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82-644: It is one of Italy's 24 national parks and one of three national parks in Abruzzi. It was established in 1991. The 740.95 km (286.08 sq mi) large area of Maiella National Park, especially the Montagna della Majella, has been subject to a major international geoscientific research project, TaskForceMajella , from 1998 up to 2005. Along the northern slope of the mountain for thousands of years hydrocarbon extraction has occurred from spontaneous seepages and shallow wells. On 21 April 2021, Maiella National Park

164-456: A three-dimensional model was constructed based on the geological map of the area by ( Donzelli 1969 ). This map was vectorised and calibrated in three dimensions, using geological profiles available. The work was performed in Milan , by the architects Pasquale Femia and Antonio Sergi, in collaboration with Eni E&P and Interservice. The outcome was a complete 3D model of the area constructed in

246-520: A 40% interest in a permit to explore 82,000-km offshore of South Africa's east coast. In 2014, Eni launched a new plan to convert its conventional refineries into biorefineries : the first plant was in Porto Marghera , in 2019 the second one opened in Gela . In January 2015, Eni in collaboration with Vitol Energy signed a $ 7 billion contract with the government of Ghana. This agreement

328-618: A constraint on the type of stress field responsible for the deformations observed, a paleostress analysis using numerical inversion techniques was performed on the same kinematic data, and a palaeo-stress map was constructed. Connected to the structural cartography and mapping, analyses was conducted regarding the slope stability of the area and the occurrence of large scale land-slides that occurred in (pre-)historical times. Some results can be found in ( Di Luzio et al. 2003a ), ( Di Luzio et al. 2003b ), and ( Scarascia-Mugnozza et al. 2003 ). Another fundamental piece of research performed during

410-558: A geometrical framework. The codification of the new stratigraphic framework was used in the G-MAP data base system in order to define the stratigraphic reference for all structural geological data collected. A new geological map of the Majella Mountain was compiled on a 1:25,000 scale which showed the distribution of these newly defined stratigraphic units ( Patacca & Scandone 2021 ). Numerical simulations were performed of

492-702: A joint venture with QatarEnergy for the North Field East (NFE) expansion which will be the worlds largest LNG project and begin production in 2025. Eni holds a 3.125% stake in the four LNG trains estimated to produce 8 million tonnes a year each. In October 2023, QatarEnergy signed LNG supply deal with Italy's Eni for 27 years. Affiliates of QatarEnergy and Eni signed a long-term sale and purchase agreement for up to 1 million tons per year (mtpa) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar's North Field expansion project. After 10 years of force majeure, Eni, Sonatrach and BP resumed exploration in their blocks in

574-580: A large amount of data regarding fracture and fault systems and their characteristics can easily be acquired in the area due to the excellent degree of outcropping. The northern part of the Majella Anticline is locally filled with hydrocarbon which indicates that the "Majella Petroleum System" was active throughout the Neogene and the Majella Anticline can thus be considered as an aborted hydrocarbon reservoir. The chemical characteristics of this oil

656-439: A lively debate, also attended by Prof. Dr. Alberto Bally ( Bally & 1954, Int. Rept. ) who had worked in the area in the late forties and fifties, initiated the organisation of the working plan. Following that, the official start date was May 2000 when the project work plan was defined. Initial sponsor was Eni E&P Division (former Agip ), followed by NorskHydro (After that Hydro O&G and now Statoil ) which entered

738-768: A majority stake in Italgas . In October 1973, after the Yom Kippur War and the OPEC embargo against the United States and the Netherlands by OPEC members and Arab countries, a serious oil crisis occurred, causing Eni to consolidate its position in the international market by signing an agreement with Sonatrach , the Algerian state oil entity for natural gas supply. In 1974, Eni signed an agreement with

820-575: A new agreement with Libya for the exploitation of Boùri , the biggest oilfield in the centre of the Mediterranean , and developed its international role within the oil industry. In 1992, Eni became a joint-stock company by Law Decree, and was listed to the Italian and New York Stock Exchange in 1995. From 1995 to 1998, Eni successfully made four share offers, as 70% of its capital assets were sold to private shareholders. As

