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62-521: The Mont Pelerin Society ( MPS ), founded in 1947, is an international academic society of economists , political philosophers , and other intellectuals who share a neoliberal or classical liberal outlook. It is headquartered at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas , United States. The society advocates freedom of expression , free market economic policies, and an open society . Further,

124-593: A Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences because the MPS helped to create that award, specifically to legitimize free-market economic thinking. In contrast, Nobel Prize winning economist Paul Romer attended a meeting of the MPS and found it "boring and depressing." In the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report , published by Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania , MPS

186-487: A faculty chair. They are the departments of international law; international relations & political science; international history & politics; international economics; and anthropology and sociology. The Geneva Graduate Institute offers six master programmes, four executive master programmes, and five PhD programmes. They include: Admission to the Geneva Graduate Institute's study programmes

248-500: A future president of the MPS, at the University of Chicago ) and John Clapham , a British economic historian. The MPS aimed to "facilitate an exchange of ideas between like-minded scholars in the hope of strengthening the principles and practice of a free society and to study the workings, virtues, and defects of market-oriented economic systems". The MPS has continued to meet regularly, the General Meeting every two years and

310-549: A handful of rankings for specialized universities . In Foreign Policy 's 2024 Inside the Ivory Tower ranking of best international relations schools wordlwide, both U.S. international relations faculty and U.S. think tank staffers ranked the Geneva Graduate Institute's master's programs 20th. In Europe, the master's programs of the London School of Economics and Political Science and Sciences Po also ranked in

372-496: A particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to fellows who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa , or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award post-nominal letters to their memberships. The membership at

434-609: A variety of "public men" such as Edvard Beneš , Lord David Cecil , Paul Hymans , Fridtjof Nansen , and Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter . The last Geneva School was held in 1939. The Geneva Graduate Institute had become known in the 1930s as a stronghold of neoliberal scholarship. As a result, it managed to attract during World War II a number of faculty and lecturers from countries with Nazi regimes, e.g., Hans Wehberg  [ de ] and Georges Scelle for law, Maurice Bourquin for diplomatic history, and Swiss jurist Paul Guggenheim . Subsequently, more scholars would join

496-540: A weekly, semester, or yearly basis. They attracted scholars like Raymond Aron , René Cassin , Luigi Einaudi , John Kenneth Galbraith , G. P. Gooch , Gottfried Haberler , Friedrich von Hayek , Hersch Lauterpacht , Lord McNair , Gunnar Myrdal , Harold Nicolson , Philip Noel Baker , Pierre Renouvin , Lionel Robbins , Jean-Rodolphe de Salis , Harold Laski , Eric Voegelin , Carlo Sforza , Jacob Viner , Quincy Wright and Martin Wight . A different initiative,

558-490: Is Marie-Laure Salles . The Graduate Institute is constituted as a Swiss private law foundation, Fondation pour les hautes études internationales et du développement , sharing a convention with the University of Geneva . This is a particular organisational form, because the Graduate Institute is constituted as a foundation of private law fulfilling a public purpose. In addition, the political responsibility for

620-489: Is a 38,000 meter-square glass building distributed into six connected sections. It contains the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Library, which holds 350,000 books about social sciences, journals and annual publications, making it one of Europe's richest libraries in the fields of development and international relations. It is named after two Institute alumni—Ambassador Shelby Cullom Davis and his wife Kathryn Davis , following

682-573: Is an accepted version of this page 46°13′19″N 6°09′04″E  /  46.2219°N 6.1511°E  / 46.2219; 6.1511 The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies ( French : Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement , abbreviated IHEID ), also known as the Geneva Graduate Institute , is a graduate-level research university in Geneva , Switzerland dedicated to

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744-495: Is an active member of the following associations and academic networks: The Paul Guggenheim Prize in International Law was created in 1979 and is awarded to young practitioners of international law on a biannual basis. The Edgar de Picciotto International Prize is awarded every two years and worth 100,000 Swiss Francs . It rewards an internationally renowned academic whose research has contributed to enhancing

806-611: Is highly competitive, with only 14% of applicants attending the school in 2014. The Institute only offers master- and PhD-level programmes. The Geneva Graduate Institute is home to twelve research centers. They include the Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy, the Centre for Finance and Development , the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding , the Hoffmann Centre for Global Sustainability, and

