57-635: Moratuwa ( Sinhala : මොරටුව ) is a large municipality in Sri Lanka, on the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka , near Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia . It is situated on the Galle – Colombo (Galle road) main highway, 18 km (11 mi) south of the centre of Colombo. Moratuwa is surrounded on three sides by water, except in the north of the city, by the Indian Ocean on the west, the Lake Bolgoda on
114-405: A computer department were introduced. Amongst other developments seen at the school during his tenure were making a qualitative improvement in education, expanding the school further by adding more facilities, namely: three, three-story buildings for Grade 11, the commerce section, and the primary grades; a new auditorium with the latest facilities; the canteens for students and teachers; initiating
171-662: A Dravidian origin for this word. ), dola for pig in Vedda and offering in Sinhala. Other common words are rera for wild duck, and gala for stones (in toponyms used throughout the island, although others have also suggested a Dravidian origin). There are also high frequency words denoting body parts in Sinhala, such as olluva for head, kakula for leg, bella for neck and kalava for thighs, that are derived from pre-Sinhalese languages of Sri Lanka. The oldest Sinhala grammar, Sidatsan̆garavā , written in
228-789: A famous theme song, Punsada paaya Moratuwa dillenna [1] (meaning "Moratuwa in the splendour of the full moon" ), which is a staple at most musical events held in Moratuwa. Clarence Wijewardena also composed Moratuwa Moratuwa mea nomakena nama song in tribute to the town. Moratuwa is famous for its notable cricket players, such as Duleep Mendis , Susil Fernando Roger Wijesuriya Ajantha Mendis , Amal Silva , Romesh Kaluwitharana , Sajeewa De Silva , Dinusha Fernando , Lahiru Thirimanne , Prasanna Jayawardene , Angelo Perera , Kusal Mendis , Vishwa Fernando , Amila Aponso , Avishka Fernando , and Sadeera Samarawickrama An international cricket stadium, De Soysa Stadium (Tyronne Fernando Stadium)
285-440: A great harbour, the surrounding country, which is very fertile, has become very populous. On the bank of land referred to, stands the thriving village of Morotto, remarkable for its fishermen and its carpenters. Dr. John Gibson MacVicar, Chaplain of St. Andrews' Church, Colombo (1830 - 1853) Industries in Moratuwa include the manufacture of furniture, rubber products, batteries, transformers, and wood handicrafts. This suburb
342-597: A niche for itself in the field of sports. Prince of Wales College has produced many exceptional cricketers who, at one time or another, played for the national team. It won the Herman Loos Cup for cadeting many times in the past and has won international championships in rowing. The founding patron of the school was the philanthropist, Sir Charles Henry de Soysa . Following the arrival of the then Prince of Wales ( Edward VII ) in Colombo in 1875, he wanted to name
399-722: A period of prior bilingualism: "The earliest type of contact in Sri Lanka, not considering the aboriginal Vedda languages, was that which occurred between South Dravidian and Sinhala. It seems plausible to assume prolonged contact between these two populations as well as a high degree of bilingualism. This explains why Sinhala looks deeply South Dravidian for an Indo-Aryan language. There is corroboration in genetic findings." In addition to many Tamil loanwords , several phonetic and grammatical features also present in neighbouring Dravidian languages set modern spoken Sinhala apart from its Northern Indo-Aryan relatives. These features are evidence of close interactions with Dravidian speakers. Some of
456-579: A school inspector and as a district education inspector, was the principal during the school's centennial anniversary. The school was improved to a high standard and Hevisi and Western bands were formed during this time. M. E. C. Fernando, a former student and teacher succeeded Mr. Gunapala as principal. The H. R. Fernando Pavilion was gifted by former student Mr. H. R. Fernando. The cricket score board, library buildings, science and commerce buildings were some of these new additions. The sculpture of Sir Charles Henry de Soysa (sculpted by Mr. Tissa Gunawardena)
513-400: A valuable service to the school for two decades, from 1896 to 1917. During his tenure a school cricket society was formed and the school ground was further developed. The school magazine: The Cambrian (first issued in 1897), the debating team, cadet corps (1903), library , laboratory , commerce section, tennis and soccer teams, and a children's park were some of the elements added to