902-609: A newly established joint venture (JV) between Eni Pakistan local employees and Hub Power Company . In 2018 Eni became the first shareholder of the American company Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), a spin-out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston . CFS aims to build a fusion reactor based on tokamak technology, much more compact and cheaper compared to other existing projects such as

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984-711: A scientific committee (the president of the steering committee was Prof. U. Crescenti, in this period also the president of the Italian National Geological Society (SGI) ). The Geological Cartography Project (CARG) of the Italian National Geological Survey (SGN) of the Ministry of Environmental Control of the Italian national administration (Dott. B. Compagnioni, Dott. F. Galluzzo) was officially involved in

1066-428: A stratigraphic map of the Majella Mountain focussing on the carbonate succession. A new sequence stratigraphic scheme was built based on the field work, 25 sections were logged in detail (see e.g. ( Cippolari et al. 2003 ), ) and about 4000 spot samples were analysed. The stratigraphic map was constructed in collaboration with the members of the field mapping working group 'Structure', using the main structural elements as

1148-464: A study of all geological aspects of the Montagna della Majella and aims at reconstructing a complete model of its geological evolution using both previous and newly collected data, and applying the latest technologies. The Project which can be considered as the largest of this kind ever conducted, comprises numerous Research Institutes and Universities distributed in Italy and other European countries and

1230-834: A subsidiary of Eni. The assets in Germany were released before the transaction, and will remain with Neptune, managed by the shareholders as a separate group. In March 2024, Eni made discoveries off the Ivory Coast . In July 2024, new oil and gas was discovered in Block 9 of the Yopaat-1 EXP exploration well located off the shore of Mexico in the Sureste Basin . In July 2024, Vår Energi extended its supply deal with Eni until 2036 for up to 5bcm of natural gas. As exploration and reserve replacement being major drivers for

1312-753: Is close to the Rome - Pescara highway, with less than 1 hour drive to the nearby international airport of Pescara, and 2 hours drive to the Roma airports. The tectonic structure of the Majella is similar to many broad foreland anticlines in various hydrocarbon provinces, both in size, dimension and structural characteristics (few tens of kilometres long and wide). Some aspects of the Montagna della Majella anticline were previously studied by some scientific research groups, partly also in collaboration with oil companies such as Exxon , Lasmo and British Gas . A huge data base

1394-708: Is considered one of the " supermajor " oil companies in the world, with a market capitalization of €50 billion, as of 31 December 2023. The Italian government owns a 30.5% golden share in the company, 1.99% held through the Ministry of Economy and Finance and 28.5% through the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Through the years after its foundation, it operated in many fields including contracting , nuclear power, energy, mining, chemicals and plastics, refining/extraction and distribution machinery,

1476-608: Is part of the Central Apennines Mountain range , and consists mainly of carbonate rocks showing a complete sedimentary sequence of Upper Jurassic up till Middle Pliocene of Age ( Bally & 1954, Int. Rept. ), ( Donzelli 1969 ), ( Crescenti et al. 1969a ), ( Crescenti et al. 1969b ), ( Servizio Geologico d’Italia 1970b ), ( Catenacci 1974 ), ( Vecsei et al. 1998 ), ( Bernoulli et al. 1996 ), ( Vezzani & Ghisetti 1998 ), ( Calamita et al. 2002 ), ( Vezzani et al. 2010 ). The TFM Project comprises

1558-510: Is present in literature regarding its sedimentary evolution, in studies by French and Swiss research groups. Previous to the TFM Project, in Italy , Torino and Pisa Universities have conducted ten years of geological research in the area during the nineties of the twentieth century, focussing mainly on sedimentary and stratigraphic aspects of the area. The presence inside the mountain of a major E-W trending platform-basin transition provides

1640-537: Is to provide a predictive tool for the exploration and production of these prospects and reservoirs, which are characterized by the fact that their production is for a considerable amount controlled by the presence of fractures and faults . The Montagna della Majella is a mountain massif in the Apennines , in Abruzzo , central Italy , at the boundary between the provinces of Chieti , Pescara and L'Aquila . It