868-421: Is threatened by the spread of creeds which, claiming the privilege of tolerance when in the position of a minority, seek only to establish a position of power in which they can suppress and obliterate all views but their own. The group also stated that it is "difficult to imagine a society in which freedom may be effectively preserved" without the "diffused power and initiative" associated with "private property and

930-804: The American Association for the Advancement of Science , specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association , or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society . Most are either specific to a particular country (e.g. the Entomological Society of Israel ), though they generally include some members from other countries as well, often with local branches, or are international, such as

992-650: The Centre William Rappard , housed the Geneva Graduate Institute's library during that period. Villa Moynier, since 2009, houses the Institute-based Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement. The building holds a symbolic significance as it was originally owned by Gustave Moynier , co-founder of the International Committee of

1054-548: The Global Arbitration Review . This same LL.M. also consistently featured in the top 10 LL.M. for alternative dispute resolution by the specialised website LL.M.-guide. The Graduate Institute's LL.M. in international law also featured in the top 10 LL.M. for public international law compiled by LLM-guide. The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights ' LL.M. in international humanitarian law and human rights—a joint programme between

1116-969: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or the Regional Studies Association , in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society , the publishers of the internationally known The New England Journal of Medicine . Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi ) have been rechartered by legislation to form quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations . Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election. Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in

1178-648: The International Institute of Humanitarian Law and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development . Another section of the campus are two historic villas situated by Lake Geneva , Villa Barton and Villa Moynier. Villa Barton served as the institute's main campus from 1937 to 2007. It now mostly houses administrative staff. Adjacent to Villa Barton, the World Trade Organization 's headquarters, known as

1240-845: The International Labour Organization , the World Intellectual Property Organization , and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade . Additionally, graduates have served as commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Founded by two senior League of Nations officials, the Geneva Graduate Institute maintains strong links with that international organisation's successor,

1302-766: The Small Arms Survey . The Geneva Graduate Institute runs three specialized schools jointly with the University of Geneva. They are Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights , the Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies and the Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement. As a small institution offering exclusively graduate programmes, the Geneva Graduate Institute does not participate in university rankings of generalist universities . However, It has been ranked by

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1364-506: The United Nations , and many alumni have gone on to work at UN agencies . Founded in 1927, the Geneva Graduate Institute is the world's first graduate school dedicated solely to the study of international affairs. It offered one of the first doctoral programmes in international relations in the world. Today the school enrolls close to a thousand postgraduate students from over 100 countries. Foreign students make up nearly 90% of

1426-508: The University of Cambridge , and Sciences Po . In 2012, The Geneva Graduate Institute was listed among the Foreign Policy Association 's "Top 50 International Affairs Graduate Programs." The LL.M. in international dispute settlement, offered jointly with the University of Geneva by the Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement, was ranked 2nd worldwide according to a 2012 survey of law firms conducted by

1488-482: The University of Geneva ended when the Swiss government accredited it as a university independently, rather than through the University of Geneva. The history of the Graduate Institute of Development Studies also involves Jacques Freymond , who founded the institution in 1961 as the Centre genevois pour la formation des cadres africains , later renamed Institut Africain de Genève , or African Institute of Geneva. It

1550-1136: The World Association in Economics is free of cost. Following the globalization and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the Modern Language Association—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic virtual communities have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies. Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example JISCMail ), social networking services (like Facebook or LinkedIn ) and academic oriented social networks (like Humanities Commons, ResearchGate , Mendeley or Academia.edu ). Graduate Institute of International Studies This

1612-470: The right to form coalitions and freedom of the press ). In 1947, 39 scholars, mostly economists with some historians and philosophers, were invited by Friedrich Hayek to meet to discuss the state and possible fate of classical liberalism, his goal being an organization which would resist interventionism and promote his conception of classical liberalism. The first meeting took place in the Hotel du Parc in

1674-481: The sociology of science argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions. In the form of professional associations, they can assist in the creation of pathways to leadership. The World Association in Economics provides help to the members of the WAE on the following issues: Societies can be very general in nature, such as

1736-549: The 1980s, the faculty never exceeded 25 members. In 2008, the Graduate Institute of International Studies absorbed the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (abbreviated IUED), a smaller postgraduate institution also based in Geneva and founded in 1961. To reflect its new and broader mission, the school was renamed Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies . In 2009, its previous affiliation with

