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79-629: An Apostolic Exarch was appointed for Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Macedonia as early as 1883 and lasting until 1922/1924 as part of the Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church . After the end of World War I and the foundation of Yugoslavia , the Vicariate was absorbed into the Eparchy of Križevci . In January 2001, a separate Greek Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia was formed for Eastern Catholics of

158-488: A "perfect reward" in the kingdom of heaven. The choice was offered by an angel. Anthony Alcock has published an English translation. According to another legend in the same text, Maurice prevented a nurse from substituting one of his sons so as to save at least one of the heirs of the empire. It has been proposed that the name of the Albanian folk hero Muji derives from that of Emperor Maurice (Murik, Muji). Similarly,

237-408: A clear distinction between civil and military offices, primarily to lessen the possibility of rebellion by over-powerful provincial governors. In 584, Maurice created the office of exarch, which combined the supreme civil authority of a praetorian prefect and the military authority of a magister militum and enjoyed considerable autonomy from Constantinople. The Exarchate was successful in slowing

316-545: A protesting military delegation, headed by an officer named Phocas , was humiliated and rejected in Constantinople. Maurice's marriage produced nine known children: A daughter, Miriam/Maria , is recorded by the 12th-century chronicler Michael the Syrian and other eastern sources as married to Khosrow II but not in any Byzantine Greek ones; she is probably legendary. His brother Petrus (c. 550 – 602) became

395-548: Is a relatively well-documented era of late antiquity , in particular by the historian Theophylact Simocatta . The Strategikon , a manual of war which influenced European and Middle Eastern military traditions for well over a millennium, is traditionally attributed to Maurice. Maurice was born in Arabissus in Cappadocia in 539. His father was Paul . He had one brother, Peter , and two sisters, Theoctista and Gordia,

474-548: Is almost universally dismissed by modern historians; Irfan Shahîd says that it probably had more to do with Maurice's dislike of the veteran and militarily successful Arab ruler. This was compounded by the Byzantines' habitual distrust of the " barbarian " and supposedly innately traitorous Arabs, as well as by al-Mundhir's staunchly Monophysite faith. Al-Mundhir was arrested the following year on suspicion of treachery, triggering war between Byzantines and Ghassanids and marking

553-691: Is in common use, just as with its Orthodox counterparts. These Churches are, in general, not identified with a particular liturgical rite. Thus, no fewer than fourteen of them use the same Byzantine Rite , mostly in one or other of only two languages, Greek and Church Slavonic , but they maintain their distinct identities. Because of population shifts, half or so of these Churches have not just exarchates but full-scale eparchies (bishoprics) or even archeparchies (archdioceses) outside their original territory. Maurice (emperor) Maurice ( Latin : Mauricius ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Μαυρίκιος , translit.   Maurikios ; 539 – 27 November 602)

632-471: The curopalates and was killed at the same time as Maurice. Petrus married Anastasia Aerobinda (born c. 570), daughter of Areobindus (born c. 550), and had female issue. Maurice's nephew Domitian of Melitene was probably a son of Petrus. In 602, Maurice, with the lack of money as always dictating policy, decreed that the army should stay for winter beyond the Danube . The exhausted troops mutinied against

711-664: The Battle of the Blarathon . The victory was decisive; Maurice finally brought the war to a successful conclusion with the re-accession of Khosrow. Subsequently, Khosrow was adopted by the emperor in order to seal their alliance. The adoption was made through a rite of adoptio per arma , which ordinarily assumed the Christian character of its partakers. However, the chief Byzantine bishops, "despite their best attempts", failed to convert Khosrow. Khosrow rewarded Maurice by ceding to

790-556: The Byzantine Empire , with jurisdiction over a particular territory, usually a frontier region at some distance from the capital Constantinople . In the Eastern Christian Churches ( Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic ), the term exarch has three distinct uses: a metropolitan who holds the office of exarch is the deputy of a patriarch and holds authority over bishops of

869-879: The Byzantine Rite in North Macedonia . It was separated from the Eparchy of Križevci and constituted as directly subject to the Holy See. On the same day (11 January 2001), the Holy See appointed the Latin Bishop of Skopje as the first Apostolic Exarch of North Macedonia . As of 2017, the Church's membership was estimated at approximately 11,374 faithful, with one bishop, 8 parishes, 16 priests, and 18 religious sisters. Apostolic Exarchs Eparchs of Strumica Exarch An exarch ( / ˈ ɛ k s ɑːr k / ; from Ancient Greek ἔξαρχος exarchos )