1722-470: The European wildcat , the red fox , the European badger and the rare European otter . TaskForceMajella 42°02′N 14°02′E  /  42.03°N 14.03°E  / 42.03; 14.03 TaskForceMajella (TFM) is an industry-funded geoscientific research project conducted between the years 1998 and 2005. The project involved numerous universities distributed worldwide, and

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1804-525: The United States , with a working team composed of over 100 collaborators such as technical personnel, University Professors and Research Assistants and students. The structure and technical details which define the Project ( van Dijk 2011 ) were described in a Work Plan which was written in order to define the work schedule, technical specifications, responsibilities and financial specifications and

1886-474: The spectacled salamander , the yellow-billed toad and the unique Orsini's viper. Also goshawk, buzzard , rock partridge , alpine and red-billed chough , peregrine falcon and sparrow hawk are some important bird species that breed inside the park. Finally other mammals that thrive in the dense forests that surround the majella massif are the wild boar , the Corsican hare , the European pine marten ,

1968-555: The Congo offshore block. Since 2012, Eni has been selling off refining and marketing assets it owned in eastern Europe to increase profitability. By 2013 Eni had already reduced its refining capacity by 13 percent. In May 2014 Eni agreed to sell their 32.5% share in Česká rafinerská a.s. (CRC), a refining company in the Czech Republic, to MOL Group of Hungary. In June 2014, the company signed an agreement with Sasol to acquire

2050-756: The Ghadames Basin (A-B) and offshore Block C in August 2023, continuing their contract obligations. In January 2024, Eni acquired Neptune Energy for $ 4.9 billion. The list of assets includes Neptune’s involvement in the Geng North-1 gas field in Indonesia , as well as projects in Western Europe , Australia and North Africa . Neptune’s business in Norway was purchased directly by Vår Energi ,

2132-626: The HPC4 supercomputer with the new model HPC5 , which has three times the computing ability compared to the previous one. In March 2018, Eni reached an agreement with MIT to fund fusion research projects run out of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC)’s newly created Laboratory for Innovation in Fusion Technologies (LIFT). The expected investment in these research projects will amount to about $ 2 million over

2214-559: The Libyan government, followed by additional agreements with Egypt, Nigeria and Tunisia. During the mid-1970s, Eni planned a major infrastructure for transporting natural gas over long distances, by building a pipeline network of thousands of miles throughout Europe and the Mediterranean . After the inauguration of the Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline connecting Algeria to Sicily through Tunisia, Eni signed

2296-486: The Majella anticline can be regarded as a partially filled oil reservoir. This, still active quarry was identified in 1992 by an Eni field scouting as a potential study site. In 1995 it was extensively described for the first time ( van Dijk et al. ) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_DijkABC ( help ) . Studies that formed part of TaskForceMajella were carried out, following on these preliminary but exhaustive notes (The present owner Italcementi gave their permission, thanks to

2378-507: The Project in February 2001. The university components were divided into five working groups (Mapping, Stratigraphy, Structure, Fracture and Modelling), each composed of various university representatives in a way that each university was part of different working groups. The universities that were involved directly and indirectly are: The Project benefitted from collaborations and support from regional and local administrations: A synergie

2460-404: The Project. The working group 'Stratigraphy' coordinated the stratigraphic aspects of the mapping, whereas the working group 'Structure' coordinated the collection of structural data. The working group 'Fracture' provided the structural field data collected, integrating them with other structural geological data. A geological map of the Majella Mountain was compiled on a 1:25,000 scale which showed

2542-658: The Projects could mutually benefit from the results obtained, and provide suggestions for steering of their relative research activities. A technical office of the TFM was founded and is supported by the Ortona District Office of Eni (DORT) and based in the harbour area of Ortona in the SAF (Deep Water Survey Project) building. The web site https://web.archive.org/web/20051024074759/http://www.taskforcemajella.com/

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2624-442: The TFM Project, and three sites of particular interest are mentioned here: The ancient Madonna della Mazza stone Quarry , located on the eastern central side of the mountain massif near the village Pretoro , was extensively studied by the various members of the project, on various scales and applying different type of data acquisition and analyses techniques. The quarry was identified in 1993 by an Eni scouting field trip. In 1995 it

