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63-631: Moosilauke Ravine Lodge is a cabin complex at the base of Mount Moosilauke in the White Mountains of New Hampshire . Owned and operated by Dartmouth College , the Lodge is open to the public from May through November. The Lodge is managed by the Outdoor Programs Office and staffed by Dartmouth College and Dartmouth Outing Club students and recent alumni. The lodge is open from May to mid-November, with two weeks starting in

126-530: A complex of buildings. The main building (referred to as "The Lodge") has the kitchen, dining room, mudroom, lounge, library, three bunk rooms, two conference rooms, and the bathroom facilities. The outlying buildings are five bunkhouses (the Classes of '65, '66, '67, '74, and '78 Bunkhouses), each sleeping between 20 and 30 people. The dining room and library of the lodge are heated, when necessary, by large stone fireplaces. In addition to providing showers to hikers,

189-466: A dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $ 3 million Canadian dollars. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin ( National Film Board of Canada ). These two tribes are officially listed federally recognized as tribes in the United States. The Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine was recognized by

252-480: A list of summits with the highest topographic prominence . The Appalachian Trail passes over the mountain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Gentle Giant". The site of down mountain ski races since 1927, the 1933 Moosilauke race was the first U.S. downhill skiing championship sanctioned by the National Ski Association. The name Moosilauke (with its many variant spellings) is derived from

315-1029: A synonym to Abenaki . Initially the newsletter was called Aln8ba8dwa National News ( Aln8ba8dwa or Alnôbaôdwa means 'Speaking Abenaki'). Issues of the quarterly newsletter from 2003–2010 were published by the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki on their website. According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support from online readers. Aln8bak News included community-related information such as updates on governance issues, notices of social events, and obituaries. The newsletter also included Band history, genealogy, language lessons, recipes, plant and animal studies, books reviews, and writings by Band members. The English word skunk , attested in New England in

378-417: Is Lower Devonian in age. The Littleton Formation is primarily a mica schist with zones containing garnet and staurolite - sillimanite . The unit also contains interbedded amphibolites . The mica schist started out as clay-rich mud in a marine basin that probably formed during the early Acadian Orogeny . The amphibolites may represent metamorphosed submarine basalt flows. Pegmatite dikes cross-cut

441-479: Is a polysynthetic language, which allows for virtually unlimited means to express oneself. Abenaki consists of both dependent and independent grammar which addresses the gender of the speaker. Abenaki has nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. The structure of the sentence or phrase varies depending on whether the noun is animate or inanimate. Although written primarily in English, Aln8bak News helped to preserve

504-670: Is actively preserving and revitalizing the language. The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker, Jesse Bruchac , lead partial immersion classes in the language across the Northeastern United States . They have created several Abenaki books, audio, video, and web-based media to help others learn the language. In July 2013, the Penobscot Nation, the University of Maine and

567-730: Is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools; much of the language was preserved by Frank Siebert . Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the Amoscocongon who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect, and the Caniba , which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period. In Reflections in Bullough's Pond , historian Diana Muir argues that Abenaki neighbors,

630-464: Is generally accepted by linguists or Abenaki speakers, but speakers typically do understand the orthographies of Joseph Laurent and Henry Lorne Masta ––Western Abenaki writers who taught the language at Odanak . Masta and Laurent's orthographies. Stress within words in Western Abenaki is based on an alternating stress rule: As of 2004, linguists are unsure if a minimum syllable count

693-429: Is often called "Dartmouth's Mountain". Abenaki language Abenaki (Eastern: Alənαpαtəwéwαkan , Western: Alnôbaôdwawôgan ), also known as Wôbanakiak , is an endangered Eastern Algonquian language of Quebec and the northern states of New England . The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and phonology and are sometimes considered distinct languages. Western Abenaki

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756-687: Is particularly noted for its fine views of the main summit ridge, into the deep Tunnel Brook Ravine to neighboring Mt. Clough and westward into the Connecticut River valley and Vermont beyond. The most commonly climbed route to the summit is the Gorge Brook Trail from Ravine Lodge. One can make a loop by returning via the Carriage Road and Snapper Trail. Other trails to the summit include the Glencliff Trail from