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948-527: The Carpathian Basin in 568. Almost immediately they launched an attack on Sirmium , the keystone to the Byzantine defences on the Danube , but were repulsed. They then sent 10,000 Kotrigur Huns to invade the Byzantine province of Dalmatia . There followed a period of consolidation, during which the Byzantines paid them 80,000 gold solidi a year. In 579, his treasury empty, Tiberius II stopped

1027-482: The Excubitors , the imperial bodyguard). When Tiberius was named Caesar in 574, Maurice was appointed to succeed him as comes excubitorum . In late 577, despite a complete lack of military experience, Maurice was named as magister militum per Orientem , effectively commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in the east. He succeeded General Justinian in the ongoing war against Sassanid Persia . At about

1106-567: The Lombard invasion of 568. The exarchate's seat was at Ravenna , whence it is known as the " Exarchate of Ravenna ". Ravenna remained the seat of the Exarch until the revolt of 727 over Iconoclasm . Thereafter, the growing menace of the Lombards and the split between eastern and western Christendom that Iconoclasm caused made the position of the Exarch more and more untenable. The last Exarch

1185-648: The Russian Orthodox Church . After imperial Russia annexed Georgia (the eastern part in 1801, and the western part in 1810), the ancient Georgian Orthodox Church (autocephalous since 750, whose head was since 1008 styled Catholicos-Patriarchs) was reorganized into the Georgian Exarchate, and the newly appointed Exarch of Georgia (since 1817 always an ethnic Russian) sat in the Russian Holy Synod at St. Petersburg. Since

1264-630: The Slavs . Maurice had to continue the war against the Persians. In 586 his troops defeated them at the Battle of Solachon south of Dara . In 588, a mutiny by unpaid Byzantine troops against their new commander, Priscus , seemed to offer the Sassanids a chance for a breakthrough, but the mutineers themselves repulsed the ensuing Persian offensive. Later in the year they secured a major victory before Martyropolis . The Sassanid commander, Maruzas ,

1343-409: The 20th century, the pentarchy-number principle, already abandoned in the case of Bulgaria (10th century), Serbia (14th century) and Russia (16th century), gave way to the desire of the now politically independent Orthodox nations to see their sovereignty reflected in ecclesiastical autonomy – autocephaly – and the symbolic title to crown it: a 'national' Patriarch. For example, Bulgarian Exarchate

1422-639: The 580s on. In 584, the Slavs threatened the capital and in 586 the Avars besieged Thessalonica , while the Slavs went as far as the Peloponnese . After his victory on the eastern frontier in 591, Maurice was free to focus on the Balkans . He launched several campaigns against the Slavs and Avars. In 592 his troops retook Singidunum (modern Belgrade) from the Avars. His commander-in-chief Priscus defeated

1501-613: The Byzantine Empire, executive exarchs were usually collecting diocesan revenues for local bishops). In the civil administration of the Byzantine Empire the exarch was, as stated above, the imperial governor of a large and important region of the Empire. The Exarchates were a response to weakening imperial authority in the provinces and were part of the overall process of unification of civil and military offices, initiated in early form by Justinian I , which would lead eventually to

1580-576: The Byzantine plan to the Persians, who then proceeded to destroy the bridge over the Euphrates. The chronicler John of Ephesus explicitly calls this assertion a lie, as the Byzantine intentions must have been plain to the Persian commanders. Both Maurice and al-Mundhir wrote letters to Emperor Tiberius, who tried to reconcile them. Maurice visited Constantinople himself, where he was able to persuade Tiberius of al-Mundhir's guilt. The charge of treason

1659-475: The Byzantines. The following year an ambitious campaign by Maurice, supported by Ghassanid forces under al-Mundhir III , targeted Ctesiphon , the Sassanid capital. The combined force moved south along the river Euphrates accompanied by a fleet of ships. The army stormed the fortress of Anatha and moved on until it reached the region of Beth Aramaye in central Mesopotamia , near Ctesiphon. There they found

