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52-955: Mozart Festival may refer to: Festival Mozart , held in A Coruña , Spain Mainly Mozart Festival , held in San Diego, California Midsummer Mozart Festival , held in San Jose/San Francisco, California Mostly Mozart Festival , held in New York City Mozart Festival Würzburg , held in Würzburg, Franconia Mozart Week , held in Salzburg, Austria Vermont Mozart Festival , held in Vermont Topics referred to by

104-633: A Surinamese town which also made its course outside the Portuguese system. A folk etymology incorrectly derives Coruña from the ancient columna , or Tower of Hercules . In English, use of the Spanish or Galician forms now predominates. However, the traditional English form Corunna / k ə ˈ r ʌ n ə / is still often used in the UK, particularly in reference to the Battle of Corunna (1809) in

156-542: A big transformation in most areas of the city from being agricultural dwellings to urban districts. The international oil shocks of the mid and late 1970s severely disrupted the economy, causing many bankruptcies and high unemployment until the mid-1980s, when slower but steady economic development was resumed. In the Spanish general elections, 1931 , all the political parties knew that the electoral results had important political consequences. The campaign of Unión Monárquica

208-734: A more youthful crowd, is Os Xardins ( The Gardens ), a park near the beginning of Rúa Real and the Os Cantons Village Shopping Centre. Cluny The town grew up around the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny , founded by Duke William I of Aquitaine in 910. The height of Cluniac influence was from the second half of the 10th century through the early 12th. The abbey was sacked by the Huguenots in 1562, and many of its valuable manuscripts were destroyed or removed. The river Grosne flows northward through

260-562: A positive note Mr Vazquez's 23 year-long mandate saw the European-funded Maritime Promenade and the city's Scientific Museums (Casa das Ciencias-Planetario-, Casa dos Peixes-Aquarium and Casa do Home-Domus). On 20 January 2006 Vázquez was named ambassador to the Vatican City , and was later replaced by Francisco Javier Losada de Azpiazu. In 2007 Municipal Elections the local government was a coalition of

312-526: Is A Coroa and in Spanish is La Corona . It seems less likely that it traces back to the Galician clunia . The name is reputedly from the Greek Κορώνα (Crown), referring to the crown of Geryon that was buried by Hercules under the lighthouse he built to his honour. The hero Hercules slew the giant tyrant Geryon after three days and three nights of continuous battle. Hercules then—in a Celtic gesture—buried

364-505: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages A Coru%C3%B1a A Coruña ( Galician pronunciation: [ɐ koˈɾuɲɐ] ; Spanish : La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ; also informally called just Coruña ; historical English: Corunna or The Groyne) is a city and municipality in Galicia , Spain. It is Galicia's second largest city, behind Vigo . The city

416-424: Is only 9 °C (16 °F) on average) and therefore frost and snow are extremely rare. In fact, the city has not received significant snowfall since January 1987. A Coruña lies in plant hardiness zone 10b. Spring is usually warm and fairly calm, while summers are mostly sunny and humid, with occasional rainfall, usually in the form of drizzle ; high temperatures are warm but rarely uncomfortably hot because of

468-575: Is the provincial capital of the province of A Coruña , having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982. A Coruña is located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro , a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the main industrial and financial centre of northern Galicia, and holds

520-590: The Kennicott Bible , it is currently housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford . The Jewish community is said to have dated to at least the 11th century, with fragments of Jewish tombstones dating to that time period. There is a street in present A Coruña called "Calle de la Sinagoga", or "synagogue street", which is believed to be the street where the synagogue once stood. During the Modern period ,

572-483: The Marea Atlántica ("Atlantic Tide") party, who was elected in 2015 on an anti-corruption mandate. His remit was to improve the town planning of the city rather than to leave it to the mercy of corrupt, unregulated free-market policies which have left a negative legacy in many areas of the municipality. He has widespread support across the region in opposition to a project to sell off the city's port (a legacy of

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624-530: The Peninsular War . Archaically, English-speakers knew the city as "The Groyne", probably from French La Corogne . In Spain, the official form of the name is now the Galician one: "A Coruña", though many Spaniards continue to use "La Coruña". Despite this, "La Coruña" is in a constant decline, in favor of the official and historical form "A Coruña". A Coruña is located on a peninsula, and its isthmus

676-711: The Radical Republican Party lost a lot of support. From 1983 to 2006, the mayor of the city was Francisco Vázquez Vázquez ( PSOE ), and the city became devoted to services, but he also was criticised because of his being openly against Galician nationalism , favouring the already established Castillian - Spanish social dominance and extending the equally deep-rooted prejudice against Galician language and cultural expression. Another downside's of Mr Vazquez legacy would be his town-planning policies, with big-money pharaoh-like projects with little social impact (shopping centres, Millennium obelisk, etc.). However, on

