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100-553: The Magill Youth Training Centre (more correctly Magill Training Centre ), also known as the Boys Reformatory , McNally Training Centre and South Australian Youth Training Centre ( SAYTC ) since its founding in 1869, was the last iteration of a series of reformatories or youth detention centres in Woodforde, South Australia . The centre came under criticism in the 2000s for "barbaric" and "degrading" conditions and

200-616: A Parliament Act 1853 that provided for a new constitution that established a bicameral parliament with an elected lower house and an upper house made up of members nominated for life. The colonists were mistakenly under the impression that only such a scheme would be acceptable to the British Government. The Governor, Sir Henry Young , had been advised that this was not the case but he kept this information to himself. The colonists were furious and 5,000 petitioned Westminster to give them two elected houses. The offending constitution

300-479: A double dissolution in order to resolve deadlocks between the two Houses. The circumstances for such a double dissolution are outlined below. The Legislative Council (or "upper house") is made up of 22 councillors (MLCs) who are elected for the entire state by the Proportional Representation single transferable voting system (with optional preferential voting ) to serve for a term that

400-955: A "cottage plan," each housing unit with 28 single rooms (which could be decorated), a kitchen, and a flower garden. Even well into the 1920s – and supported by the social science of the era, as codified in law by the 1908 Muller v. Oregon ruling – labor in women's prisons would be limited to sewing, cleaning, and other chores. Black youth were traditionally excluded from reformatory institutions, like reformatories and industrial schools, unless separate ones were created exclusively for them, like Philadelphia's "Colored House of Refuge." These institutions did not offer similar types of education and training to those for white youth and, instead, often prepared Black youth for gendered menial labor (ex: physical labor and domestic work ) that would reinforce their social position. The term "reformatory" also has considerable constitutional significance in Canada, as s.92 (6) of

500-520: A 12 year term. In 1882, the single colony-wide district was split into 4 electoral districts which were drawn with a heavy bias in favour of rural areas in place. The new scheme was set up so that half of the Council was being elected each election. Originally these electoral districts were the " Central District ", the " Southern District ", the " North-Eastern District " and the " Northern District ", with each being represented by 6 members each. From 1902,

600-597: A Governor advised by a Legislative Council. The 1842 Act gave the British Government, which was responsible for appointing a Governor and at least seven other officers to the Legislative Council, full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony , after financial mismanagement by the first administration had nearly bankrupted the colony. This new Legislative Council was the first true parliamentary body in South Australia. The Act also made provision for

700-494: A commission to initiate the establishment of democratic government, electoral districts, requirements for voting rights, and terms of office. Although the old governing Council advising the Governor met at Government House , this new Legislative Council met at a new purpose built chamber on North Terrace. This chamber eventually grew into what is now known as "Old Parliament House". The Australian Colonies Government Act 1850

800-477: A dwelling house, or "dwelling house and premises appurtenant thereto", with an annual rent of at least 17 pounds per annum (excluding any payment of rent by a wife to her husband); to a registered proprietor of a leasehold on which there were improvements to the value of at least 50 pounds and which were the property of the proprietor. At the same time, the franchise was also extended to ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and

900-788: A female inmate, secretly five months pregnant, was flogged to death in the early 1830s, progressive activists were livid, and pushed the New York State Legislature to found Mount Pleasant Prison, in Ossining NY, in 1835, the first female prison created by an act of law in the United States. Mount Pleasant and other women's facilities like it aimed to make inmates embody Victorian standards of womanhood , through training in domestic services, and education regarding sexual standards and women's role in society. Prisons like Bedford Hills (1901 – ) went so far as to adopt

1000-497: A form of Group voting tickets similar to that used in the Senate at the time. This enabled voters to choose between voting 'above the line' (for a single party preference ticket that ranked all candidates on the ballot paper in the party's preferred order) or 'below the line' and number all candidates in order of preference, on the ballot paper. In 2017 this was changed to a form of optional preferential voting − instructions for above

1100-407: A former police superintendent described the then Adelaide Boys' Reformatory as "an institution for bad boys to make others bad." The South Australian Children's Welfare and Public Relief Board was aware of sexual abuse at the site in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1969, after 10 boys absconded from McNally Training Centre, the superintendent at the time advocated the reintroduction of caning and

