400: The leaves; they are solitary or paired, 2.5–3 cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh, a delicate aroma, and a skin that is either velvety (peaches) or smooth (nectarines) in different cultivars . The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, but is fairly firm in some commercial varieties, especially when green. The single, large seed

5874-482: The martyrium of Montmartre Abbey was the location where the vows were taken that led to the founding of the Society of Jesus . According the traditional history of the church, it was founded by Saint Denis in the third century, but only scattered signs of Gallo-Roman occupation have been detected at the much-disturbed site, Merovingian sarcophagi and column capitals dating from the 7th century indicate that there

5963-699: The neighbourhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them going to the Montparnasse quarter. Artists' associations such as Les Nabis and the Incohérents were formed and individuals including Vincent van Gogh , Pierre Brissaud , Alfred Jarry , Jacques Villon , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Henri Matisse , André Derain , Suzanne Valadon , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Théophile Steinlen , and African-American expatriates such as Langston Hughes worked in Montmartre and drew some of their inspiration from

6052-481: The omnivorous leafroller ( Platynota stultana ) are reported to feed on P. persica . The flatid planthopper ( Metcalfa pruinosa ) causes damage to fruit trees. The tree is also a host plant for such species as the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ), the unmonsuzume ( Callambulyx tatarinovii ), the promethea silkmoth ( Callosamia promethea ), the orange oakleaf ( Kallima inachus ), Langia zenzeroides ,

6141-425: The parvis of the church gives access to the Cemetery of Calvary, the old graveyard of the parish. It is only open on 1 November, All Saints' Day . The plan of the interior follows the Romanesque model; the nave is flanked by lower side aisles, the transept between the nave and choir does not extend outside the central structure, and the apse at the east end has a ring of small radiating chapels. The nave dates to

6230-402: The patron saint of the artists of Montmartre. It was donated to the church in 1942 by a Montmartre painter, Prince Gazi. It is now the object of an annual pilgrimage on November 11, renewing a tradition that dated back before the French Revolution. – The Chapel of Baptisms features an oval baptismal font, dating from 1537, and made in the form of the traditional cradle of Moses. The decoration on

6319-414: The peach as malum persicum ("Persian apple"), later becoming French pêche , whence the English "peach". The scientific name, Prunus persica , literally means "Persian plum", as it is closely related to the plum . Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming , dating to 2.6 million years ago. In

6408-576: The peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. This domesticated type of peach was brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date around 3300 to 2300 BC. In India, the peach first appeared by about 1700 BC, during the Harappan period . It is also found elsewhere in West Asia in ancient times. Peach cultivation reached Greece by 300 BC. Alexander

6497-454: The pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for canning . The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow, to dark red; the hue and shade of the color depend on the cultivar. Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on

6586-473: The residents of the local parish. The abbey was reconsecrated by Pope Eugenius III in 1147, in a lavish royal ceremony where Bernard of Clairvaux (better known as Saint Bernard) and Peter, Abbot of Cluny , acted as acolytes . In 1622, the chapel of the Holy Martyr was converted to a priory, which was designated "the lower church". The 1670s and early 1680s marked a special moment in the history of

6675-411: The speckled emperor ( Gynanisa maja ) or the brown playboy ( Deudorix antalus ). The European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ) or the yellow mite ( Lorryia formosa ) are also found on the peach tree. It is a good pollen source for honey bees and a honeydew source for aphids. Peach trees are prone to a disease called leaf curl , which usually does not directly affect the fruit, but does reduce

6764-410: The temperature against the wall, peaches can be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland. The first pest to attack the tree early in the year when other food is scarce is the earwig ( Forficula auricularia ) which feeds on blossoms and young leaves at night, preventing fruiting and weakening newly planted trees. The pattern of damage

6853-516: The territory of Montmartre from the monks of the Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. He and his wife, Adelaide de Savoye, founded a royal convent for Benedictine nuns from the Monastery of Saint-Pierre-des-Dames. The church had two functions; the eastern portion, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and to Saint Denis, was used by the nuns, while the western portion, dedicated to Saint Peter, were used by