2706-590: The TFM Project. Some results of the studies can be found in ( Marchegiani et al. 2002 ), and ( Bazalgette et al. 2010 ). The pain stacking analysis of all these data resulted in a number of major constraints on the relation between fracture network and anticline structure and evolution, and fault zones and mechanical Stratigraphy. The Working Group Modelling, led by the Research Centre CNR of Rome, has performed various types of modeling exercises , such as: These modelling exercises provide insight into

2788-587: The book dedicated to the history of research in the area ( van Dijk2019,b ). Mainly, six basic arguments are used to explain why the Majella Mountain structure was chosen as the study object of the TFM Project: The Majella Mountain structure is located in central Italy , in an area of the National Park; numerous roads and mountain tracks provide access to 60% of the area, excluded the high mountain central sectors. The area

2870-582: The company, Eni boosts for production additions in its core oil field areas (North and Sub-Saharan Africa , Venezuela, Barents Sea , Yamal Peninsula , Kazakhstan, Iraq and the Far East). Eni has about 130 exploration and production subsidiaries, such as Eni Norge. In March 2022 Eni stopped buying Russian oil because of International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War . In 2012, Eni reported liquids and gas production for

2952-596: The controlled fusion of deuterium and tritium possible and thus to produce sustainable energy . In December 2021, ENI become the first energy company in the world to highly invest in magnetic confinement nuclear fusion, through a $ 1.8 billion partnership in CFS, alla Ng with Google and Bill Gates . In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the major oil and gas companies, including Eni, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits. The rises are influenced by

3034-725: The crude producing countries through the establishment of joint ventures. In 1957, Eni pushed for a similar agreement, known as the "Mattei formula", to be signed with Persian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the National Iranian Oil Company . In 1960, during the Cold War period, Eni signed an agreement with the Soviet Union for the importation of Russian crude at low prices. On 27 October 1962, Enrico Mattei's airplane mysteriously exploded near Bascapè , on his way to Milan from Catania . His death

3116-668: The description of one of the study sites of the Projects. The Project was initialised in 1998 and managed throughout its project lifetime by Dr. J.P. van Dijk of the company Eni , through a round-table discussion at the National Conference of the Italian Geological Society (SGI) in Palermo in Sicily . All possible research institutes interested in participating in the Project presented themselves and

3198-517: The distribution of the main stratigraphic units ( Patacca & Scandone 2021 ). In addition to these field data, the G–MAP data base (see above) comprised all cartographic material ( digital maps on various scales), location of all data collected in the Project such as the stereophotogrammetrical sites, sample sites, stratigraphic and sedimentological logs, and the various interpreted geological maps. Parallel to these structural cartography activities,

3280-590: The evolution of the geological structure. The scope and mission of the Project TaskForceMajella (TFM) is to construct a model of the Montagna della Majella anticline structure as an analogue of a faulted and fractured carbonate reservoir similar to those in production and explored by the sponsors of the Project, Eni and Norsk Hydro (now merged into StaoilHydro ) (e.g. Iran , Iraq , Libya , Canada , Caspian Sea area, etc.). The aim

3362-562: The extensive logistics efforts performed for the TFM Project). Amongst other, the quarry was covered by a complete topographic and 3D photogrammetrical survey on various scales. For obvious reasons, the quarry became one of the favorite sites visited on many field excursions ( van Dijk 2002c ). The first results of the fracture studies were successively published by ( Agosta et al. 2009 ) and ( Agosta et al. 2010 ) (see also ( van Dijk 2011 ) ). Studies on this quarry have continued throughout

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3444-600: The following decades (see reference list below). A site of intensive study was the Valle Santo Spirito , situated in the area of the village Fara San Martino . This area is characterised by steep canyons in strongly lithified platform carbonates which show characteristic deformation patterns. Basic observations and characterisation of the site were described by ( van Dijk et al. ) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_DijkABC ( help ) Extensive photogrammetrical surveys at various scales were conducted in this area during