728-511: The Socialists' Party of Galicia and the left-wing nationalist Galician Nationalist Bloc party. The city celebrated its first millennium in 2008. In the 2011 Municipal Elections, the conservative candidate Carlos Negreira ( PP ) obtained a majority, the first one for the People's Party in the city since the arrival of democracy. The mayor of the 2015–2019 mandate was Xulio Ferreiro, from

780-559: The Tower of Hercules was restored by Antúnez. On 16 January 1809, A Coruña was the site of the Battle of Corunna during the Peninsular War , in which British troops fought against the French to cover the embarkation of British troops after their retreat. In this battle Sir John Moore was killed. Spanish resistance during the war in Galicia was led by Sinforiano López, and A Coruña was

832-576: The War of Independence (1808–1814), the fortunes of Ferrol began to deteriorate. The largest port in northern Spain, site of the Reales Astilleros de Esteiro , one of the three Royal Royal Dockyards together with Cartagena and Cádiz , almost became a "dead" town during the reign of Ferdinand VII . By 1833, the City and Naval Station of Ferrol saw its civilian population reduced to 13,000. During

884-415: The workers' movement of the city had its origins. During the 19th century other businesses (glass, foundries, textiles, gas, matches, etc.) were slowly established, but it was maritime trade and migrant travel that attracted Catalan, Belgian, French and English investments. The Bank of A Coruña was founded in 1857. The new provincial division of 1832 also influenced economic development. At the beginning of

936-524: The 20th century, A Coruña had about 45,000 inhabitants. The Great Depression and the Spanish Civil War severely affected the economy through the 1930s to the mid-1950s. The 1960s and early 1970s saw a dramatic economic recovery, which was part of the wider Spanish Miracle . As elsewhere in Galicia, A Coruña attracted a massive influx of Galician-speaking rural dwellers, into their quickly developed neighbourhoods. The period between 1960 and 1980 saw

988-522: The 2nd century AD. It has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . It is surrounded by a large public park with a golf course and the so-called Moor's Graveyard ( Cemiterio do Mouro in Galician, Cementerio del Moro in Spanish) a building where in fact there were never burials, Muslim or not, which now houses the Casa das Palabras (Galician for House of Words) museum. The lighthouse features as

1040-631: The 4th century and particularly with the incursions of the Vikings , which forced the population to flee towards the interior of the Estuary of O Burgo. After the fall of the Roman Empire , A Coruña still had a commercial port connected to foreign countries, but contacts with the Mediterranean were slowly replaced by a more Atlantic-oriented focus. The process of deurbanisation that followed

1092-625: The ; compare Castilian Spanish la ("the"). One proposed etymology derives Crunia from Cluny , the town in France. During its height ( c.  950  – c.  1130 ) the Cluniac religious movement became very prominent in Europe. There is another town named Coruña in Burgos Province . A more likely possibility is that the name simply means "The Crown", which in Galician

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1144-668: The Parrot and San Miguel. It also preserves the stronghold known as the Old Fortress, now converted into the Garden of San Carlos, in which Sir John Moore is buried. The Old City of A Coruña kept streets and squares that revive the city's history and noble mansions and residences such as Rosalia de Castro's house, located on Prince Street. Notable buildings are the Royal Galician Academy , the institution dedicated to

1196-580: The Tower of Hercules stands) were leaving the area due to constant attacks by the Viking fleet and settled in the area of Betanzos. In 1208 King Alfonso IX refounded the city at the present site of the Old Town and put it under his personal control, free from allegiance to the clergy or feudal lords. In the fourteenth century, the scarcely-surviving city walls of the Old Town were built, as well as three harbors:

1248-473: The administration of the marquess of Molina, Minister for Naval affairs in the mid-19th century new activities sprang up, but Ferrol never fully returned to its former glory. During those years, most of the Spanish colonies in Latin America succeeded in gaining independence from their former metropolis . The population of the City of A Coruña in 1900 reached 43,971, while the population of the rest of

1300-576: The city of A Coruña the license to establish the House of Spices , being this the port chosen by Jofre Garcia de Loysa to set his expedition to conquer the Moluccans . In the late Middle Ages, before the expulsion of the Jews in 1492 , a thriving Jewish community created a rich artistic heritage in the city. The most lavishly illuminated Hebrew Bible in medieval Spain was created in A Coruña in 1476. Known as

1352-586: The city was a port and centre for the manufacturing of textiles. In 1520, king Carlos I of Spain , met in the courts of A Coruña and embarked from its harbour to be elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (as Charles V). He allowed the government of the Kingdom of Galicia to distribute spice in Europe between 1522 and 1529. Commerce with the Indies was allowed between 1529 and 1575. San Antón Castle