1798-722: The Davis' $ 10 million donation to the institute. In addition to serving as the institute's main campus, the Maison de la paix also houses policy centres and advocacy groups with close ties to the Institute such as the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining , Interpeace ,

1860-642: The Futuribles project led by Bertrand de Jouvenel ), the causes and possible antidotes to terrorism, Pugwash Conference concerns and much more. Freymond's term also saw many landmark publications, including the Treatise on international law by Paul Guggenheim and the six-volume compilation of historical documents relating to the Communist International . Nevertheless, the Geneva Graduate Institute remained small during that period. Before

1922-686: The Geneva Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva—also featured in LLM-guide's top 10 LL.M. programmes for human rights law. The Campus de la paix is a network of buildings extending from Place des Nations (the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva) to the shores of Lake Geneva, spanning two public parks – Parc Barton and Parc Moynier . The Graduate Institute's main campus is the Maison de la paix (literally "House of Peace"), which opened in 2013. The Maison de la Paix

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1984-802: The Geneva School of International Studies, also offered summer programs at the Geneva Graduate Institute starting in the mid-1920s. These schools were run by Oxford University international relations professor Alfred Zimmern , who also sat on the Committee of the Geneva Graduate Institute, and were funded by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and several other wealthy American donors. They would be attended by hundreds of students yearly and were particularly popular with American students. The "Geneva Schools" or "Zimmern Schools," as they became known, were taught by leading scholars like Louis Eisenmann , Ernst Jäckh , Paul Mantoux , and Arnold J. Toynbee alongside

2046-611: The Institute shared between the Swiss Confederation and the canton of Geneva . Usually in Switzerland, it is the responsibility of the cantons to run public universities, except for the Federal Institutes of Technology ( ETHZ and EPFL ). The Graduate Institute is therefore something like a hybrid institution, in-between the two standard categories. The Foundation Board is the administrative body of

2108-669: The MPS have also been well represented on the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel . Eight MPS members, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Maurice Allais , James M. Buchanan , Ronald Coase , Gary Becker and Vernon Smith have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . Graeme Maxton , and Jørgen Randers note that it is no surprise that so many MPS members have won

2170-762: The Red Cross (ICRC), and subsequently used by the League of Nations and as the headquarters of the ICRC between 1933 and 1946. At the time of the Geneva Graduate Institute's founding in the early 20th century, the school was briefly housed in an hôtel particulier , located at Promenade du Pin 5, that now houses the Bibliothèque d'art et d'archéologie (Genève)  [ fr ] . The Geneva Graduate Institute owns and operates two halls of residence in Geneva. The Edgar and Danièle de Picciotto Student Residence neighbors

2232-614: The Red Cross , World Intellectual Property Organization and many other international organisations . The school runs joint degree programmes with universities such as Smith College and Yale University , and is Harvard Kennedy School 's only partner institution to co-deliver double degrees . It is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs , a group of schools that specialize in public policy , public administration , and international affairs . The Graduate Institute of International Studies

2294-486: The Swiss government and Canton of Geneva . The school was affiliated to the University of Geneva , though independent in its program of studies and personnel. Funding from American philanthropic organizations, primarily the Rockefeller Foundation as part of its initiative to promote a scientific approach to international relations , continued until 1954. At the time, the Geneva Graduate Institute

2356-733: The Swiss village of Mont Pèlerin, near the city of Vevey , Switzerland. Funding for the conference came from the William Volker Fund thanks to Harold Luhnow , the Bank of England owing to the help of Alfred Suenson-Taylor , the Foundation for Economic Education in Irvington-on-Hudson, New York and the Schweizerische Kreditanstalt (today known as Credit Swiss ), which paid 93 percent of

2418-905: The United Kingdom, former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence Antonio Martino , Chilean Finance Minister Carlos Cáceres and former New Zealand Finance Minister Ruth Richardson , are all MPS members. Of 76 economic advisers on Ronald Reagan 's 1980 campaign staff, 22 were MPS members. Several leading journalists, including Pulitzer Prize -winning columnist Walter Lippmann , former radical Max Eastman (then roving editor at Reader's Digest ), John Chamberlain (former editorial writer for Life magazine), Henry Hazlitt (former financial editor of The New York Times and columnist for Newsweek ), John Davenport (holder of editorial posts at Fortune and Barron's ) and Felix Morley (Pulitzer Prize-winning editor at The Washington Post ), have also been members. Members of