3526-640: The following years. The Rovuma LNG project was approved in May 2019 by the government of Mozambique . The project is a joint venture between ExxonMobil , Eni and CNPC . Eni will focus on the construction and operation of the upstream facilities. In March 2021, Eni exited the Pakistani market and sold its assets to Prime International Oil & Gas Company. The deal include the assets sold, interests in eight development and production leases and four exploration licences. Prime International Oil & Gas Company,

3608-460: The fracture studies were published by ( Tondi et al. 2006 ). Studies on this quarry have continued throughout the following decades (see reference list below). Another extensively studied site (where three-dimensional photogrammetrical surveys were also performed on various scales) regards the ancient Valle Romana bitumen quarry situated in the area of the village Lettomanoppello , where calcarenites partially impregnated with heavy oil testify that

3690-616: The full year of 1,701 thousand barrel of oil equivalent per day (kboe/d), this being calculated assuming a natural gas conversion factor to barrel equivalent, updated to 5,492 cubic feet of gas equal 1 barrel of oil from 1 July 2012. During 2012, 60 new exploratory wells were drilled, as 56 were drilled in 2011 and 47 in 2010. The overall commercial success rate was 40% (40.8% net to Eni) as compared to 42% in 2011 (38.6% net to Eni) and 41% in 2010 (39% net to Eni). In 2012, 351 development wells were drilled as well, as 407 in 2011 and 399 in 2010. In 2019 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for

3772-826: The geological mapping group of the TFM Project in order to follow national standards of cartography and integrate the surface data with the official national geological map sheets of the area. Furthermore, and on the other hand, the project CARG benefitted from the technical specifications and experiences of the G-Map tool of the TFM Project. Other sinergies were created with the Italian National Seismic Monitoring Service (Dott.ssa Daniela di Bucci, Dott. Giuseppe Naso, Dott.ssa Roberta Giuliani, Dott.ssa Annamaria Blumetti). Eni E&P Division, based in San Donato Milanese ( Italy ),

3854-631: The hospitality industry and even the textile industry and news. With revenues of around €92.2 billion, Eni ranked 111th on both the Fortune Global 500 and the Fortune Global 2000 in 2022, making it the third-largest Italian company on the Fortune list (after Assicurazioni Generali and Enel ) and second largest on the Forbes list (after Enel). On the Fortune Global 500, Eni is

3936-427: The internal structure of the Majella mountain. The Working Group furthermore performed a systematic analysis of kinematic data collected on fault surfaces (indications for type of movement and timing of the fault network). This resulted in a detailed framework for the deformation history of the Majella anticline, which shows the style of movement on various sets of faults and their relationships in time. In order to obtain

4018-486: The international ITER . On 5 September 2021, CFS successfully built and tested a 1: 1 scale prototype of a magnet based on HTS (High Temperature Superconductors) superconductors . The experiment demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to create a fusion chamber where the confinement of the plasma is ensured by this type of super magnets. This kind of fusion chamber will allow the reactor to reach very high temperatures, above 100 million degrees, necessary to make

4100-696: The largest petroleum company in Italy, the second largest based in the European Union (after TotalEnergies ), and the 13th largest in the world. In 2023, the company’s seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 81, while in Fortune Global 500 was 61. Eni was founded in 1953 by an existing company, Agip , which was created in 1926 with the aim to explore for oilfields, and acquire and commercialize oil and derivatives. In March 1953, Enrico Mattei

4182-420: The main mountain ranges of the protected area. GPS-collars are applied to 17 wolves for ongoing monitoring. It is believed that the wolf population density of the Majella national park is one of the highest in Italy and in the world even if compared to Yellowstone national park. Notable also the presence of species of the following animals: The amphibians and reptiles that live in this mountainous landscape are

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4264-413: The necessary local service. Two main supporting items were set up which function and the technical work base for the project data base: All Working Groups of the Project have contributed to a completely new geological mapping of the Majella anticline. Each single outcrop was separately mapped and all data relative to the mapping are stored in the digital data base system G-MAP , especially designed for

4346-516: The park's territories are uninhabited and so the human-made structures, including skiing resorts and roads, are fewer than those in other national parks of Italy. This condition favored the Apennine wildlife which is shown here in all its greatness. The most representative animal of the Majella territories is the Italian wolf which is also present in the park's logo and it relies on a population of 100 estimated wolves distributed in eleven packs across