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1738-572: The Catholic defensor matrimonii ), is called the Exarch. The Oriental Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch currently has under his authority an Exarch in India, known by the ancient title Maphrian , although he is popularly referred to as Catholicos . This is not to be confused with the autocephalous Catholicate of the East , which is also located in India. Historically, there have been a very few cases of

1817-820: The Caucasus, but after his transfer to another post in the spring of 1920 no new exarch was appointed. On 28 February 1870 the twenty-year-old struggle between Greeks and Bulgarians for control of the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria culminated when the Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz created an independent Bulgarian ecclesiastical organization, known as the Bulgarian Exarchate . The Orthodox Church in Bulgaria had now become independent of

1896-711: The Danube line again. Meanwhile, Maurice was making plans for repopulating devastated areas in the Balkans by using Armenian settlers. Maurice also planned to lead further campaigns against the Avar Khaganate, so as to either destroy them or force them into submission. In the west, Maurice organised the threatened Byzantine dominions in Italy into the Exarchate of Italy . The Late Roman administrative system provided for

1975-537: The Empire's limited resources. Subsequent emperors would not surrender the re-conquered land to remedy the situation. Thus the stage was set for Emperor Maurice to establish the Exarchates to deal with the constantly evolving situation of the provinces. In Italy the Lombards were the main opposition to Byzantine power. In North Africa the Amazigh or Berber princes were ascendant due to Roman weakness outside

2054-750: The Georgian part of the Exarchate. The Russian Orthodox Church and its exarch Platon (Rozhdestvensky) kept their jurisdiction over non-Georgian parts of the Caucasian region, and for those territories the Caucasian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church was created in the summer of 1917, with metropolitan Platon as Exarch of the Caucasus. In the spring of 1918, he was succeeded by metropolitan Cyril (Smirnov) as new Exarch of

2133-514: The Greek language and the use of Greek terminology dominated, even though Latin was the language of the imperial administration from the provincial level up until the 440s (Greek translations were sent out with the official Latin text). In Greek texts, the Latin title is spelled βικάριος ( bikarios ). The office of exarch as a governor with extended political and military authority was later created in

2212-716: The Greek-dominated Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The Bulgarian Exarch, who resided in Constantinople, became the most famous bearer of the title of exarch; his adherents throughout region were called exarchists , as opposed to the Greek patriarchists . The ensuing struggle, waged especially in Macedonia , was not only religious but had a conspicuous political dimension of a contention between competing Greek and Bulgarian national aims. For more information see Bulgarian Exarchate and Bulgarian Orthodox Church . In 1921, eparchies of

2291-682: The Lombard advance in Italy. In 591, he created a second Exarchate in Byzantine North Africa , along similar lines. In 597, an ailing Maurice wrote his last will, in which he described his ideas of governing the empire. His eldest son, Theodosius , would rule the eastern provinces from Constantinople ; his second son, Tiberius, would rule the western exarchates from Rome . Some historians believe he intended for his younger sons to rule from Alexandria, Carthage, and Antioch. His intent

2370-791: The Patriarchate of Jerusalem is "Exarch of the Holy Sepulcher". The Mexican Orthodox parishes in five deaneries (Mexico City, D.F., State of Mexico, State of Jalisco, State of Veracruz and State of Chiapas) of the Orthodox Church in America are governed as the "Exarchate of Mexico", currently under the leadership of Bishop Alejo of Mexico City. The third officer of the court of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , who examines marriage cases (analogous to

2449-749: The Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine were reorganized as the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church , headed by patriarchal exarch with seat in Kyiv. The Ukrainian Exarchate existed until 1990 when it was granted a higher degree of ecclesiastical autonomy within the Moscow Patriarchate. In 1989, an autonomous Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church was formed, with jurisdiction over eparchies in Belarus . During

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2528-591: The Slavs, Avars and Gepids south of the Danube in 593. The same year he crossed the Danube into modern-day Wallachia to continue his series of victories. In 594, Maurice replaced Priscus with his rather inexperienced brother Peter, who, despite initial failures, scored another victory in Wallachia. Priscus, now in command of another army further upstream, defeated the Avars again in 595. The latter now only dared to attack peripherally, in Dalmatia two years later. In