570-502: Is a selective-entry boys' school in Moratuwa , a suburb of Colombo , Sri Lanka. Prince of Wales College, Moratuwa (along with Princess of Wales' College ), was founded and endowed in 1876 by Sir Charles Henry de Soysa , a famous 19th century Sri Lankan philanthropist and was named in honour of Prince Albert, Prince of Wales The school became a fully government-controlled school in 1962. As of 2016 over 7100 boys are studying in
627-463: Is a conspicuous example of the linguistic phenomenon known as diglossia . Sinhala ( Siṁhala ) is a Sanskrit term; the corresponding Middle Indo-Aryan ( Eḷu ) word is Sīhala . The name is a derivative of siṁha , the Sanskrit word for 'lion'. The name is sometimes glossed as 'abode of lions', and attributed to a supposed former abundance of lions on the island. According to
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#1732776235457684-662: Is also a fishing and trading center. Of these, Moratuwa is most well known for its furniture. The University of Moratuwa , a leading technological university in South Asia is situated on the banks of the Bolgoda Lake in Katubedda, Moratuwa . The University of Moratuwa is an independent state university, which was established on 22 December 1978 under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978 and operates under
741-599: Is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka , who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million. Sinhala is also spoken as the first language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, totalling about 2 million speakers as of 2001. It is written using the Sinhala script , which is a Brahmic script closely related to the Grantha script of South India. Sinhala
798-484: Is divided into four epochs: The most important phonetic developments of Sinhala include: According to Wilhelm Geiger , an example of a possible Western feature in Sinhala is the retention of initial /v/ which developed into /b/ in the Eastern languages (e.g. Sanskrit viṁśati "twenty", Sinhala visi- , Hindi bīs ). This is disputed by Muhammad Shahidullah who says that Sinhala Prakrit branched off from
855-412: Is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, alongside Tamil . Along with Pali , it played a major role in the development of Theravada Buddhist literature. Early forms of the Sinhala language are attested as early as the 3rd century BCE. The language of these inscriptions, still retaining long vowels and aspirated consonants, is a Prakrit similar to Magadhi , a regional associate of
912-434: Is situated in Moratuwa. Moratuwa consisting of all ethnic and religious groups seen in Sri Lanka. This suburb has a percentage Christian population after Negombo city, significantly higher than the national average. The Public library of Moratuwa Municipal Council “Janasetha Kala Ketha” at Galle Road, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka was opened in 1987. This was constructed by the funds raised by Moratuwa municipal council to
969-605: Is the largest natural lake of Sri Lanka. It is a tributary of the Kalu Ganga which originates at Adam's Peak and is a popular resort for swimming, angling and boating. Bolgoda lake spreads, twisting from Ratmalana via Moratuwa and Panadura till it meets the sea at Wadduwa and Moratuwa via the Moratu ganga. Moratuwa is home to the oldest church dedicated to St. Sebastian and the Holy Emmanuel Church , which
1026-729: The Middle Indian Prakrits that had been used during the time of the Buddha . The most closely related languages are the Vedda language (an endangered, indigenous creole still spoken by a minority of Sri Lankans, mixing Sinhala with an isolate of unknown origin and from which Old Sinhala borrowed various aspects into its main Indo-Aryan substrate), and the Maldivian language . It has two main varieties, written and spoken, and
1083-587: The UNESCO National Commission of Ceylon According to Wilhelm Geiger , Sinhala has features that set it apart from other Indo-Aryan languages. Some of the differences can be explained by the substrate influence of the parent stock of the Vedda language . Sinhala has many words that are only found in Sinhala, or shared between Sinhala and Vedda and not etymologically derivable from Middle or Old Indo-Aryan. Possible examples include kola for leaf in Sinhala and Vedda (although others suggest