4428-450: The possibility of evaluating fault and fracture networks in many different carbonate facies, ranging from tight platform carbonates to marl-chalk interbedded sequences and porous bioclastic grainstones , present inside the same tectonic structure, and therefore having gone through the same geological evolution. Previous studies, conducted by research consortia mentioned above and during scouting field trips by Eni-Agip experts, had shown that

4510-575: The price of oil collapsed in 1998, like other major companies, Eni got into the melee of mergers, international acquisitions, new exploration and the foundation of real super-companies. Since 2000, Eni has been developing the Kashagan oilfield a major offshore discovery, along the Caspian Sea . In 2005, the Blue Stream pipeline, projected to supply gas from southern Russia to Turkey,

4592-489: The prices of raw materials such as oil and gas which have significantly increased, due to their shortage. On 17 May 2022 Eni announced the procedures for the creation of an account with Gazprombank in dual currency ( euro and rubles ), in order to be able to proceed with the payment of Russian gas supplies, following the unilateral amendment of the contracts ordered by the Russian Federation . The decision

4674-725: The project concerns the analysis of present-day uplift and subsidence rates of the area using remote sensing techniques such as Radar Interferometric techniques . The first results of the research were published by ( Pizzi 2003 ), and ( Pizzi & Pugliese 2004 ). The working group ' Fracture ', led and coordinated by Camerino University, has examined the fracture network of the Majella anticline on various scales using different acquisition and analysis techniques. About 50 vertical and horizontal outcrop surfaces were scanned and properties (orientation, dimension, surface texture, aperture) of about 4500 fractures were measured. Additionally, 25 scan lines on main faults were measured in order to analyse

4756-769: The properties of the fault zones and their relation to the stratigraphy and structural setting. Furthermore, in collaboration with Eni SpA and Serma SrL personnel, data acquisition was performed on a number of selected sites using stereo-photogrammetrical techniques, which allowed the acquisition of three-dimensional data on the fault and fracture networks up to tens of metres scale. Using these techniques, about 120.000 fractures were measured at these selected sites. Some results of these analyses and modelling can be found in ( Marchegiani et al. 2002 ), ( Cello et al. 2003 ), ( Tondi & Cello 2003 ), ( Marchegiani et al. 2006 ), ( Tondi et al. 2006 ), and ( Bazalgette et al. 2010 ). Hundreds of smaller and larger areas were studied during

4838-527: The quarry was extensively cleaned and made available for visiting and studying, will all kinds of instruments, as part of the logistics activities of the TFM Project. During these numerous visits, the results of the TaskForceMajella Project were illustrated, and the quarry became well known as the site where deformation bands in carbonate rocks had been discovered and described for the first time ( van Dijk et al. 2002 ). The first results of

4920-438: The regional geological model (Profile CROP 11a, 11b, 11c; Civitavecchia - Vasto ; CROP references: Prof. Castellerin, Prof. Maurizio Parotto). The photogrammetrical survey engineering group of Eni was heavily involved in the three-dimensional monitoring of sites with specific interest and the analysis of three-dimensional fracture and faults networks at different scales (see below). A number of technical support companies provided

5002-426: The relationships between the deformation styles we observe today and the processes that are responsible for these end-results. In order to perform the numerical and analogue simulations, data had to be collected in order to describe the geomechanical properties of the various tectonostratigraphic units and environments that characterise the Majella anticline and its bordering area. Representative samples were collected by

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5084-451: The result of research conducted directly for the Project, in relation with the Project, and/or benefitting considerably of the activities of the Project, issued both during and after the Project. Eni Eni S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈɛːni] ), acronym for and formerly legally known as Ente nazionale idrocarburi (National Hydrocarbons Board), is an Italian multinational energy company headquartered in Rome . It

5166-406: The second stage of the Project, the Association SFERA managed numerous organisational aspects. The TFM web site and a special brochure designed to provide visibility to the Project, played important roles in the organisation and the success of the Project on local, regional and international scales. The project was monitored by the sponsors through a steering committee, and accompanied and guided by