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1200-680: A further negative effect on the youngster, before the task of reforming their ways. The power to set up such an establishment was given in the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 (the Reformatory Schools Act). This provided financial assistance and support for reformatory schools for convicted young offenders as an alternative to prison. Industrial schools were regularised three years later by the Industrial Schools Act 1857 . The first juvenile prison

1300-647: A group of other scuttled ships in the Jervois Basin Ships' Graveyard . In 1891 a new Girls' Reformatory was built in Edwardstown, South Australia , and the Industrial School was moved into the girls' quarters at Magill, once again sharing the site with the Boys' Reformatory. The Training School moved to Edwardstown in 1898 (renamed Glandore in 1949). In 1967 the site was established as

1400-444: A member of a registered political party outside of a "relevant election period". While South Australia 's total population is 1.7 million, Adelaide 's population is 1.3 million − uniquely, over 75 percent of the state's population resides in the metropolitan area and has 72 percent of seats (34 of 47) alongside a lack of comparatively-sized rural population centres, therefore the metropolitan area tends to decide election outcomes. At

1500-545: A member retires or dies in office mid-term, are filled by a by-election in that member's district. Since 1975, the distribution of electoral boundaries has been set by the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission , an independent body. Since a referendum in 1991 , boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election. Government

1600-758: A new body known as the South Australian Colonization Commission . Under this arrangement, there was also a governing Council comprising the Governor, the Judge or Chief Justice , the Colonial Secretary , the Advocate-General and the Resident Commissioner, with broad legislative and executive powers including the imposition of rates, duties, and taxes. This council was sometimes referred to as

1700-618: A new purpose-built facility, the Cavan Training Centre. Young women from the South Australian Youth Remand and Assessment Centre (SAYRAC) were moved to Magill and housed at a separate section of the Centre when SAYRAC closed. By the 2000s, the department acknowledged the need for a replacement facility for the ageing institution, and incidents at the facility between 2004 and 2008 were investigated for

1800-524: A single state-wide electorate from the same universal franchise as the House of Assembly. Since the following 1975 South Australian state election , no one party has had control of the state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents. Originally, the electoral system for both houses was a form of plurality voting , where each voter is given as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. From 1929, this

1900-628: A spokesperson for Rankine stated that while "it's clear the Magill Youth Training Centre needs to be replaced in time" that the state budget "does not provide for that and there will be no change of heart". The site was closed in 2012, after the announcement of a new $ 67 million 60-bed facility to be constructed in Cavan to replace the Magill Youth Training Centre and Cavan Training Centre, at Cavan . Reformatories Reformatory schools were penal facilities originating in

2000-546: A system of responsible government , where the members of the executive branch must sit in parliament and, by convention, can only remain in office while they hold the confidence of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly. It was the first Constitution in the Australian colonies to provide "manhood" suffrage. The adoption of the "one man, one vote" principle also removed the ability of voters to vote in any electorate in which they owned property. The Act also defined

2100-431: A term of imprisonment up to and including two years less a day will serve time in a provincial prison or reformatory (although they may be released far earlier due to overcrowding or a determination that further incarceration is unjustified). Controversially, the use of "two years less a day" sentences has been used by some judges to avoid mandatory sentences such as deportation, weapons prohibitions, prohibitions to entry to

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2200-590: Is formed in the House of Assembly by the leader of the party or coalition who can demonstrate they have the support of the majority of the House, and is called upon by the Governor to form government. The leader of the government becomes the Premier . The House is presided over by a Speaker, who, as of the passage of the Constitution (Independent Speaker) Amendment Act 2021 , is constitutionally banned from being

2300-498: Is usually 8 years. Elections for the Legislative Council are staggered so that 11 seats are up for re-election every 4 years, at the same time as House of Assembly elections. Legislative Councillors may serve shorter or longer terms than the usual 8 years in the event of an early dissolution of the House of Assembly. If half the chamber has served at least 6 years at the time of a dissolution, then they go up for election, but if all Legislative Councillors have served less than 6 years, only

2400-423: The 1968 (with the House increased to 47 members), 1975 , and 1989 elections. Since 1975, the distribution of the 47 electoral boundaries has been set by the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission , an independent body. Since a referendum in 1991 , boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election. There are currently 34 in

2500-401: The 2014 election for example, although the statewide two-party vote (2PP) was 47.0% Labor v 53.0% Liberal, the metropolitan area recorded a 2PP of 51.5% Labor v 48.5% Liberal. The term for the House of Assembly is a fixed 4-year term but the state Constitution does allow the Governor to dissolve the House early and call for a fresh general election under certain circumstances. These are: If