2607-645: The advantage he had gained at the Battle of Constantina was lost when his successor as magister militum of the east, John Mystacon , was defeated at the River Nymphios by Kardarigan . The situation was difficult: Maurice ruled a bankrupt Empire; it was at war with Persia; he was paying extremely high tribute to the Avars , 80,000 gold solidi a year; and the Balkan provinces were being thoroughly devastated by

2686-710: The auspices of a single universal empire, was formulated in the legislation of Emperor Justinian I (527–565), especially in his Novella 131 (De regulis ecclesiasticis etc., caput III), and received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), the name "patriarch" became the official one for the heads of major autocephalous churches, and the title of "exarch" was further demoted by naming all metropolitans as "patriarchal exarchs" in their ecclesiastical provinces. The advance of Constantinople put an end to privileges of three older, original exarchates, which fell back to

2765-502: The basis for the later introduction of themes as military districts. Maurice promoted science and the arts and he is traditionally named as author of the military treatise Strategikon , which is praised in military circles as the only sophisticated combined arms theory until World War II . Some historians now believe the Strategikon is the work of his brother or another general in his court, however. His greatest weakness

2844-491: The beginning of the end of the Ghassanid kingdom. In June of 582 Maurice scored a decisive victory against Adarmahan near Constantina . Adarmahan barely escaped the field, while his co-commander Tamkhosrau was killed. In the same month Emperor Tiberius was struck down by an illness which shortly thereafter killed him. In this state Tiberius initially named two heirs, each of whom was to marry one of his daughters. Maurice

2923-473: The bridge over the Euphrates destroyed by the Persians. In response to Maurice's advance, Sassanid general Adarmahan was ordered to operate in northern Mesopotamia, threatening the Roman army's supply line. Adarmahan pillaged Osrhoene , and was successful in capturing its capital, Edessa . He then marched his army toward Callinicum on the Euphrates. With the possibility of a march to Ctesiphon gone Maurice

3002-1039: The civil title of Exarch granted by the civil authority to prelates of the Latin Church , as when Emperor Frederick I named the Archbishop of Lyon as Exarch of Burgundy in 1157. However, the ecclesiastical title of Exarch has disappeared in the Western Catholic Church, being replaced by the terms " Primate " (ranking above metropolitan archbishop) and " Apostolic Vicar " (ranking below suffragan bishop). Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

3081-818: The coastal cities. The problems associated with many enemies on various fronts (the Visigoths in Spain, the Slavs and Avars in the Balkans, the Sassanid Persians in the Middle East, and the Amazigh in North Africa) forced the imperial government to decentralize and devolve power to the former provinces. The term Exarch most commonly refers to the Exarch of Italy, who governed the area of Italy and Dalmatia, still remaining under Byzantine control after

3160-838: The creation of the Thematic system by either the Emperor Heraclius or Constans II . After the dissolution of the Western Empire in the late fifth century, the Eastern Roman Empire remained stable through the beginning of the Middle Ages and retained the ability for future expansion. Justinian I reconquered North Africa, Italy, Dalmatia and finally parts of Spain for the Eastern Roman Empire. However, this put an incredible strain on

3239-410: The description of him by Theophylact may exaggerate these traits. He possessed insight, public spirit, and courage. He proved his expertise on military and foreign affairs during his campaigns against the Persians, Avars and Slavs, and during peace negotiations with Khosrow II. His administrative reforms reveal him as a farsighted statesman, all the more since they outlasted his death by centuries and were

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3318-452: The designated ecclesiastical region (thus, a position between that of patriarch and regular metropolitan); or an auxiliary or titular bishop appointed to be exarch over a group of the faithful not yet large enough or organized enough to be constituted an eparchy or diocese (thus the equivalent of a vicar apostolic ); or a priest or deacon who is appointed by a bishop as his executive representative in various fields of diocesan administration (in

3397-413: The disintegration of the empire of Justinian I . The death of Maurice was a turning point. The war against Persia which it caused weakened both empires, enabling the Slavs to permanently settle the Balkans and paving the way for the Arab-Muslim expansion . His court still used Latin alongside Greek , as did the army and administration. Historian A. H. M. Jones characterises the death of Maurice as

3476-419: The emperor to choose between a long reign or death and acceptance in the kingdom of heaven. Maurice preferred the second choice. The same story has been recorded in a short Syriac hagiography on the life of the emperor. It is of East Syrian origin. This was later sanctified by the Eastern Orthodox Church. According to the Syriac author, the emperor asked in prayer to receive a punishment in this world and