1140-483: The science section and the school cricket ground were developed further and a separate children's park for the school was built. In 1922, The Cambrian was published again and the infrastructure of the school was also enhanced by the addition of three more classrooms. A house system was initiated and four houses were named, after the founder and the first three of the principals: namely, Founder's, Gunawardena, Lewis, and Mendis. In 1926, Louis Edmund Blaze (B.A. Cantab)
1197-464: The 13th century CE, recognised a category of words that exclusively belonged to early Sinhala. The grammar lists naram̆ba (to see) and koḷom̆ba (fort or harbour) as belonging to an indigenous source. Koḷom̆ba is the source of the name of the commercial capital Colombo . The consistent left branching syntax and the loss of aspirated stops in Sinhala is attributed to a probable South Dravidian substratum effect. This has been explained by
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#17327762354571254-417: The 15th century poem Kokila Sandesha , written by a monk poet of Devundara to celebrate Prince Sapumal during the reign of King Parakramabahu VI . Lunawa, Uyana and Rawathawatte are mentioned in 16th century chronicles and church records of martyrs , the latter commemorates Revatha Thera, the chief incumbent of a temple built by King Vijayabahu I . Lakshapathiya, meaning commanding a hundred-thousand ,
1311-716: The Eastern Prakrits prior to this change. He cites the edicts of Ashoka , no copy of which shows this sound change. An example of an Eastern feature is the ending -e for masculine nominative singular (instead of Western -o ) in Sinhalese Prakrit. There are several cases of vocabulary doublets , one example being the words mæssā ("fly") and mækkā ("flea"), which both correspond to Sanskrit makṣikā but stem from two regionally different Prakrit words macchiā (Western Prakrits) and makkhikā (as in Eastern Prakrits like Pali ). In 1815,
1368-1381: The National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA) as well as it is one of the 92 Vocational Colleges in Sri Lanka High schools in the area are Moratu Maha Vidyalaya, Prince of Wales' College , St. Sebastian's College , Princess of Wales' College , Our Lady of Victories Convent, St. Sebastian's Girls' School, Weera Puran Appu Model School, Methodist High School - Puwakaramba, Janajaya Vidyalaya, De Soysa Maha Vidyalaya, Podujaya Vidyalaya - Angulana, Rawathawaththa Roman Catholic School, Sri Sunanda Upananda Maha Vidyalaya - Egodauyana, St. Anthony's School - Kadalana, Koralawella Roman Catholic School, Sri Saddarmodaya Vidyalaya - Koralawella, Arafath Muslim Maha Vidyalaya - Egodauyana Modara, Willorawatte Gnanissara Buddhist Vidyalaya, Shikshadana Maha Vidyalaya - Lakshapathiya, Rawathawaththa Methodist College, Egodauyana Junior School and Kusinara International School. As primary schools are Bodhiraja Vidyalaya - Katubedda, Saleena Primary School - Kaldemulla, Moratumulla Lanka Saba Vidyalaya, St. Mary's College - Katukurunda, Thilaka Vidyalaya - Koralawella, Sri Nagasena Vidyalaya - Koralawella, Sugathadharmadhara Vidyalaya - Egodauyana and Uyana Junior School. The Bolgoda lake situated in Moratuwa
1425-577: The amount of rupees 15 laks and 50 laks by the Japanese organization “World Exposition Commemorative”. The library was constructed according to Japanese architecture. Among the other facilities provided by the main library are art and stories hour and Tamil language hour for children, Computer classes for children and adults, conference, lectures etc. Every year the library celebrates the literature month (September) and National reading month (October), conducting various activities to develop reading habits among
1482-412: The chief town of Ceylon, on the high road to Galle, which is the second town, there is a belt or bar of land, lying between the sea on the one side, and, an extensive lake, or rather lagoon, on the other. And as the sea in this quarter abounds in fish, and this lagoon has many arms leading from its ample basin into canals stretching along the coast, and into rivers, flowing from the mountains, so as to form
1539-690: The children. Janasetha Kala Ketha, the public library of Moratuwa, has been awarded as The Best Public Library in Colombo district in the years 2012 and 2013 and as The Best Public Library in the Western Province of the Island in 2012. The main road transport link to Moratuwa is the Colombo-Galle Highway (Galle Road), which links the suburb from the North and South. Moratuwa is linked to the outside by four bridges, Old Moratuwa Bridge at