2600-494: The Adelaide metropolitan area and 13 in rural areas. These seats are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate. The Legislative Council's numbers and electoral makeup have also varied over time. From the inception of responsible government to 1882, it had 18 members elected by a single colony-wide district, with the scheme originally set up so that 6 members would be elected every 4 years to serve

2700-507: The Akbar Scandal , detailing cruel treatment that had apparently led to a number of deaths. It detailed that boys were tortured and there were several deaths. Boys were gagged with blankets before being secured to a birching horse , their trousers removed and then birched with hawthorn branches. The ill boys were considered malingerers and caned . Minor offences were punished with drenching and being forced to stand upright throughout

2800-676: The British North America Act, 1867 exclusively reserves powers over reformatories and prisons to provincial jurisdiction, as well as pre-trial incarceration for those judged unsuitable for bail. In contrast, s. 91 (28) exclusively reserves powers over penitentiaries and criminal legislation to federal jurisdiction creating an intricately overlapping burden of responsibility In some provinces, particularly British Columbia, pre-trial detainees greatly suffer relatively to convicted provincial inmates (or even many federal inmates) . Under current law, most juveniles and anyone sentenced to

2900-932: The Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry ("the Mullighan Inquiry"). In addition to the criticisms of the Fitzjames Reformatory Hulk in the Way Commission Report tabled in South Australian Parliament in 1885, the Adelaide Boys' Reformatory, South Australian Youth Training Centre, McNally Training Centre and Magill Youth Training Centre all received significant public criticism throughout their history. For example, in 1933

3000-404: The Constitution of Australia , with some powers transferred to the federal parliament. Another consequence was a bit of a "brain drain", with many of the parliament's most prominent members moving to the federal sphere. From 1857 to 1933, the House of Assembly was elected from multi-member districts, commonly known as " seats ," with each district returning between one and six members. The size of

3100-610: The High Court of Australia , provides judicial oversight of parliament. The parliament is also vested with other powers, such as the means to investigate matters, conduct research and summon witnesses. At the founding of the Province of South Australia under the South Australia Act 1834 , governance of the new colony was divided between the Governor of South Australia and a Resident Commissioner , who reported to

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3200-487: The Labor government of Don Dunstan managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973. Under the original 1856 Constitution, the franchise was restricted to men, "having a freehold estate in possession, either legal or equitable, situate within the said Province, of the clear value of Fifty Pounds sterling money above all charges and encumbrances affecting the same, or having a leasehold estate in possession, situate within

3300-551: The Ministry of Correctional Services , these facilities were officially redesignated as correctional centres . Examples: South Australian Parliament Opposition (13) Crossbench (6) Opposition (8) Crossbench (5) The Parliament of South Australia is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of South Australia . It consists of the 47-seat House of Assembly ( lower house ) and

3400-752: The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child . The South Australian Guardian for Children described the centre as "barbaric", and "a blight on the state" and the Social Inclusion Commission described the conditions there as "deplorable". MP Mark Parnell called it "barbaric" and "degrading". Amidst these criticisms, the then South Australian Minister for Families and Communities Jennifer Rankine described support available for young offenders as "second to none" and

3500-518: The fourth state in the world to give women the vote and the first to give women the right to be elected to parliament. South Australia became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, following a vote to federate with the other British colonies of Australia. One consequence of federation was that the powers of the Parliament of South Australia were limited by the provisions of

3600-602: The "Legislative Council". Confusion and dispute about the division of power between the two roles led to the South Australia Government Act 1838 , which combined the role of Resident Commissioner with that of the Governor. In 1842, the South Australia Act 1842 was passed in order to replace the South Australian Colonisation Commission appointed in 1834 with a more standard British model of government, with

3700-533: The "New Parliament House" was finally completed in 1939, 50 years after the House of Assembly portion of the building. One distinctive aspect of the history of the South Australian parliament was the " Playmander ", a gerrymandering system that instituted a pro-rural electoral malapportionment introduced by the incumbent Liberal and Country League (LCL) government, and in place for 32 years from 1936 to 1968. The already entrenched rural overweighting

