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61-523: In English, Castilian Spanish can mean the variety of Peninsular Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain , the standard form of Spanish, or Spanish from Spain in general. In Spanish, the term castellano (Castilian) can either refer to the Spanish language as a whole, or to the medieval Old Spanish , a predecessor to Early Modern Spanish . The term Castilian Spanish is used in English for

122-510: A no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century. In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez  [ es ] . By 1084 the project for

183-541: A voiceless dental fricative /θ/ , as in English th in thing . Thus, in most varieties of Spanish from Spain, cinco , 'five' is pronounced /ˈθinko/ as opposed to /ˈsinko/ in Latin American Spanish, and similarly for zapato , 'shoe', cerdo , 'pig', zorro , 'fox', Zurbarán . A restricted form of distinción also occurs in the area around Cusco , Peru, where [ θ ] exists in words such as

244-467: A central-northern, found north of Madrid and equated with Castilian Spanish, a southern or Andalusian dialect, and an intermediary zone. This division does not include the Spanish of bilingual regions. While a more narrow division includes the following dialect regions: The related term Castilian Spanish is often applied to formal varieties of Spanish as spoken in Spain. According to folk tradition,

305-516: A lesser extent the Philippines ). Valladolid Valladolid ( Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is also the capital of the province of Valladolid . It has a population of 295,639 people (2022 est.). The city is located roughly in

366-564: A result the /t/ is subject to weakening. Thus, [aðˈlantiko] , [aðˈleta] are the resulting pronunciations. The Spanish language is a pluricentric language . Spanish is spoken in numerous countries around the world, each with differing standards. However, the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), based in Madrid , Spain, is affiliated with the national language academies of 22 other hispanophone nations through

427-427: Is a 1960s reconstruction. As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on

488-506: Is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault -branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España . Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with

549-506: Is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security. The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers. Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600),

610-408: Is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude. Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%. The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of

671-669: Is masculine, instead of the Hispanic-American-preferred computadora , which is feminine, from the English word 'computer' (the exceptions being Colombia and Chile, where PC is known as computador , which is masculine). Speakers from Latin America tend to use words and polite-set expressions that, even if recognized by the Real Academia Española , are not widely used nowadays (some of them are even deemed as anachronisms ) by speakers of Castilian Spanish. For example, enojarse and enfadarse are verbs with

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732-593: Is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti (1095). One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum , meaning "valley of waters", referring to

793-515: Is not a common expression; it could refer to varieties found in the region of Castile ; however, the dialects of Castile, like other dialects, are not homogenous, and they tend to merge gradually with the dialects of other regions. Peninsular Spanish From a phonological standpoint, there is a north-south gradient contrasting conservative and innovative pronunciation patterns. The former generally retain features such as / s / – / θ / distinction and realization of intervocalic /d/, whilst

854-478: Is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín  [ es ] . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of

915-956: The Association of Academies of the Spanish Language , and their coordinated resolutions are typically accepted in other countries, especially those related to spelling. Also, the Instituto Cervantes , an agency of the Government of Spain in charge of promoting the Spanish language abroad, has been adopted by other countries as the authority to officially recognize and certify the Spanish level of non-native Spanish speakers as their second language, as happens in Australia, South Korea or Switzerland. The variants of Spanish spoken in Spain and its former colonies vary significantly in grammar and pronunciation , as well as in

976-569: The Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with

1037-559: The Prison of Villanubla  [ es ] ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares). The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate

1098-596: The River Duero . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found. During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created

1159-805: The autonomous communities in which the latter languages are spoken notoriously involve borrowings at the lexical level , but also in the rest of the linguistic structure. Variation in Peninsular Spanish, especially phonetic, largely follows a north-south axis, often imagined or characterized as Castilian versus Andalusian in the popular imagination. That said, different isoglosses intersect and never exactly coincide with regional borders. The Spanish dialects of bilingual regions, such as Castrapo in Galicia or Catalan Spanish , have their own features due to language contact. A simple, north-south division is: Another north-south division would include

1220-624: The neobaroque new building for the university. The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla . The Christopher Columbus House-Museum , by contrast,

1281-543: The "purest" form of Peninsular Spanish is spoken in Valladolid , although the concept of "pure" languages has been rejected by modern linguists. Dialectal variation in the Peninsula follows both north-south and east-west axes. Leísmo is native to a large swath of western Castile, as well as Cantabria and neighboring parts of Leon and Extremadura. In much of eastern Castile, as well as Navarre, Aragon and Álava,

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1342-675: The French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city. Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers. The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment

1403-521: The Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level. The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around

1464-614: The Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library. Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School. 12th century romanesque architecture

1525-545: The Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city. During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric . In the midst of the reign of Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as

1586-484: The arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century. The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably, the city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to

1647-643: The capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as

1708-646: The centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central , at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join the Duero , surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within

1769-496: The church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works. Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and