819-641: Is situated in the valley on the southeast side of the mountain. The lodge is owned by Dartmouth College and is run by members of the Dartmouth Outing Club . Dartmouth College owns much of the southern and eastern portions of the mountain and has long had a close association with it, with the Outing Club maintaining its trails and the Appalachian Trail from Kinsman Notch southward to Hanover . Due to this long association, Moosilauke

882-533: The Abenaki language . The most common translation is "bald place". However, the derivation of place names from Algonquian languages is often quite uncertain, and other possible translations of Moosilauke include "at the place of ferns", "at the smooth place on the summit" and "good moose place along the brook". Mount Moosilauke is made up of metamorphic rock called the Littleton Formation which

945-680: The American Philosophical Society received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to expand and publish the first Penobscot Dictionary. Middlebury College in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week immersion program in the summer. As with most Indigenous languages, due to residential schooling and colonialism, and with

1008-553: The governor and the state government in general. The Abenaki want to gain formal state recognition as a people. Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans. Others worried that the Abenaki may use recognition as a step toward opening a casino. But the bill specifically says that "this act shall not be interpreted to provide any Native American or Abenaki person with any other special rights or privileges that

1071-549: The 1630s, is probably borrowed from the Abenaki segôkw . About 500 Penobscot words are still being used in the community in everyday language such as Muhmum for 'grandpa' and nolke for 'deer'. The 2015 National Geographic Channel miniseries Saints & Strangers told the story of the founding of Plymouth Plantation and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving". It contained a considerable amount of dialogue in Western Abenaki. Several actors, including Tatanka Means ( Hobbamock ), and Raoul Trujillo ( Massasoit ) spoke

1134-414: The Abenaki language through the inclusion of Abenaki words and their translations. Aln8bak News was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. It was started in 1993 by Paul Pouilot, Sagamo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. The word Aln8bak/Alnôbak (pronounced: /'al.nɔ̃.bak/ ) is often used as

1197-412: The Abenaki raided the settlements at Brunswick , Arrowsick , and Merry-Meeting Bay . The Massachusetts government then declared war, and bloody battles were fought at Norridgewock (1724), where Rasles was killed, and at a daylong battle at Pequawket, an Indian village near present-day Fryeburg, Maine , on the upper Saco River (1725). Peace conferences at Boston and Casco Bay brought an end to

1260-781: The Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the Quebec - Montreal axis. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs

1323-588: The Canadian and New England regions. In Maine , there are about 3,000 Penobscot Native Americans, and this group is a large driving force of the language resurrection. In addition to Brink and others, Jesse Bruchac is a loud voice in the Abenaki culture. Along with writing and publishing various Abenaki books, he created a movie and sound piece telling the Native American side of Thanksgiving, spoken in Abenaki. In this film, Saints & Strangers ,

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1386-476: The Eastern and Western dialects of Abenaki have 18 consonant sounds in total. It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the alveolar affricate phonemes /ts/ and /dz/. More than half of the population pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ts/ and ⟨j⟩ like /dz/ and the rest pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ʃ/ and ⟨j⟩ like /ʒ/. There is not one Western Abenaki orthography that

1449-745: The French and natives gave rise to the Métis people. Over the next hundred years, conflicts between the French and the English often included their colonies and their respective native allies. The French treated their Abenaki allies with some respect; in 1706, Louis XIV knighted Chief Assacumbuit for his service, thus elevating him as a member of the French nobility. Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and epidemics of new infectious diseases. The governor of New France allocated two seigneuries (large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). The first

1512-645: The Littleton Formation and can be seen from the Gorge Brook Trail as it nears treeline. These pegmatites are likely related to the geology to the east of the mountain which is dominated by the Kinsman quartz monzonite . This Acadian-aged igneous rock can be seen at the Kinsman Notch / Beaver Brook pond area. The summit of Moosilauke is treeless and offers panoramic views of the Kinsmans to

1575-544: The Maine frontier in the First Abenaki War . The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678. During Queen Anne's War in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from Wells to Casco , killing about 300 settlers over ten years. The raids stopped when