1596-681: The chronicle Mahāvaṃsa , written in Pali, Prince Vijaya of the Vanga Kingdom and his entourage merged in Sri Lanka with later settlers from the Pandya kingdom . In the following centuries, there was substantial immigration from Eastern India, including additional migration from the Vanga Kingdom (Bengal), as well as Kalinga and Magadha . This influx led to an admixture of features of Eastern Prakrits. The development of Sinhala
1653-407: The coast. There are five Railway Stations in Moratuwa city. Railway Stations at Angulana, Lunawa, Moratuwa, Koralawella and Egodauyana serve residents of Moratuwa. Unlike most other cities in Sri Lanka, Moratuwa is characterised by many Christian schools and a large variety of church buildings, e.g. Anglican Holy Emmanuel Church which was built 1857-1860 in a neogothic style with a tall clock tower,
1710-693: The construction of a new hostel; construction of the school office, principal's office, meeting hall and, toilets; the introduction of the Media Unit; and the construction of two playgrounds and cricket ground for the primary grades. In 1998, the Western Band of the school had the rare privilege of welcoming the Prince of Wales, Prince Charles , who visited Sri Lanka in order to be part of its 50th Independence Day celebration. The school's cricket programme showed tremendous growth during this period, and this
1767-729: The east and the Moratu river on the south. According to the 2012 census, the suburb had a population of 168,280. Moratuwa is also the birthplace of Veera Puran Appu , a resistance fighter against British rule in Matale , the philanthropist Sir Charles Henry de Soysa and the musician Pandit W. D. Amaradeva . Moratuwa consists of 24 main areas: Angulana, Borupana, Dahampura, Egoda Uyana, Idama, Indibedda, Kadalana, Kaduwamulla, Kaldemulla, Katubedda, Katukurunda, Koralawella, Lakshapathiya, Lunawa, Molpe, Moratumulla, Moratuwella, Puwakaramba, Rawathawatta, Soysapura, Thelawala, Uswatta, Uyana and Willorawatta. Both Moratuwa and Lakshapathiya are mentioned in
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1824-598: The features that may be traced to Dravidian influence are: ඒක ēka it අලුත් aḷut new කියලා kiyalā having-said මම mama I දන්නවා dannavā know ඒක අලුත් කියලා මම දන්නවා ēka aḷut kiyalā mama dannavā it new having-said I know "I know that it is new." ඒක ēka it අලුත් aḷut new ද da Q කියලා kiyalā having-said මම mama I දන්නේ Prince of Wales%27 College, Moratuwa Prince of Wales' College ( Sinhala : වේල්ස් කුමර විද්යාලය Wels Kumara Vidyalaya , Tamil : பிரின்ஸ் ஆஃப் வேல்ஸ் கல்லூரி)
1881-438: The first Buddhist principal. J. B. C. Rodrigo (M.A. [Oxen] J.P.U.M.), was a very capable administrator and blessed with a great personality. The Teachers’ Guild, Cinema Association, Science Association, Drama Association, Red Cross branch, Sinhala and English Literary Associations, Debating Team, Co-operative Association, and hockey was initiated for the benefit of the students and new classrooms were built. In 1933,
1938-547: The general direction of the University Grants Commission . The Ceylon - German Technical Training Institute (also known as CGTTI or German Tech) is an engineering college located in Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. It is under the preview of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Skills Development . Industrial Engineering Training Institute (IETI) is one of a national institute located in Moratuwa. IETI belongs to
1995-538: The inaugural Battle of the Golds (Prince of Wales’ College vs. St. Sebastian's College) was held at the school grounds. S. C. H. De Silva (B.A., Dip. in School Admst) served the school for 14 years and there was a notable progression in the development of the school. Scouting was introduced and the Buddha shrine was constructed in 1967, ceremonially opened by Governor William Gopallawa . The Sinhala college anthem
2052-607: The island of Ceylon came under British rule . During the career of Christopher Reynolds as a Sinhalese lecturer at the School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London , he extensively researched the Sinhalese language and its pre-1815 literature. The Sri Lankan government awarded him the Sri Lanka Ranjana medal for his work. He wrote the 377-page An anthology of Sinhalese literature up to 1815 , selected by
2109-746: The modern Methodist Church dating from 2016 in Moratuwella and St. Sebastian's Church, a neobaroque Roman Catholic church. Few buildings dating from colonial times are preserved, e.g. the Clock Tower and the Post Office. Sinhala language Sinhala ( / ˈ s ɪ n h ə l ə , ˈ s ɪ ŋ ə l ə / SIN -hə-lə, SING -ə-lə ; Sinhala: සිංහල , siṁhala , [ˈsiŋɦələ] ), sometimes called Sinhalese ( / ˌ s ɪ n ( h ) ə ˈ l iː z , ˌ s ɪ ŋ ( ɡ ) ə ˈ l iː z / SIN -(h)ə- LEEZ , SING -(g)ə- LEEZ ),