1404-548: The city, and it enjoyed a big growth in fishing and mercantile business. The city grew and extended through the isthmus. In 1446 John II of Castile granted to A Coruña the title of "City". The Catholic Monarchs established the Royal Audience of the Kingdom of Galicia in the city, instead of Santiago . A Coruña also became the headquarters of the Captaincy General . Later, in 1522, Charles V conceded to

1456-474: The coast. At Faro, in the ruins of the Tower of Hercules , a fortress was built, which had a permanent military garrison. To pay for it, he gave power over the city to the bishop of Santiago . The bishop of Santiago became the most important political post in Galicia , and remained so until the 15th century. In 1208, Alfonso IX re-founded the city of Crunia . Some privileges, such as those of disembarking and selling salt without paying taxes, were granted to

1508-539: The fall of the Roman Empire also affected A Coruña. Between the 7th and 8th centuries, the city was no more than a little village of labourers and sailors. The 11th-century Chronica iriense names Faro do Burgo (ancient name of A Coruña) as one of the dioceses that king Miro granted to the episcopate of Iria Flavia in the year 572: The Muslim invasion of the Iberian peninsula left no archaeological evidence in

1560-586: The head of Geryon with his weapons and ordered that a city be built on the site. The lighthouse atop a skull and crossbones representing the buried head of Hercules' slain enemy appears in the coat-of-arms of the city of A Coruña, Loukeris (2019). A proxy evolution within the Portuguese language points out to the Latin word Colonya as its origin, where the L was transformed into R which occurs widely in Portuguese. A similar happening can be found today in Coronie ,

1612-464: The headquarters of the Universidade da Coruña . A Coruña is the Spanish city featuring the tallest mean-height of buildings, also featuring a population density of 21,972 inhabitants per square kilometre (56,910/sq mi) of built land area. There is no clear evidence as to what the name derives from. It seems to be from Crunia , of unknown origin and meaning, documented for the first time at

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1664-476: The idea of using the shape of the back of a warship in a modern building. Soon afterward, most seaports in northern Spain, were adding these glazed window balconies to their city-port houses. The Old Town ( Ciudad Vieja in Spanish, Cidade Vella in Galician) is the name given to the oldest part of A Coruña. During the ninth and tenth centuries, the inhabitants of what was then called Faro Island (peninsula where

1716-487: The main emblem of the city's flag and coat of arms. The city is also well known for its characteristic glazed window balconies, called galerías . Originally, this type of structure came about as a naval architecture solution for the challenging weather, particularly designed for rainy days. This fashion started in nearby Ferrol in the 18th century when some of the technicians working for the Royal Dockyards had

1768-517: The network of scientific museums ( Casa das Ciencias , which also includes a planetarium, DOMUS, made by Arata Isozaki and Aquarium Finisterrae ). In 2012, the National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) opened a branch in the city. A Coruña's social scene is most popular on Summer nights. Most bars and clubs are on Rua do Orzán, which runs directly parallel to Paseo Maritimo on the beach side. Another popular destination, primarily for

1820-454: The northwest, so it cannot be said whether or not the Muslim invaders ever reached the city. As Muslim rule in early 8th century Galicia consisted little more than a short-lived overlordship of the remote and rugged region backed by a few garrisons, and the city was no more than a village amidst Roman ruins, the invaders showed the same lack of interest in the ruined city as they did generally for

1872-483: The only Galician city that achieved success against the French troops. French troops left Galicia at the end of May 1809. During the 19th century, the city was the centre of anti-monarchist sentiment. On 19 August 1815, Juan Díaz Porlier , pronounced against Fernando VII in defense of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 . He was supported by the bourgeoisie and the educated people. But on 22 August he

1924-569: The peninsula, the site of the later Tower of Hercules , onto the mainland. The oldest part, known popularly in Galician as Cidade Vella (Old City), Cidade Alta (High City) or the Cidade (City), is built on an ancient Celtic castro. It was supposedly inhabited by the Brigantes and Artabrians , the Celtic tribes of the area. The Romans came to the region in the 2nd century BCE; they made the most of

1976-422: The population of the City of A Coruña during the years which followed the Spanish Civil War in the mid-20th century was accompanied by the decline in the villages and hamlets of the province as it industrialized. The municipality of A Coruña has 247,604 inhabitants and a population density of around 6,700 inhabitants per square kilometer. In 2010, there were 12,344 foreigners living in the city, representing 5% of