3800-588: The 1933 Children and Young Person's Act, which would effectively ended the Victorian Industrial and Reformatory School System. The remaining schools were re-constituted as Approved Schools with objectives more appropriate for youngsters in the 20th century. Similar to the United Kingdom, reformatories in the United States were an alternative to traditional prisons for youth and young adults that came out of social and prison reform movements of

3900-496: The 19th century and early 20th centuries, also known as the Progressive Era . Manual labor colleges , which emerged at the same time, were closely related institutions that primarily took in vagrant youth. Social reformers were concerned about the urban poor, especially the growing presence of white immigrants like those from Ireland , slum conditions, and their perceived connection to rising crime rates in cities. At

4000-409: The 19th century that provided for criminal children and were certified by the government starting in 1850. As society's values changed, the use of reformatories declined and they were coalesced by an Act of Parliament into a single structure known as approved schools . Although similar in some of their practice, industrial schools were intended to prevent vulnerable children becoming criminal. There

4100-418: The 22-seat Legislative Council ( upper house ). General elections are held every 4 years, with all of the lower house and half of the upper house filled at each election. It follows a Westminster system of parliamentary government with the executive branch required to both sit in parliament and hold the confidence of the House of Assembly. The parliament is based at Parliament House on North Terrace in

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4200-523: The Assembly grew during the colonial period—36 members from 1857 to 1875, 46 members from 1875 to 1884, 52 members from 1884 to 1890, 54 members from 1890 to 1902. In response to the Federation of Australia, the House of Assembly was reduced to 42 members from 1902 to 1912 and 40 members from 1912 to 1915. From 1915 to 1938 the size was again increased to 46 members. The Legislative Council half of

4300-466: The Central District continued to be represented by 6 members, while the rural districts were reduced to 4 members each. The North-Eastern District was replaced by the " Midland District " from the 1910 election and in 1915 the Central District was split in half and became the " Cantral District No. 1 " and the " Central District No. 2 ", each being represented by 4 members. As for the size of

4400-416: The Council as a whole, from 1882 until 1902 it had 24 members; until 1915, 18 members; and until 1975, 20 members. From 1975, the Council size was increased to 22 members, with half (11) to be elected at each election by the entire state voting as one electorate. Although the lower house had universal suffrage from 1895, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the domain of property owners until

4500-409: The House of Assembly faces the people. In the event of a casual vacancy, members of the Legislative Council are filled by an assembly of the members of both houses of parliament. If the member whose seat has become vacant was elected as a member of a political party, the assembly must, if possible, replace them with a nominated member of that party. The Legislative Council has almost equal powers to

4600-439: The House of Assembly. The only difference is that the upper house does not have the ability to initiate or amend bills that appropriate money or levy taxes. The Council may still request amendments to these bills and retains the right to reject money bills that it disagrees with. The primary function of the Legislative Council is to review legislation which has been passed by the House of Assembly. This can cause tensions between

4700-399: The House passes a motion of no confidence in the government, the House defeats a motion of confidence in the government, or if a bill that has been designated by the House as a "bill of special importance" is passed by the House of Assembly but is rejected by the Legislative Council. The House of Assembly can also be dissolved early together with the full Legislative Council in what is known as

4800-474: The Magill Reformatory in 1950s and 1960s who were sexually abused or raped by staff and older boys. The physical conditions were described as "run down", "appalling", and "a very, very sad place", with cells 2 by 3 metres (6 ft 7 in × 9 ft 10 in) in size, and windows too high for small children to see out of. After a tour of the site by Australia's Youth Representative to

4900-653: The McNally Training Centre, for boys aged 15–18 sentenced by Juvenile Court or being held on remand. Younger boys aged 9–15 were sent to Brookway Park. In 1979 the McNally Training Centre became the South Australian Youth Training Centre (SAYTC) for youths aged between 15 and 18. In 1993 the site became the Magill Training Centre to house young people aged 10–14, and the boys aged 15–18 were moved to

5000-762: The Metropolis’, in 1837 the writer Charles Dickens published Oliver Twist , a story about a child involved in a street gang, and in 1847 it was recognised in the Juvenile Offences Act 1847 , that children under 14 should be tried in a special court and not an adult court. Begging and vagrancy was rife, and it was these low level misdemeanours that caused the magistrates to send vulnerable youngsters to industrial schools to learn to be industrious, and learn skills that would make then more employable. More serious crimes, required an element of punishment in an environment away from older prisoners, who would have