1638-675: The St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake. Villages: Gunasquamekook, Imnarkuan, Machias, Sebaik, and Sipayik. There were other towns at Lewis Island and Calais in Maine with a few locations on the Canadian side of the St. Croix River. Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means ' people who separated ' . Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese. Some accounts include groups of

1701-457: The St. John River in northeastern Maine and western New Brunswick. Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock. Passamaquoddy (Machias Tribe, Opanango, Pesmokant, Quoddy, Scotuks, Scootuck, St. Croix Indians, Unchechauge, Unquechauge). The name means ' pollock spearing place ' with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay,

1764-555: The Two Mountains (Iroquois and Nipissing), St. Francois ( Sokoki , Pennacook , and New England Algonquin , Becancour ( Eastern Abenaki ), Oswegatchie ( Onondaga and Oneida ), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk). Amaseconti (between upper Kennebec River and Androscoggin River , western Maine) Androscoggin (Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Anasaguniticook, Arosaguntacook, Asschincantecook). Important note - Main village, on

1827-505: The United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts. The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe (also called the "Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation") organized a tribal council in 1976 at Swanton, Vermont . Vermont granted recognition of the council the same year, but later withdrew it. In 1982, the band applied for federal recognition, which is still pending. Four Abenaki communities are located in Vermont. In 2006,

1890-675: The bands' arts and crafts. On May 7, 2012, the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont. In New Hampshire the Abenaki, along with other Native American groups, have proposed legislation for recognition as a minority group. This bill was debated in 2010 in the state legislature . The bill would have created a state commission on Native American relations, which would act as an advisory group to

1953-681: The eastern Abenaki are Arsikantegou, Kwupahag (Kwapahag). Closer in language and culture to the Micmac, the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have been listed as Abenaki for historical reasons. The French usually referred to both tribes as the Etchemin. Maliseet (Aroostook, Malecite, Malicite, St. John's Indians). From the Mi'kmaq word malisit meaning ' broken talker ' . Their own name Wulastegniak means ' good river people ' . They were located along

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2016-612: The end of August reserved for the Dartmouth First-Year Trips . The staff provides a family-style dinner every night by reservation only, open to community members, Appalachian Trail thru-hikers, tourists, and Dartmouth professors. In summer, the lodge also houses the Trail Crew, a crew of Dartmouth Outing Club students who help maintain the seventeen Dartmouth Cabins and the 50 miles (80 km) of Appalachian Trail between Hanover and Mount Moosilauke. The Lodge

2079-476: The fading of generations, the number of speakers has declined. Abenaki had as few as twelve native speakers in 2015, but with recent focus and extra efforts in the Abenaki community, this number seems to be growing. Today, there are some passionate Abenaki, like Jeanne Brink , and non-Abenaki people who are trying to revitalize Abenaki culture, including their language and basket-making traditions. Currently, there are about 12,000 people of varying Abenaki heritage in

2142-474: The federal courts as a tribe, but not having a land trust with the government since never entering into a formal treaty. This launched the very long legal battle that paved the way for many other tribes across America to file suits regarding asset mismanagement. After winning the landmark case, similar cases were filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States. Among the Passamaquoddy's assets

2205-476: The front desk rents out linens and sells some basic hiking supplies. The complex lies in a valley above the Baker River on the southeast flank of Mt. Moosilauke, with access to more than 30 miles (48 km) of trails, which range from easy walks to strenuous hikes. The lodge is not far from the Appalachian Trail, which crosses over the top of Mt. Moosilauke, the first point for through-hikers arriving from

2268-428: The language exclusively throughout the series, and Kalani Qweypo ( Squanto ) spoke both Abenaki and English. Western Abenaki language teacher Jesse Bruchac of Ndakinna Education Center was hired as a language consultant on the film. Eastern Abenaki dialects include Penobscot, Norridgewock, Caniba, Androscoggin, and Pequawket. Western Abenaki dialects are Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Sokoki, Pennacook, and Odanak. Both