6942-517: The top of the butte, Espace Dalí showcases surrealist artist Salvador Dalí 's work. Montmartre is an officially designated historic district with limited development allowed in order to maintain its historic character. An inclined railway, the Funiculaire de Montmartre , operated by the RATP , ascends the hill from the south, while the Montmartre bus circles the hill. Downhill to the southwest

7031-647: The traditional location on the southern side of the hill where it was believed that the patron saint of Paris, Saint Denis , was beheaded, along with the priest Eleuthere and the Diacre Rustique. Ignatius of Loyola and his followers chose the same site for the foundation the Company of Jesus, or Jesuit order in 1534. In the ninth century the church became a stop for pilgrims going to the Saint Denis Basilica . In 1133 Louis VI purchased

7120-459: Was a church on the summit of the butte of Montmartre , dedicated to Saint Peter, since the 6th century. Théodore Vacquier, the first municipal archaeologist of Paris, identified remains of a wall as belonging to the Temple of Mars, from which he believed Montmartre took its name. An early church, the "Sanctum Martrium", or "Chapel of Martyrs", was built on the same site in the 9th century, to mark

7209-488: Was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century, where it was a prized and expensive treat. Horticulturist George Minifie supposedly brought the first peaches from England to its North American colonies in the early 17th century, planting them at his estate of Buckland in Virginia. Although Thomas Jefferson had peach trees at Monticello, American farmers did not begin commercial production until

7298-468: Was commemorated by Reinhardt in his 1947 tune " R. vingt-six ". There is a small vineyard in the Rue Saint-Vincent, which continues the tradition of wine production in the Île de France, and a wild garden , occupied by midwife toads , also in the Rue Saint-Vincent. The vineyard yields about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 130 US gal) of wine per year, The Musée de Montmartre

7387-468: Was elected as deputy for Montmartre and the 18th arrondissement. The Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur was built on Montmartre from 1876 to 1919, financed by public subscription as a gesture of expiation for the suffering of France during the Franco-Prussian War . Its white dome is a highly visible landmark in the city, and near it artists set up their easels each day amidst the tables and colourful umbrellas of

7476-604: Was entirely reconstructed in 1868–1869 by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll Peach tree The peach ( Prunus persica ) is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China . It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and others (the glossy-skinned, non-fuzzy varieties), nectarines . The specific name persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran), from where it

7565-479: Was formally returned to the church in 1908. The entry to the church is nearly hidden behind a tree-filled courtyard. The facade dates from the 1775, and features three modern cast bronze doorways, added in 1980 by the Italian sculptor Tommaso Gismondi (1906–2003). They illustrate scenes from the lives of three figures associated with the church: the Virgin Mary, Saint Peter, and Saint Denis of Paris . A gateway from

7654-595: Was guillotined in 1794. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved. At the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located (now 11 rue Yvonne-Le Tac), an oratory was built in 1855. It was renovated in 1994. In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris. That year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly , it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre , site of

7743-524: Was rebuilt at the end of the 12th century in the shape of a pentagon. Its roof is supported by a network of six elegant ribs. The double arch which separates the choir from the apse has another unusual feature; it rests upon two ancient columns, dating from the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD, with carved marble capitals from the Merovingian period (6th–7th centuries A.D.) – The church displays a statue of Our Lady of Montmartre, also known as Our Lady of Beauty,

7832-605: Was the actor who replaced Molière , and who, like his predecessor, died on stage. Nearby, day and night, tourists visit such sights as Place du Tertre and the cabaret du Lapin Agile , where the artists had worked and gathered. Many renowned artists, such as painter and sculptor Edgar Degas and film director François Truffaut , are buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre and the Cimetière Saint-Vincent . Near

7921-409: Was transplanted to Europe and in the 16th century to the Americas. It belongs to the genus Prunus , which includes the cherry , apricot , almond , and plum , and which is part of the rose family . The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus , distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell ( endocarp ). Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of

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