5100-460: The Minister of Social Welfare approved the policy, despite objections of the acting director of Social Welfare who held that caning was "degrading" and "contrary to modern methods of treatment of offenders." Boys were placed in "the cabin" or "the dungeon", a solitary confinement cell, for up to 48 hours if they had absconded or were seen as potential absconders. One boy aged 14 held in the centre in

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5200-451: The US, or harsh pardon ineligibility barriers. The use of the terms "prison", "correctional centre", and "reformatory" vary by province and category of offender. In contrast, federal penitentiaries are mostly referred to simply as "institutions". In addition, a person who would face a provincial sentence of incarceration for an offence would face criminal proceedings more directly administered by

5300-659: The United Nations , Chris Varney, in 2009, the centre was described as "the worst of its kind" and a "living human rights abuse". In 2009 more than 40 welfare groups and individuals including the executive director of the Youth Affairs Council of South Australia and chief executive officer of Anglicare SA signed an open letter to the South Australian Premier calling for a closure of the site for its appalling conditions and contravention of

5400-512: The a future in agriculture and hoped the graduates would choose to emigrate, other trained the miscreants for a life at sea either in the military or the merchant navy. To this end ten training hulks were purchased. The Akbar , (purchased in 1862) was a reform training ship moored off Birkenhead on the River Mersey . It accommodated 200 boys aged 14–16 from all over the country who had been sentenced to detention of at least 5 years. It

5500-644: The boys. In July 1899, another of the Merseyside training ships, the Clarence , was destroyed by a fire on a day when the ship was to have received a visit from the Bishop of Shrewsbury. An official inquiry reached no firm conclusions as to the cause, noting however that "There remains the theory that the ship was deliberately fired". On shore the Mount St Bernard's RC Reformatory opened in 1856. In

5600-411: The constitution of the Parliament of the Province of South Australia. This Constitution Act provided for a bicameral parliament with full authority to enact laws, apart from a few Acts requiring the monarch's personal Royal Assent. The 18-member Legislative Council was elected by property owners only, while the 36-member House of Assembly was elected by a full male franchise. The Act also provided for

5700-403: The creation of the category of "delinquent girl." White middle and upper-class women spearheaded the reformatory movement for women, criticizing the condition of women in traditional correctional facilities, and advocating for separate institutions. At New York's Auburn Prison (1818 – ), for example, female prisoners did not fit into the ascetic penology the facility pioneered . Segregated from

5800-753: The dietary and want of open-air exercise". The Way Commission tabled its report in State Parliament in 1885. The report recommended Fitzjames' immediate closure and relocation of the boys to a land-based facility. Six years later the boys were removed from the Fitzjames and moved back to the site of the Magill Industrial School. The Fitzjames was towed up the Port River into the Jervois Basin, where it now rests among

5900-695: The early 1960s reported he was stripped naked and placed in solitary confinement for three days as a punishment for an attempted breakout. By 1983 corporal punishment was prohibited again, although children could still be placed in detention for up to eight hours. A Commission of Inquiry was held into Children in State Care and Children on APY Lands led by the Hon EP Mullighan QC and tabled in South Australian Parliament in 2008. The commission heard from ten people held in

6000-613: The founding of the Marine Society "for the purpose of clothing landsman and boys for the use of the king's ship, and as an expedient to provide for poor boys who might become a nuisance." In 1788, the Philanthropic Society was set up and opened an institution at St. George's Fields, Southwark, "for the protection of poor children, and the offspring of convicted felons; and for the reformation of those who have themselves been engaged in criminal practices." The regime

6100-437: The government and the Legislative Council, which may be viewed by the former as obstructionist if it rejects key legislation, as can happen at times when the electoral makeup of the two Houses are different. Another important function of the upper house is to scrutinise government activity, which it does both in the chamber and through committees . As Legislative Councillors have been elected using proportional representation since

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6200-452: The governor on behalf of the Crown, and 16 elected members chosen from single-member districts. The right to vote for these positions was not universal, however, being limited to propertied men. In addition, the reforms meant that the Governor no longer oversaw proceedings, with the role being filled by a Speaker who had been elected by the members. In 1853 the Legislative Council sent London