2331-557: The large log structure a severe challenge, and during the rise of other large mountain ski resorts in the 1950s, the Moosilauke Ravine Lodge fell into disuse. It was saved from ruin by Al Merrill, Director of Outdoor Programs and ski coach, who championed its value for students and the community. The Lodge outlived its useful life and was torn down in September 2016 for the construction of the new Lodge. The new Lodge

2394-431: The latter half of the 19th century, word borrowing increased due to many Western Abenaki people being in close contact with summer resorts in Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as continued contact with French-Canadians. Notably, plural English nouns were borrowed into Western Abenaki as a singular form that were then made plural by adding Abenaki plural endings. For example, the word oxen was borrowed as asken 'an ox' that

2457-436: The mountain. This building burned down in 1935 and was replaced by the first Ravine Lodge. The old main lodge structure, built on the site of old horse stables, was completed in 1938 under the direction of woodsman C. Ross McKenney from native spruce cut on the mountain. It was originally intended as a ski lodge , and hosted some of the nation's earliest competitive skiing. However, the harsh New Hampshire winters made heating

2520-523: The natives in New Hampshire. The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and powwows . Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill. A new generation

2583-533: The north, the Presidential Range and Franconia Ridge to the northeast, the heart of the White Mountains to the east, Lake Winnipesaukee and neighboring lakes to the southeast, and the Green Mountains and Adirondacks to the west, along with great views closer in to numerous glacially-carved ravines on Moosilauke's shoulders. The first winter high country weather observatory was set up at

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2646-629: The pre-contact Iroquois , were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples , including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture, which enabled them to support populations large enough to raise sufficient warriors to defend against

2709-754: The river of the same name was called Arosaguntacook Town. Arosaguntacook is sometimes applied in error to the St. Francois Indians. Kennebec (Caniba, Sagadahoc, Kanibesinnoak, Norridgewock, Nurhantsuak) lived along the Kennebec River in northern Maine. Penobscot (Pentagoet, Panaomeska). Meaning "rocky place", or "ledge place". Penobscot Tribe subdivisions and villages included: Moosehead Lake area tribes were known as "Moosehead Lake Indians". Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown, Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus. Pigwacket (Pegouakki, Peguaki, Pequawket). Main village called Pequawket Town

2772-493: The south where the trail rises above tree line. Mount Moosilauke Mount Moosilauke is a 4,802-foot-high (1,464 m) mountain at the southwestern end of the White Mountains in the town of Benton , New Hampshire , United States. It is the tenth highest and most southwesterly of the 4,000 foot summits in the White Mountains. Moosilauke is ranked 9th on the New England Fifty Finest peaks,

2835-482: The southern end of Abenaki territory, relations between the settlers and natives remained guarded. The religious leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony discouraged social interaction with the natives. By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of New France in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives. Intermarriage between

2898-690: The southwest, the Benton Trail from the north, the Beaver Brook Trail ascending very steeply past numerous waterfalls from Kinsman Notch to the northeast, the Carriage Road from the south and the Asquam Ridge Trail from the southeast. The Appalachian Trail, from south to north, utilizes the Glencliff, Carriage Road, Benton and Beaver Brook trails. The Moosilauke Ravine Lodge , which offers food and accommodations to hikers,

2961-647: The state does not confer on or grant to other state residents." New Hampshire has considered expanding gambling separate from the Native Americans. The council would be under the Department of Cultural Resources, so it would be in the same department as the State Council on the Arts. The bill would allow for the creation and sale of goods to be labeled as native-made to create a source of income for

3024-687: The state of Vermont officially recognized the Abenaki as a people, but not a tribe. The Vermont Elnu ( Jamaica ) and Nulhegan ( Brownington ) bands' applications for official recognition were recommended and referred to the Vermont General Assembly by the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs on January 19, 2011, as a result of a process established by the Vermont legislature in 2010. Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for

3087-719: The threat of Iroquois conquest. In 1614, six years before the Mayflower arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including Wampanoag member Tisquantum from the Patuxet tribe in what would later become Massachusetts , and took them to Spain to sell as slaves . As a result, when the Mayflower landed and English settlers began to establish colonies in