2166-424: The same day. Sir Charles Henry De Soysa completed five school buildings over an area of five acres and, along with all the necessary equipment, opened the school to the public as a secular institution. He also carefully oversaw the administration, management, and maintenance of the school until his death. In his last will, he requested that his eldest son Mudalier J. W. C. de Soysa take over responsibility for
2223-503: The school during this era. Another important milestone was the formation of the Old Boys’ Association in 1904. After 21 years of service, Mendis had to retire from his post as principal due to deteriorating health. P. T. Jayasuriya [B.A. Hon.(Lond)] became Mendis' successor as principal. During his time at the school, the academic aspect of the school improved significantly, with students obtaining great results. Under Jayasuriya,
2280-420: The school in grades 1 to 13 including all main streams of secondary studies which include biology , mathematics , commerce and arts . The first Minister of Education, Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara and Dr. Tuan Burhanudeen Jayah , a senior minister, have both served on the staff of Prince of Wales College. Sir James Peiris was a former trustee of the college. For a very long time, the school has created
2337-472: The school, and asked his wife to pay Rs. 3000/= to the school annually, for maintenance work. After Lady Catherine De Soysa died, Sir Charles Henry De Soysa's seven sons took over stewardship of the school. They also obtained their education at Prince of Wales College, and their aid was vital for the school. They endowed the school with two plantations for its maintenance and recruited principals who were Oxbridge graduates. Mr. W.S. Gunawardena (B.A. Calcutta)
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2394-498: The sport in Sri Lanka including schools, mercantile clubs, government services, defence services, corporations, and in the field of cricket administration. Some have gained fame and figured prominently as representatives on national and international cricket teams. Cadeting was introduced to college in 1904. Later athletics and football and, some time later, volleyball was introduced. In 2012, Prince of Wales College made history by winning two gold, four silver, and nine bronze medals at
2451-763: The town centre, New Galle Road Bridge at Modara, Kospalana Bridge and Borupana Road Bridge, all across the Bolgoda Lake. The town is linked by Galle Road to the North at Ratmalana, to Panadura to the South and to Pilyandala in the East. Access to the Southern Expressway from Moratuwa is either through Kottawa or by Horana Road. There are two Sri Lanka Transport Board Depots in Moratuwa city as Moratuwa S.L.T.B Depot and Katubedda S.L.T.B Depot. The Coastal Railway Line from Colombo to Matara runs through Moratuwa along
2508-534: The two schools he intended to build – Prince of Wales and Princess of Wales. As a result of a letter sent on 27 November 1875, he received permission to name the two schools the Prince of Wales’ and Princess of Wales’. 14 September 1876 was a memorable day for the Moratuwa community; the school, which was built on a picturesque 15-acre plot of land facing the Galle Road, and bordered by the Lunawa Lagoon,
2565-401: Was appointed principal. He was the founder of Kingswood college, Kandy , a former student of Trinity College, Kandy and the father of school rugby football in Sri Lanka. He was a very dynamic person and the "Golden Jubilee Prize Giving" was held during his period. The English College anthem was also written during this period. L. G. Crease (M.A. Oxen) headed the school from 1927 to 1931. He
2622-500: Was ceremonially opened. The then governor of Sri Lanka, Sir William Gregory , graced the occasion as the chief guest. The school was designed by Mr Muhandiram Mendis Jayawardena, and about Rs. 300,000/= was spent on its construction. The school buildings were one of the most elegant in the country at that time. The ceremonial opening of the St. John's Church and St. John's College Panadura built by Mudliyar Susew De Soysa were also conducted on
2679-400: Was from Europe and was very strict when it came to student discipline. He was a competent administrator and there was a marked development in cadetting and sports. Rev. F. R. E. Mendis (M.A. Cantab) served as the principal from 1931 to 1932. He started the library fund and developed cricket, soccer, boxing, and athletics. H. Samaranayake (B.A.) who was appointed as the principal in 1932 was