6300-698: The hulk was used to house boys convicted of crimes or determined to be "uncontrollable". Pumps were operated by the boys for up to three hours a day to expel water that was leaking into the hulk and keep it from sinking. Because of its poor conditions, the hulk became known as "Hell afloat". A Royal Commission was ordered into the Destitute Board in 1883, which found the boys at Fitzjames in "pallid and dull appearance" and conditions described as "depressing" with "wearisome monotony of life", "gross improprieties" between younger children and older youths and officers, "deplorable" education standards and "defects in

6400-439: The intake and the philosophy. Industrial schools took students that needed protection, while the reformatory took students that had been already convicted of a serious offence. When students were sent to a reformatory, they first served a two-week spell in a full prison . Liberals thought this was pointless and conservatives still thought this would act as a 'deterrent' and was meaningful 'retribution'. Some reformatories trained for

6500-454: The line preferences. Today, the House of Assembly continues to use instant-runoff voting with compulsory preferences. Compulsory voting was introduced for the House of Assembly in 1942 and for the Legislative Council in 1985. Elections were held every 3 years until 1985 (with a brief flirtation with 5 year terms for the House of Assembly in the 1933-1938 parliament ), when the parliament switched to 4 year terms, meaning 8 year terms for

6600-415: The line votes are to mark '1' and then further preferences are optional as opposed to preference flows from simply '1' above the line being determined by group voting tickets, while instructions for voters who instead opt to vote below the line are to provide at least 12 preferences as opposed to having to number all candidates, and with a savings provision to admit ballot papers which indicate at least 6 below

6700-582: The male population in a crowded, unventilated attic above the guard's barracks, not only did they defy the Silent System Auburn enforced, but were also unsupervised, and vulnerable to the predations of male guards. Further, women were not allowed to contribute through manual labor, and were left to languish, locked inside most of the time. Part of the issue was that before the Civil War , women were an extreme minority in United States' prisons: in

6800-631: The mid-1840s, Dorothea Dix recorded a grand total of 167 women in prisons from Maine through Virginia. As Beaumont and De Tocqueville observed in their survey of American Prisons ("On the Penitentiary System in The United States..."): It is because they occupy little space in the prison, that they have been neglected. It is the same with most evils of society, a remedy for which is ardently sought if they are important; if they are not alarming they are overlooked. But when

6900-484: The mid-1970s, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. A government or opposition majority in the upper house has been unachievable since the introduction of this system, with the balance of power being held by a number of minor parties and independents. In the event that there is a conflict between the two Houses over legislation, the South Australian Constitution lays out

7000-453: The night; several boys died as a result. The Home Office internal report exonerated the Akbar staff, but this led to a Departmental Committee in 1913 inquiring into punishment practices used, and the welfare of the children with reformatory and industrial schools. The Akbar Scandal triggered a change in the management of Reformatories and Industrial Schools. They lost their autonomy and became subject of increased inspection. Charles Russell

7100-453: The officer in charge of a police station. A further extension of the franchise came in 1913, when the qualification of an occupier of a dwelling house was altered to include any inhabitant occupier, whether owner or tenant. In 1918, the right to vote for members of the upper house was extended to all those who had served in armed forced in the First World War. This was subsequently extended to Second World War veterans in 1940 and in 1969, it

7200-400: The original Parliament House and took up residence in a new building constructed next door. Due to costs, this "New Parliament House" would remain unfinished for 50 years while the Legislative Council continued to be housed in the original Parliament House. Women gained the right to vote and stand for election in 1895, taking effect at the 1896 election . Once passed, South Australia become

7300-563: The peak of the malapportionment in 1968 , the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes. Labor managed to win enough parliamentary seats to form government just once during the Playmander against the odds − in 1965 . Labor won comprehensive majorities of the statewide two-party vote whilst failing to form government in 1944 , 1953 , 1962 and 1968 . More equitable boundaries were subsequently put in place following

7400-487: The province. For example, judges in such proceedings are appointed by the province, rather than superior court justices who are appointed by the federal government (despite most prosecutors, superior court justices, and court costs being paid by the provinces in such cases). Provincial governments also have more leeway to create diversion programs in such cases. Such offences are often prosecuted (if at all) by summary charge and result in relatively minor sentences. Until 1972,

7500-478: The role of the governor effectively the same as those of the other states. The parliament may make laws for any matter within South Australia, subject to the Constitution of South Australia . Its power is further limited by the ability for the federal parliament to override it in some circumstances, subject to the Constitution of Australia . Similarly, the Supreme Court of South Australia , and ultimately