2480-446: The competitive market" and found it desirable inter alia to study the following matters: The group "seeks to establish no meticulous and hampering orthodoxy", "conduct propaganda" or align with some party. It aims to facilitate "the exchange of views [...] to contribute to the preservation and improvement of the free society." Notably absent are the range of human and political rights traditionally embraced by liberals (including

2542-666: The costs associated with the school. This transfer of financial responsibility coincided with the arrival of Rappard's successor as the school's director, historian Jacques Freymond in 1955. Freymond inaugurated a period of great expansion, increasing the range of subjects taught and the number of both students and faculty. Under his tenure, the Geneva Graduate Institute hosted many international colloquia that discussed preconditions for East–West negotiations, relations with China and its rising influence in world affairs, European integration , techniques and results of politico-socioeconomic forecasting (the famous early Club of Rome reports, and

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2604-476: The institute's faculty. Hans Kelsen , theorist and philosopher of law, Guglielmo Ferrero , Italian historian, and Carl Burckhardt , scholar and diplomat were employed at the Geneva Graduate Institute. Other arrivals included Ludwig von Mises , and another economist, Wilhelm Ropke . With the Rockefeller Foundation ending its funding in 1954, the Canton of Geneva and the Swiss government began to bear most of

2666-649: The late Chancellor Ludwig Erhard of West Germany, President Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Chairman Arthur F. Burns of the Federal Reserve Board and Secretary of State George Shultz . Among prominent contemporary political figures, former President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic and acting politicians, such as Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe of Sri Lanka, former Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Geoffrey Howe of

2728-402: The main campus, Maison de la Paix. It was completed in 2012 and provides 135 apartments for students and visiting professors. The Grand Morillon Student Residence opened to students in 2021 and accommodates 680 residents. It was designed by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma . The Graduate Institute has exchange partnerships with the following institutions internationally: The Graduate Institute

2790-486: The master's top 20. Meanwhile, the PhD programs for policymakers ranked 20th worldwide when assessed by U.S. international relations faculty, 23th when ranked by U.S. policymakers, and 26th when ranked by U.S. think tank staffers. The other Europe-based PhD programs for policymakers listed in the top 20 by U.S. international relations faculty were at the University of Oxford , the London School of Economics and Political Science ,

2852-598: The means of undertaking and pursuing international studies, most notably of a historic, judicial, economic, political and social nature." To fulfill its mission, the Geneva Graduate Institute developed starting in 1924 a system of summer cours temporaires (temporary courses), known as the Geneva Institute of International Relations, with financial support by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . The courses were given by guest lecturers on

2914-558: The opposite end of the lake at the base of Mont Pèlerin . Taking their name from the location, the Mont Pèlerin Society was formally established on April 10, 1947. It was originally to be named the Acton - Tocqueville Society. Frank Knight protested against naming the group after two "Roman Catholic aristocrats," and Ludwig von Mises expressed concern that the mistakes made by Acton and Tocqueville would be connected with

2976-769: The presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. Some of the oldest learned societies are the Académie des Jeux floraux (founded 1323), Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488), Accademia della Crusca (founded 1583), Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), Académie Française (founded 1635), German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (founded 1652), Royal Society (founded 1660) and French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666). Scholars in

3038-542: The regional meetings annually. The MPS has close ties to the network of think tanks sponsored in part by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation . Hayek stressed that the society was to be a scholarly community arguing against collectivism while not engaging in public relations or propaganda. The society has become part of an international think tank movement and Hayek used it as a forum to encourage members such as Antony Fisher to pursue

3100-550: The society seeks to discover ways in which the private sector can replace many functions currently provided by government entities. The MPS was created in Fall 1947 at a conference organized by Friedrich Hayek during the International Trade Organization (ITO) drama of that year. As ITO delegates met in Geneva, Switzerland , to draft the world trade charter, another group of intellectuals convened at

3162-613: The society. In its "Statement of Aims" on April 8, 1947, the scholars were worried about the dangers faced by civilization, stating: Over large stretches of the Earth's surface the essential conditions of human dignity and freedom have already disappeared. In others they are under constant menace from the development of current tendencies of policy. The position of the individual and the voluntary group are progressively undermined by extensions of arbitrary power. Even that most precious possession of Western Man, freedom of thought and expression,