2736-603: Was once the tallest building in Sri Lanka. A monument to Puran Appu stands in the premises of the Moratuwa Municipal Council and a museum is housed at the Weera Puran Appu Vidyalaya. Moratuwa is famous for its music and is home to some well-known musicians such as W. D. Amaradeva , C.T. Fernando , M. S. Fernando , Nihal Nelson , Priya Peiris ( La Bambas ), Sunil Perera ( The Gypsies ) and Niranjala Sarojini. The town also has
2793-640: Was once the land awarded to Lak Vijaya Singu, a Commander of King Nissanka Malla . Subsequent to the Wijayaba Kollaya and the division of the Kotte Kingdom , the hamlet of Koralawella was created as part of Raigam Korale, which again became part of Moratuwa in 1735, however losing Ratmalana and parts of Borupane to Dehiwala . The name Moratuwa is derived from "Mura Atuwa" meaning sentry turret in Sinhalese which once existed at Kaldamulla. About twelve miles (19 km (12 mi)) from Colombo,
2850-527: Was reflected with Captain Suranga Wijenayake representing the National team. The 14th principal, D. A. Ramanayake, improved the computing department. S. J. P. Wijesinghe was the next principal and he was followed by K. Ratnaweera Perera and Rohana Karunaratne correspondingly. After tenures by W. Jayasena, Sampath Weragoda(Acting Principal) & J. W. S. Siriwardhana respectively. Kusala Fernando
2907-470: Was the first principal of the school and served from 1876 until 1891. At first, it was not operated as one school, but as four educational institutes with a total of 1000 students and 40 teachers. They were: The first school prize giving was held in 1883 with Sir John Douglas as the chief guest. There were prize records for all four schools. Prince of Wales’ College and Prince of Wales’ College (native) only had classes up to Grade 7. Prince of Wales’ College
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#17327762354572964-428: Was the first principal and served from 1876 until 1891. The school hostel was started in 1882 and cricket was also introduced to the school during this period. Philip Lewis became the second principal and served from 1892 until 1896. Although there were many difficulties, a rapid development of the school could be seen during this period. J. G. C. Mendis (B.A. Cambridge), the son-in-law of the founding patron, rendered
3021-606: Was the higher school; it had two divisions named Upper and Lower. Apart from this, there were two classes for undergraduates. 3 March was selected as the Founder's Day. Students attend the service at the Holy Emmanuel church and pay respects to the tomb of Sir Charles Henry de Soysa . Since the 1960s, Buddhist students have commemorated the Founder's Day by engaging in Buddhist rituals. W. S. Gunawardena (B.A. Calcutta)
3078-453: Was the principal from 2017 to 2021. In 2014 the Hon. Jeewan Kumaranatunga allocated funding for the swimming pool project. The swimming pool was opened by the prime minister Hon. Ranil Wickremesinghe on 1 August 2017. Many distinguished men have served as the principal of Prince of Wales' College since the inception. Listed below are the names of these principals. In 1904 when J. G. C. Mendis
3135-537: Was the principal, he commenced the Old Boys' Association. By now the membership has risen to around 4,500. Cambrians are famous for cricket . When the college was founded the game was introduced in 1876. During this period only the staff members took part. In 1896 organised school cricket was introduced and the first-ever inter-school cricket match was played against Royal College, Colombo . Cambrian cricket players have made significant contributions in all sectors of
3192-413: Was unveiled during this time. The venue of the annual Big Match was changed and was arranged to be held at De Soysa Stadium . H. L. B. Gomes (M.A.), who was an old boy, a teacher and vice-principal (during Mr M. E. C. Fernando's reign as principal), was appointed as principal in 1989. In his time, the school became one of the 15 National Schools in Sri Lanka. A new auditorium with the latest facilities and
3249-524: Was written by B. Godahewa in 1967. Tissa Gunawardena joined the staff during this time. His works include the statues of the Buddha, the founding patron, and the largest Sandakadapahana in Sri Lanka. The Art Society and the Drama Club showed remarkable progress under his guidance. Gunawardena presented many stage plays, bringing out students' hidden talents. L. H. Gunapala, who had served previously as
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