7600-616: The rules of tenure for the parliamentarians. Later in 1856, in preparation for responsible government, the old Legislative Council passed an Electoral Act providing for the secret ballot system of voting to be used for the new parliament, also known as the Australian Ballot. The first bicameral parliament of South Australia was elected on 9 March 1857, with Boyle Travers Finniss as the inaugural Premier of South Australia responsible to parliament. The parliament first sat on 22 April 1857. Until 1887, membership of parliament

7700-509: The said Province, the lease thereof having been registered in the General Registry Office, for the registration of deeds, and having three years to run at the time of voting, or containing a clause authorising the lessee to become the purchaser of the land thereby demised, or occupy a dwelling house of the clear annual value of Twenty-five Pounds sterling money." In 1907, the right to vote was extended to any person occupying

7800-616: The same time, prison reformers were investigating and examining the terrible conditions at traditional prisons and their perceived failure to rehabilitate prisoners. Reformatories emerged as penal practice shifted toward "treat[ing] rather than punish[ing]" inmates and attempting to prevent the creation of future criminals, which was marked by the first meeting of the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline in 1870 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Penologists from around

7900-405: The same year there was a mutiny, then in 1864 a riot. In 1870 a boy died. Again in 1875 there was a mutiny where 60 out of 200 boys escaped. Three years later in 1878 there was another mutiny, with a break out and an officer was stabbed. The Akbar was retired in 1910 and the boys moved on shore to the 'Akbar Nautical Training School' at Heswall . The magazine John Bull published a report on

8000-531: The site from 1881 to 1891 as did the Boys' Reformatory, Magill, from 1869 to 1880. Misbehaving boys in the Industrial School were placed in the Reformatory. Between 1880 and 1891, the boys were moved to a moored hulk called the Fitzjames at Largs Bay and later further up the Port River (and various other anchorages nearby, depending on the weather), with the girls remaining at Magill. The Fitzjames

8100-514: The state capital of Adelaide . Unlike the federal parliament and the parliaments of most other states, the South Australian Constitution does not define the parliament as including either the monarch or the governor of South Australia as one of its constituent parts. However, the constitution also vests legislative power in the state's governor acting with the advice and consent of both houses of parliament, making

8200-402: The stores and entered the captains cabin, and stole valuables. Seventeen boys escaped on a stolen boat. There were recaptured after a few days and sent for trial. Two were sentenced to hard labour , but the rest were sent back to the ship and punished with the birch , solitary confinement and a diet of biscuit and water. The inspectors blamed the incident on the staff not being firm enough with

8300-535: The term reformatory referred to an Ontario provincial prison for either juveniles (16 and 17 years of age) or adults (18 years of age or older). Very often, one reformatory facility would house both. Offenders under the age of 16 were held in Training Schools . After 1972, when Ontario's Department of Correctional Services (having been renamed in 1968 from the Department of Reform Institutions) became

8400-474: The upper house. Beginning in 2006 , election dates have been fixed at the third Saturday in March of every fourth year. The House of Assembly (or "lower house") is made up of 47 members who are each elected by the full-preference instant-runoff voting system in single-member electorates . Each of the 47 electoral districts (electorates) contains approximately the same number of voters. Casual vacancies , when

8500-424: The world gathered to consider new visions for imprisonment and collectively endorsed a general aim for reforming prisoners with their Declaration of Principles. Reformatories were mostly single-sex institutions that offered gendered "educational, vocational, and recreational" activities and opportunities. Reformatories for women aimed to legislate morality through criminalizing female sexuality, contributing to

8600-419: Was a high death rate amongst the malnourished children. In the reformatory there was simple regular food, the conditions were clean and medical care was available. In addition they were given free education and some training in a skill that would be marketable when they had finished their time. The success rate was high. The differences between a 'certified reformatory' and a 'certified industrial school' lay in

8700-575: Was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state. In 1851 elections for the Legislative Council were held. The new Council consisted of 24 members, four official (filling what would be today ministerial positions) and four non-official members, both nominated by

8800-531: Was a perceived rise in juvenile delinquency in the early 19th century; whereas in a rural economy very young children could gain paid employment doing tasks such as bird scaring and stone gathering. These opportunities were not available in the cities. Youngsters were very visible on the streets. In 1816, Parliament set up a ‘Committee for Investigating the Alarming Increase in Juvenile Crime in