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3224-539: The student body and the school is officially a bilingual English-French institution, although the majority of classes are in English. With Maison de la Paix acting as its primary seat of learning, the Institute's campuses are located blocks from the United Nations Office at Geneva , International Labour Organization , World Trade Organization , World Health Organization , International Committee of

3286-431: The study of international affairs, with a particular emphasis on the cross-cutting fields of international relations and development issues. The Geneva Graduate Institute's alumni include one secretary-general , seven assistant secretaries-general, and three under-secretaries-general of the United Nations . Alumni have also held prominent positions such as director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency ,

3348-412: The think tank route. Fisher has established the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in London during 1955, the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research in New York City in 1977 and the Atlas Economic Research Foundation in 1981. Now known as the Atlas Network , they support a wide network of think tanks, including the Fraser Institute . Prominent MPS members who advanced to policy positions included

3410-455: The total conference costs, 18,062.08 Swiss francs . William Rappard , a Swiss academic, diplomat and founder of the Graduate Institute of International Studies , addressed the society's inaugural meeting. In his "Opening Address to a Conference at Mont Pelerin", Hayek mentioned "two men with whom I had most fully discussed the plan for this meeting both have not lived to see its realisation", namely Henry Simons (who trained Milton Friedman ,

3472-605: The understanding of global challenges and whose work has influenced policy-makers. The Geneva Graduate Institute organizes public lecture events. Recent guest speakers have included U.N. Secretary-Generals Antonio Guterres and Ban Ki-moon , U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi , the Dalai Lama , former Liberia president Johnson Sirleaf , Nobel laureate Dmitry Muratov , Microsoft president Brad Smith , Columbia University professor Jeffrey Sachs , and Harvard University professor Michael Sandel . The Graduate Institute has more than 24,000 alumni working around

3534-647: The world. Notable alumni and faculty include one UN Secretary-General ( Kofi Annan ), seven Nobel Prize recipients, one Pulitzer Prize winner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state. Source: The founding directors of the Graduate Institute of International Studies were Paul Mantoux (1927-1951) and William Rappard (1928-1955). The school was then headed by Jacques Freymond (1955-1978), Christian Dominicé (1978-1984), Lucius Caflisch (1984-1990), Alexandre Swoboda (1990-1998), Peter Tschopp ( de ) (1998-2002), Jean-Michel Jacquet (2002-2004) and Philippe Burrin (2004-2020). Its current director

3596-440: Was "among the most important centres of scholarship" in international relations alongside other schools, mostly located in Europe, that included the Institute of Higher International Studies in Paris, the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik (or German Academy for Politics) in Berlin, the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna , and the Walsh School of Foreign Service in the United States. The Geneva Graduate Institute's original mandate

3658-598: Was among the pioneer institutions in Europe to develop the scholarly field of sustainable development. The school was also known for the critical view of many of its professors on development aid, as well as for its journal, the Cahiers de l'IUED. The Geneva Graduate Institute has nearly 1,100 students. Of these, about a third are PhD students, and two thirds are master's students. Fourteen percent come from Switzerland. The remainder come from more than 100 other countries. Around 63 percent are women. The Geneva Graduate Institute maintains five academic departments each headed by

3720-442: Was based on a close working relationship with both the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization . It was agreed that in exchange for training staff and delegates, the school would receive intellectual resources and diplomatic expertise (guest lecturers, etc.) from the aforementioned organisations. According to its statutes, the Geneva Graduate Institute was "an institution intended to provide students of all nations

3782-421: Was co-founded in 1927 by two scholar-diplomats working for the League of Nations Geneva secretariat: the Swiss William Rappard , director of the Mandates Section, and the Frenchman Paul Mantoux , director of the Political Section. Initial funding was provided by the U.S.-based Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund , which later merged with the Rockefeller Foundation , along with matching contributions from

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3844-515: Was ranked ninth out of 55 for "Best Think Tank Conference". In 2018, the Swiss blockchain banking Fintech company Mt Pelerin has named itself after the Mont Pelerin Society as an homage to the values that the organization advocates. Numerous notable economic/political theorists have served as president of the MPS: Academic society Most learned societies are non-profit organizations , and many are professional associations . Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for

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