3555-406: The emperor, taking his family with him, left the city on a warship heading to Nicomedia . Theodosius was put ashore with direction to seek support from the Persians, but apparently never reached his destination. Phocas entered Constantinople in November and was crowned emperor. His troops captured Maurice and his remaining family, and brought them to the Harbor of Eutropius at Chalcedon. Maurice

3634-404: The emperor. In Italy Maurice established the Exarchate of Italy in 584, the first real effort by the empire to halt the advance of the Lombards . With the creation of the Exarchate of Africa in 591 he further solidified the power of Constantinople in the western Mediterranean . Maurice's successes on battlefields and in foreign policy were counterbalanced by mounting financial difficulties of

3713-460: The emperor. Probably misjudging the situation, Maurice repeatedly ordered his troops to start a new offensive rather than return to winter quarters. His troops gained the impression that Maurice no longer understood the military situation and proclaimed Phocas their leader. They demanded that Maurice abdicate and proclaim as successor either his son Theodosius or General Germanus . Both men were accused of treason. As riots broke out in Constantinople,

3792-440: The empire slowly but steadily succeeded, especially after the peace with Persia. His initial popularity apparently declined during his reign, mostly because of his fiscal policies. In 588 he announced a cut in military wages by a quarter, leading to a serious mutiny by troops on the Persian front. He refused to pay a small ransom in 599 or 600 to free 12,000 Byzantine soldiers taken prisoner by the Avars. The prisoners were killed, and

3871-435: The empire western Armenia up to the lakes Van and Sevan , including the large cities of Martyropolis , Tigranokert , Manzikert , Ani , and Yerevan . Maurice's treaty brought a new status-quo to the east territorially. Byzantium was enlarged to an extent never before achieved by the empire. During the new "perpetual peace" millions of solidi were saved by the remission of tribute to the Persians. The Avars arrived in

3950-413: The empire) read it for him. The speech proclaimed Maurice as Augustus and sole successor to the throne. On 14 August 582 Tiberius died and his last words were spoken to his successor: "Let my sovereignty be delivered to thee with this girl. Be happy in the use of it, mindful always to love equity and justice." Maurice became sole emperor, marrying Constantina in the autumn. Shortly after his ascension

4029-435: The empire. Maurice responded with several unpopular measures which alienated both the army and the general populace. In 602, a dissatisfied officer named Phocas usurped the throne, having Maurice and his six sons executed. This event would prove a disaster for the empire, sparking a twenty-six-year war with a resurgent Sassanid Persia which would leave both empires devastated prior to the Muslim conquests . Maurice's reign

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4108-442: The end of the era of Classical Antiquity , as the turmoil that shattered the empire over the next four decades permanently and thoroughly changed society and politics. The first legendary accounts of Maurice's life are recorded in the ninth century, in the work of the Byzantine historian Theophanes the Confessor . According to his chronicle Chronographia , the death of the imperial family is due to divine intervention: Christ asked

4187-416: The entire region of the Caucasus fell under Russian rule, the jurisdiction of the Georgian Exarchate was expanded, encompassing the territories of modern-day Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan . On 7 April 1917, the Georgian Patriarchate was restored for the Archbishops of Mtsheta and Tbilisi, with the style Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, and the title Exarch of Georgia was extinguished, but only for

4266-408: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In Eastern Catholic Churches (of Eastern tradition but in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, the Pope ), the ecclesiastical title of Exarch

4345-494: The first time in nearly two centuries, the Romans were no longer obliged to pay the Persians thousands of pounds of gold annually for peace. Afterward, Maurice campaigned extensively in the Balkans against the Avars —pushing them back across the Danube by 599. He also conducted campaigns across the Danube, the first Roman emperor to do so in over two centuries. In the west, he established two large semi-autonomous provinces called exarchates , ruled by exarchs , or viceroys of

4424-434: The harbor of Eutropius when Constantina was found guilty of a conspiracy against Phocas. The entire family of Maurice and Constantina was buried at the monastery of St. Mamas or Nea Metanoia that had been founded by Maurice's sister Gordia. The Persian king Khosrow II used this coup and the murder of his patron as an excuse for a renewed war against the empire. Maurice is seen as an able emperor and commander-in-chief, though