8900-601: Was a wooden sailing ship built in 1852 which carried more than 1,800 immigrants from England to Australia. After leaking badly in 1866 it was declared unseaworthy and condemned and left to rot on the Yarra River in Melbourne . It was purchased by the South Australian Government in 1876 as a quarantine ship and used to temporarily house immigrants with infectious diseases . Between 1880 and 1891

9000-471: Was an unpaid position as members were expected to be able to support themselves through other means. This changed with the passage of the Payment of Members Act 1887 that set an annual salary of 200 pounds for members of both Houses who were not ministers. This rate has subsequently continued to evolve with the rate now set by an independent remuneration tribunal. In 1889, the House of Assembly moved out of

9100-407: Was appointed that year as Chief Inspector of the Reformatory and Industrial Schools shaped new ideas about the boys' welfare. The ethos returned to the one of care found in the 1830s away from the one of punishment that it had become. Numbers on roll declined as magistrates started to prefer the probation system. The schools accepted the common name of Approved schools in 1927 and this was formalised by

9200-413: Was changed to instant-runoff voting , with multi-member districts using the preferential block voting variant of the system. In 1973, as part of the reforms to the upper house, the Legislative Council switched to using a party list form of proportional representation voting that was subsequently changed to the single transferable vote in 1982. From 1985 until 2017, the Legislative Council also used

9300-404: Was increased to a 2:1 ratio, the number of MPs was reduced to 39 and the multi-member seats were abandoned for single-member seats. The House of Assembly now consisted of 26 low-population rural seats, which due to population shifts, were holding up to a 10-to-1 advantage over the 13 high-population metropolitan seats, even though rural seats contained only a third of South Australia's population. At

9400-761: Was no consensus as to whether a prison should be for deterrence, retribution, punishment, removing a cause of nuisance or reforming the prisoner. Parkhurst aimed to reform the prisoner, provide some education and prepare the youngster to be transported as a free man to the colonies in Australia. By 1866 there were 51 certified reform schools in England and 14 in Scotland, but this had declined to 43 in 1913, while certified industrial schools had become more popular moving from 50 in 1866 to 132 (residential) and 21 (dayschools) in 1913. Earlier initiatives began in 1756 with

9500-698: Was replaced by a new 60-bed youth training centre at Cavan in 2012. The first official State institution for children in South Australia , completed in 1869, was the Magill Industrial School, as a home for children who were destitute, neglected, or orphaned, and placed in State care, but not yet placed in foster homes or in employment. They had previously been housed in the Grace Darling Hotel in Brighton . The Girls' Reformatory, Magill, shared

9600-533: Was returned and in 1855, a new Legislative Council was elected with a mandate to establish something far more radical and democratic than had been seen in the British Empire before. This was expressed by the Constitution Act 1856 (headed "1855–6: No. 2" and followed by the long title "An Act to establish a Constitution for South Australia, and to grant a Civil List to Her Majesty") establishing

9700-549: Was run by the Liverpool Juvenile Reform Society Boys were occupied in continually scrubbing the decks and until 1862 in picking oakum (teasing apart old rope so the fibres could be reused). They learned tailoring and shoemaking. Recreation was limitid to reading suitable magazines, bagatelle and playing draughts. On 27 September 1887, ('Akbar Mutiny') while the captain was ashore the boys mutinied, they armed themselves with sticks, broke into

9800-432: Was simplified to apply to all Australian war veterans regardless of the war they served in. In 1969, the franchise was granted to any person who owned or rented property, regardless of the value of the property. Further, the franchise was extended to the wedded spouse of the owner or renter. Finally in 1973, all property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via proportional representation by

9900-510: Was strict but fair and humane within the context of the times. Good behaviour was rewarded and poor behaviour punished. Punishment followed rule-breaking and rewards followed compliance. The rules were clear and transparent. The morality was simple and this would provide some security as children. Similarly, normal living conditions for the urban poor involved overcrowded multiple occupancy in buildings with no mains drainage where diseases were rife. With no health care available- or affordable there

10000-531: Was the 1838 Parkhurst prison on the Isle of Wight. Separation of youngsters had been proposed earlier by Peel's Gaol Act of 1823 , but implementation had generally failed. From 1824 to 1826 some boys were housed on the prison hulk , Captivity (the former Bellerophon ) . Even earlier in 1817, Samuel Hoare the Quaker banker and philanthropist and the architect James Bevan , had proposed a new suitable prison: there

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