2028-408: The preceding mayor Carlos Negreira) to a private equity firm, which wants to construct a gated community of high-rise apartment blocks for which there is no real market demand in a city with a population of fewer than 250,000 inhabitants. The plan is to put a covenant on the land and to encourage a civic consultation on redevelopment of the site. The current mayor is Inés Rey of PSdeG-PSOE . After

2080-477: The province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol as well as Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's miraculous growth happened during the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War at a similar rate to other major Galician cities, but it was after the death of Francisco Franco when the city of A Coruña (and Vigo) left all the other Galician cities behind. The meteoric increase in

2132-538: The region. As the city began to recover during the Middle Ages the main problem for the inhabitants was the Norman raids, as well as the ever-present threat of raids ( razzias ) from Al-Andalus to the south. During the 9th century there were several Viking attacks on the city, called at that time Faro or Faro Bregancio. In the year 991, King Vermudo II began the construction of defensive military positions on

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2184-451: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mozart Festival . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozart_Festival&oldid=1259899883 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Mozart festivals Hidden categories: Short description

2236-571: The sea's cooling influence during the day, most often being around 22 °C (72 °F) between July and September. Even the warmest month on record was relatively subdued, being August 2003, with an average high temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) occur many days in the summer, while temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are infrequent. A Coruña has five parishes, or parroquias : A Coruña, San Vicente de Elviña, Santa María de Oza, San Cristóbal das Viñas, and San Pedro de Visma. A Coruña spread from

2288-482: The strategic position and soon the city became quite important in maritime trade. In 62 BCE Julius Caesar came to the city (known at the time as Brigantium) in pursuit of the metal trade, establishing commerce with what are now France, England and Portugal. The town began to grow, mainly during the 1st and 2nd centuries (when the Farum Brigantium Tower of Hercules was built), but declined after

2340-735: The study of Galician culture and especially the Galician language, the Romanesque churches of Santiago and Saint Mary, As Bárbaras Monastery (Romanesque and Baroque ) and the headquarters of the Operational Logistics Force of the Spanish Army . In July, a Medieval Fair takes place in the streets of the Old City. The city has several museums, such as the Castle of San Antón Archaeological Museum, Fine Arts Museum and

2392-588: The time of Ferdinand II of León (reigned 1157–1188). As usual in Galician-Portuguese (as well as in Castilian Spanish), the cluster ni naturally evolved into the sound [ ɲ ] , written n , nn or nh in old Galician orthography, nn in Spanish (later abbreviated to ñ , like the original Latin cluster "nn"), and nh in Portuguese and alternative Galician spelling. " A " is the Galician-Portuguese article equivalent to English

2444-513: The total population. The main nationalities are Brazilians (10%), Colombians (8%) and Peruvians (7%). By language, according to 2008 data, 7.75% of the population speak Galician as a primary language, 36% speak Spanish and the rest use both interchangeably. The A Coruña metropolitan area has 431,332 inhabitants. The city is the site of the Roman Tower of Hercules , a lighthouse which has been in continuous operation since possibly

2496-593: Was at times formed only by a small strip of sand. Erosion and sea currents caused a progressive accumulation of sand, enlarging it to its present dimensions. A Coruña has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) in the Köppen climate classification . Autumn is usually mild with spring-like temperatures, but winter is often unsettled and unpredictable, with strong winds and abundant rainfall coming from Atlantic depressions . The ocean keeps temperatures mild all year round (the variation between winter and summer temperatures

2548-795: Was betrayed and hanged in the Campo da Leña two months later. A Coruña supported the liberal side in all the 19th-century rebellions. A Coruña also played an important role in the Rexurdimento , and there were founded the Galician Royal Academy in 1906 and the Brotherhoods of the Galician Language in 1916. Regarding the economy, in 1804 the National Cigarette Factory was founded, and there

2600-726: Was built to defend of the city and its harbour. From the port of Ferrol in the Province of A Coruña , Philip II left to marry Mary I of England in 1554, and much later, in 1588, from the same port the Spanish Armada would set sail to the Low Countries and England, where it was defeated. In the following year, during the Anglo-Spanish War , the English Armada conducted a besieged A Coruña , but

2652-407: Was eventually forced to withdraw. A local woman, María Pita , took her dead husband's spear during the siege and killed an enemy captain, rallying support to deny a breach in the wall to the attackers. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the wars of the Spanish monarchy caused a great increase in taxes and the start of conscription. In 1620, Philip III created the School of the Boys of the Sea. In 1682

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2704-408: Was very important in A Coruña and was supported by El Ideal Gallego . Republicans and socialists constituted a block, made up of ORGA, independent republicans, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Radical Socialist Republican Party . In the elections, the republican parties obtained 34 of the 39 council seats. The best results were of the ORGA and of the Partido Radical Socialista, and

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