1830-477: The clitic pronoun se can express plural number, becoming sen , when it follows an infinitive, gerund, or subjunctive form used to express a command, as in casarsen 'to get married', siéntensen 'sit down'. In an area of northern Spain, centered on Burgos, La Rioja, Álava and Vizcaya and also including Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Cantabria and Palencia, the imperfect subjunctive forms tend to be replaced by conditional ones. In rural Aragon and Navarre ,

1891-542: The cluster /tɾ/ is often realized as a voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [tɹ̝̊] , not unlike the initial consonant cluster in the English word trick . Similarly, the trilled /r/ may also be assibilated to [ ɹ̝ ] in this region. The same pronunciations are also found in much of Latin America, especially Mexico , Central America , and the Andes . In a chunk of northwestern Spain which includes Galicia and Bilbao and excludes Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville,

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1952-543: The condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy  [ es ] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ). June 25th 2024,

2013-554: The confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( Arabic : بلد الوليد , Balad al-Walid ), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum , meaning 'valley of the olives '; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in

2074-497: The context of the Crown of Castile , being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until

2135-488: The country , although Spanish is official throughout Spain. Castellano septentrional ("Northern Castilian") is the Spanish term for the dialects from the Northern half of Spain, including those from Aragón or Navarre, which were never part of Castile . These dialects can be distinguished from the southern varieties of Andalusia, Extremadura, and Murcia. Español castellano , the literal translation of Castilian Spanish ,

2196-532: The defricativization of /tʃ/, realizations of /x/ as [x] and [h] and weakening or change of liquid consonants /l/ and /r/. Morphologically , a notable feature in most varieties of Peninsular Spanish setting them apart from varieties from the Americas is the use of the pronoun vosotros (along with its oblique form os ) and its corresponding verb forms for the second person plural familiar. Language contact of Spanish with Catalan , Basque and Galician in

2257-693: The dialects of the language: carro refers to car in some Latin American dialects but to cart in Spain and some Latin American dialects. There also appear gender differences: el PC ('personal computer') in Castilian Spanish and some Latin American Spanish, la PC in some Hispanic American Spanish, due to the widespread use of the gallicism ordenador (from ordinateur in French) for computer in Peninsular Spanish, which

2318-429: The façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets. The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera  [ es ] finished

2379-483: The foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded the church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by

2440-551: The kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him. From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid, with

2501-404: The late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall  [ es ] , the cavalry academy  [ es ] , Palace of Correos y Telégrafos  [ es ] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and

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2562-602: The latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against

2623-450: The latter may not. Processes of interaction and levelling between standard (a construct popularly perceived as based on northern dialects) and nonstandard varieties however involve ongoing adoption of conservative traits south and innovative ones north. In line with Spanish language's rich consonant fluctuation, other internal variation within varieties of Peninsular Spanish is represented by phenomena such as weakening of coda position -/s/,

2684-401: The municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election. Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on

2745-406: The north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east. After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa ), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ). Valladolid

2806-413: The numbers doce , 'twelve', and trece , 'thirteen'. Additionally, all Latin American dialects drop the familiar (that is, informal) vosotros verb forms for the second person plural, using ustedes in all contexts. In most of Spain, ustedes is used only in a formal context. Some other minor differences are: The meaning of certain words may differ greatly between all

2867-547: The other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science. The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and

2928-556: The prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva. From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city

2989-462: The rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca  [ es ] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of

3050-411: The same meaning (to become angry), enojarse being used much more in the Americas than in Spain, and enfadarse more in Spain than in the Americas. Below are select vocabulary differences between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Words in bold are unique to Spain and not used in any other country (except for perhaps Equatorial Guinea which speaks a very closely related dialect, and to

3111-472: The sequence /tl/ in words such as atleta 'athlete' and Atlántico 'Atlantic' is treated as an onset cluster, with both consonants being part of the same syllable. The same is true in the Canary Islands and most of Latin America, with the exception of Puerto Rico. On the other hand, in most of Peninsular Spanish, each consonant in /tl/ is considered as belonging to a separate syllable, and as

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3172-613: The service of Joan of Arc , known as La Pucelle . Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it. Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core

3233-498: The south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female). The city is also popularly called Pucela , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in

3294-570: The specific varieties of Spanish spoken in north and central Spain. This is because much of the variation in Peninsular Spanish is between north and south, often imagined as Castilian versus Andalusian. Typically, it is more loosely used to denote the Spanish spoken in all of Spain as compared to Spanish spoken in Latin America. In Spain itself, Spanish is not a uniform language and there exist several different varieties of Spanish ; in addition, there are other official and unofficial languages in

3355-624: The surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in

3416-707: The thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships , and the Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as a City of Film as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants. There

3477-555: The use of idioms . Courses of Spanish as a second language commonly use Mexican Spanish in the United States and Canada , whereas European Spanish is typically preferred in Europe. Dialects in central and northern Spain and Latin American Spanish contain several differences, the most apparent being Distinción (distinction), i.e., the pronunciation of the letter z before all vowels, and of c before e and i , as

3538-528: The wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011. It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring

3599-443: The work on the main front. The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela  [ es ] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in

3660-566: Was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro. Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares , hosting

3721-477: Was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s. In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for

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