4503-421: The jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Constantinople. Metropolitans-exarchs of Ephesus tried to resist the supreme jurisdiction of Constantinople, but eventually failed since imperial government supported the creation of a centralized Patriarchate. When the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees (Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, known as the pentarchy ), under

4582-421: The latter of whom was later the wife of the general Philippicus . He is recorded to have been a native Greek speaker, unlike the previous emperors since Anastasius I Dicorus . Sources call him a native Cappadocian Greek and the first emperor "from the race of the Greeks". Maurice first came to Constantinople as a notarius to serve as secretary to Tiberius , the comes excubitorum (commander of

4661-405: The negotiations. In 580, Byzantium's Arab allies the Ghassanids scored a victory over the Lakhmids, Arab allies of the Sassanids, while Byzantine raids again penetrated east of the Tigris. Around this time the future Khosrow II was put in charge of the situation in Armenia, where he succeeded in convincing most of the rebel leaders to return to Sassanid allegiance, although Iberia remained loyal to

4740-477: The new king. The former Persian commander-in-chief, Bahram Chobin , who had rebelled against Hormizd IV , claimed the throne for himself and defeated Khosrow. Khosrow and the two Parthians fled to the Byzantine court. Although the Senate unanimously advised against it, Maurice helped Khosrow regain his throne with an army of 35,000 men. In 591 the combined Byzantine-Persian army under generals John Mystacon and Narses defeated Bahram Chobin's forces near Ganzak at

4819-399: The payments. The Avars retaliated with another siege of Sirmium . The city fell in c. 581. After the capture of Sirmium, the Avars demanded 100,000 solidi a year. Refused, they used the strategically important city as a base of operations against several poorly defended forts along the Danube and began pillaging the northern and eastern Balkans. The Slavs began settling the land from

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4898-535: The same time he was raised to the rank of patrikios , the empire's senior honorific title, which was limited to a small number of holders. In 578, a truce in Mesopotamia came to an end and the main focus of the war shifted to that front. After Persian raids in Mesopotamia, Maurice mounted attacks on both sides of the Tigris, captured the fortress of Aphumon and sacked Singara . Sassanid emperor Khosrow sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor Hormizd IV (r. 579–590) broke off

4977-430: The same year the Byzantines concluded a peace treaty with the Avar leader Bayan I , which allowed the Byzantines to send expeditions into Wallachia . In 598, Maurice broke the treaty to permit a retaliation campaign inside the Avar homeland. In 599 and 601 the Byzantine forces wreaked havoc amongst the Avars and Gepids. In 602, the Slavs suffered a crushing defeat in Wallachia. The Byzantine troops were now able to hold

5056-413: The state of ordinary metropolitan sees. Local ecclesiastical development in some regions also included the title of exarch. Since the Church of Cyprus was declared autocephalous (431), its Primate received the title of Exarch of Cyprus. On a similar principle the Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu is an exarch, though in this case, as in that of Cyprus, modern Eastern Orthodox usage generally prefers

5135-409: The title "Archbishop". In modern ecclesiastical practice of the Eastern Orthodox Church , the title of exarch was often used to designate the highest hierarchical office under the rank of patriarch. When Russian Patriarch Adrian of Moscow died in 1700, Emperor Peter the Great abolished the patriarchal office and appointed Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky as exarch and head of the Most Holy Synod of

5214-469: The title "exarch" in order to emphasize their precedence and primatial status over other metropolitans within local political dioceses. The Council of Chalcedon (451), which gave special authority to the see of Constantinople as being "the residence of the emperor and the Senate", in its canons spoke of diocesan "exarchs", placing all metropolitans in dioceses of Asia, Thrace and Pontus (including metropolitans-exarchs of Ephesus, Heraclea and Caesarea) under

5293-405: The usurper emperor Phocas in 610. Phocas had revolted under emperor Maurice who had appointed Heraclius' father as exarch of Africa. The exarchate proved both financially and militarily strong, and survived until the Arab Muslim conquest of Carthage in 698. The term 'exarch' entered ecclesiastical language at first for a metropolitan (an archbishop) with jurisdiction not only for the area that