3150-414: The three actors not only memorized their lines in Abenaki but also learned the syntax behind the language. This revitalization of the famous Thanksgiving story from a new tongue and perspective offered a more original and full version of what Thanksgiving might have really been like so many years ago. In his novel, L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making , Bruchac notes that Abenaki

3213-458: The top of Mt. Moosilauke in the winter of 1869-1870. Moosilauke has numerous subsidiary peaks, including Mount Blue , elevation 4,529 feet (1,380 m), to the north of the summit, and the South Peak, elevation 4,523 feet (1,379 m), between the Carriage Road and Glencliff Trail, about one mile southwest of the main peak. The South Peak, reached by a 0.2-mile (0.32 km) spur trail,

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3276-607: The war ended. Some captives were adopted into the Mohawk and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade. The Third Abenaki War (1722–1725), called Dummer's War , erupted when the French Jesuit missionary Sébastien Rale (or Rasles, 1657?–1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of Yankee settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rasles,

3339-582: The war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River. The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British colonial settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during Father Le Loutre's War (see Northeast Coast Campaign (1750) ) and the French and Indian War . Due to French and English contact with Western Abenaki people in the 1640s and earlier, many loan words were quickly incorporated into Western Abenaki and have stayed for nearly four centuries. During

3402-616: The western Pennacook as Sokoki: Amoskeag, Naamkeek, Nashaway, Souheyan, and Winnipesaukee. Sokoki is often confused with the Saco, a name given to eastern Abenaki who lived near the Saco River (a combination of Pigwacket, Kennebec, and Androscoggin). Cowasuck (Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, Koes). Hoosac was a mixed settlement with the Mahican. Missisquoi (Mazipskoik, Misiskuoi, Missiassik, Missique, Missisco) means ' place of flint ' . It

3465-456: Was $ 13.5 million in federal funds that were allocated to the tribe in 1980 through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, which was settled for $ 81.5 million. Many Abenaki living in Vermont have been assimilated , and only small remnants remained on reservations during and after the French and Indian War . Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki who chose to remain in

3528-403: Was constructed between September 2016 and October 2017. It maintains many elements from the old lodge and a similar floor plan, including a downstairs library, lounge, mud room and restrooms; on the second floor a large main room for dining and events, a large kitchen, and three bunk rooms. Two conference rooms were also added to the new Lodge. The term "Moosilauke Ravine Lodge" actually refers to

3591-637: Was located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Schaghticoke. Mixed Mahican and New England Algonquin on the Hudson River north of Albany, New York. Squakheag (Squaeg, Squawkeag). Mixed population and probably at various times was occupied by any of these tribes. Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and Wacoogo. ...end of section needing more work--> The development of tourism projects has allowed

3654-423: Was located on the upper Saco River. Rocameca Upper Androscoggin River. Wewenoc (Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock) Coastal areas of southern Maine. Wolinak (Becancour) Trois-Rivieres, Quebec. Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc. Ossipee: located on a lake of the same name in east-central New Hampshire. Other names associated with

3717-400: Was on the Saint Francis River and is now known as the Odanak Indian Reservation; the second was founded near Bécancour and is called the Wolinak Indian Reservation. When the Wampanoag under Metacomet , also called "King Philip", fought the English colonists in New England in 1675 in King Philip's War , the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years there was fighting along

3780-406: Was pluralized into aksenak . Similarly, the word potatoes was borrowed as badades 'potato' that was pluralized into badadesak . Amaseconti, Androscoggin , Kennebec , Maliseet , Ouarastegouiak, Passamaquoddy , Patsuiket , Penobscot , Pigwacket , Rocameca , Sokoni , and Wewenoc . Seven mission orientated communities along the St. Lawrence River in 1750: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of

3843-404: Was shut for a year as part of a major reconstruction project from September 2016 to October 2017. The new Lodge was dedicated on October 14, 2017 and opened the next day. Dartmouth maintained and operated a building on the summit of Moosilauke called the Summit Camp from 1920-1942, until the building burned down due to a lightning strike. Later, the Ravine Camp was built in 1933 to access skiing on

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3906-444: Was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec. Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s. The few remaining speakers of Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006. A revitalization effort

3969-448: Was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct. Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the Penobscot of what is now Maine . The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993. However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there

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