5372-422: Was Byzantine emperor from 582 to 602 and the last member of the Justinian dynasty . A successful general, Maurice was chosen as heir and son-in-law by his predecessor Tiberius II . Maurice's reign was troubled by almost constant warfare. After he became emperor, he brought the war with Sasanian Persia to a victorious conclusion . The empire's eastern border in the South Caucasus was vastly expanded and, for

5451-401: Was betrothed to Constantina , and Germanus , related through blood to the great emperor Justinian I , was married to Charito. It appears that the plan was to divide the empire in two, with Maurice receiving the eastern provinces and Germanus the western. According to John of Nikiû , Germanus was Tiberius' favored candidate for the throne but declined out of humility. On 5 August, Tiberius

5530-445: Was forced to retreat. The retreat was arduous for the tired army, and Maurice and al-Mundhir exchanged recriminations for the expedition's failure. However, they cooperated in forcing Adarmahan to withdraw, and defeated him at Callinicum . The mutual recriminations were not laid to rest by this. Despite his successes, al-Mundhir was accused by Maurice of treason during the preceding campaign. Maurice claimed that al-Mundhir had revealed

5609-426: Was his as a metropolitan, but also over other metropolitans within local political dioceses . Since imperial vicarius (governor of a political diocese) was often called "exarch" in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the Empire, it became customary for the metropolitans of the diocesan capitals ( Ephesus in the Diocese of Asia , Heraclea in the Diocese of Thrace and Caesarea in the Diocese of Pontus ) also to use

5688-474: Was his inability to judge how unpopular his decisions were. The historian C. W. Previté-Orton listed a number of character flaws in the emperor's personality: His fault was too much faith in his own excellent judgment without regard to the disagreement and unpopularity which he provoked by decisions in themselves right and wise. He was a better judge of policy than of men. It was this flaw that cost him throne and life, and thwarted most of his efforts to prevent

5767-521: Was killed by the Lombards in 751. A second exarchate was created by Maurice to administer northern Africa, formerly a separate praetorian prefecture , the islands of the western Mediterranean and the Byzantine possessions in Spain . The capital of the Exarchate of Africa was Carthage . An emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Heraclius , was the son of the exarch of Africa before Heraclius replaced

5846-435: Was killed, several of the Persian leaders were captured along with 3,000 other prisoners, and only a thousand men survived to reach refuge at Nisibis. The Byzantines secured much booty, including the Persian battle standards, and sent them, along with Maruzas' head, to Maurice in Constantinople. In 590, two Parthian brothers, Vistahm and Vinduyih , overthrew King Hormizd IV and made the latter's son, Prince Khosrow II ,

5925-452: Was murdered at the harbor of Eutropius on 27 November 602. The deposed emperor was forced to watch his five younger sons executed before he was beheaded himself. Empress Constantina and her three daughters were temporarily spared and sent to a monastery. The palace eunuch Scholasticus aided their escape to St. Sophia, but the church turned them over to Phocas, who sent them back to the monastery. A few years later, they were all executed at

6004-426: Was on his deathbed and civilian, military and ecclesiastical dignitaries awaited the appointment of his successor. He then chose Maurice and named him Caesar , after which he adopted the name "Tiberius". Maurice was crowned emperor soon after, on 13 August. Tiberius had reportedly prepared a speech on the matter but at this point was too weak to speak. The quaestor sacri palatii (the senior judicial official of

6083-651: Was raised to the rank of Patriarchate in 1953. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the office of exarch can be also given to a special deputy of a Patriarch , with jurisdiction over a community outside the home territory of the Patriarchate. Thus, in the United States there are Exarchs representing, among others, the Serbian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Jerusalem Patriarchs. The style of the Exarchs of

6162-399: Was the holder of any of various historical offices, some of them being political or military and others being ecclesiastical. In the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire , an exarch was a governor of a particular territory. From the end of the 3rd century or early 4th, every Roman diocese was governed by a vicarius , who was titled "exarch" in eastern parts of the Empire, where

6241-505: Was to maintain the unity of the empire; this idea bears a strong resemblance to the Tetrarchy of Diocletian. However, Maurice's violent death prevented these plans from coming to fruition. In religious matters, Maurice was tolerant towards Monophysitism , although he was a supporter of the Council of Chalcedon . He clashed with Pope Gregory I over the latter's defence of Rome against the Lombards . Maurice's efforts to consolidate

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