5248-447: The sedimentary evolution of the Carbonate Platform margin and slope ( Morsilli et al. 2003 ), ( Rusciadelli et al. 2003 ), ( Rusciadelli 2005 ). The working group ' Structure ', led by Chieti University and coordinated by Chieti and Rome-III University, constructed a structural map of the Majella mountain. This structural framework is accompanied by five structural cross-sections of the anticline , which together provide an overview of

5330-451: The software AutoCad of AutoDesk , and a series of 1:25,000 scale geological maps. The work can be regarded as the first step in the industrial process known as " Seismic to simulation ", where from the available geophysical and geological information a model is constructed which is the basis of a dynamic reservoir simulation. The working group ' Stratigraphy ', led by Pisa University and coordinated by Pisa and Rome-I Universities, constructed

5412-531: The undervaluation of the company and release up to 50 billion euros ($ 70bn) of hidden value. In 2010, Eni achieved a key production milestone in Iraqi Zubair oil field. After getting a licence in 2006 for the exploration of an offshore area in the north of Mozambique, known as Area 4, Eni announced several major natural gas discoveries between 2011 and 2012 such as Mamba South , Mamba North , Mamba North East and Coral 1. In February 2014, Eni discovered oil at its Democratic Republic of

5494-431: The various operational units of the Project and laboratory deformation experiments were performed in Eni and in NorskHydro mechanical laboratories. This is a series of references made to scientific works that treat the geoscience of the Majella Mountain, and publications related to the subjects treated in the TaskForceMajella Project. This list contains papers issued during and after the TaskForceMajella Project, which are

5576-472: Was created with the technical activities performed in the Stanford Rock Fracture Project ("RFP", ran by Stanford University), and the GeoFracNet consortium ("GFN", ran by Montpellier University) and supported by the company GeoTER. These two projects had overlaps in research objectives though run in a completely different manner: The RFP tackled questions related to fault and fracture zones in different tectonic regimes but mainly in clastic sedimentary rocks, and

5658-403: Was declared a UNESCO Global Geopark under the name of Majella Geopark. The park contains about 500 kilometers of hiking trails through the mountains, cave paintings in Grotta Sant'Angelo and Grotta del Cavallone (the latter being one of the deepest caves in Europe open to the public). Tourist centers located in the park include: Due to its altitude, inaccessibility and prominence most of

5740-430: Was extensively described for the first time and its potential for fracture studies was outlined ( van Dijk et al. ) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_DijkABC ( help ) . After these preliminary notes, the studies of the TaskForceMajella were performed (such as a complete 3D photogrammetrical survey), and the quarry became one of the favorite sites for a visit during many field excursions ( van Dijk 2002c ). For this purpose,

5822-399: Was freely distributed amongst potential project partners ( van Dijk & 1999-2000, Int. Rept. ). A general geological description can be found in the official but not freely available Eni Majella Field Guide ( van Dijk et al. ) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_DijkABC ( help ) , in the Official Field Guide of Central Italy of the Italian Geological Society ( Crescenti et al. 2003 ). and in

5904-486: Was inaugurated as a joint venture between Eni and Gazprom . In 2007, Eni signed an agreement to conduct South Stream a feasibility study with Gazprom to import Russian gas into Europe across the Black Sea . Activist asset manager Knight Vinke , who owns 1% of the outstanding shares of the company, began pressuring Eni's management to operate a spin-off of Eni's gas activities. In its opinion, this would solve

5986-730: Was inaugurated in Assemini , the second opened in Porto Torres , both in Sardinia . In July 2017, the oil giant accepted responsibility for an oil spill affecting the Fylde coast of Blackpool in the United Kingdom. In January 2018, Eni launched its new HPC4 supercomputer , one of the most powerful computing systems which allows a more effective and fast exploration of oil and gas reservoirs . Since February 2020 Eni replaced

6068-525: Was initially considered an accident, but later it was confirmed to be a murder with the aim of protecting and hiding important economic and political interests in Italy and especially abroad, as it is clearly stated in the records of the trial on the assassination of the journalist Mauro De Mauro , who was investigating the death of Enrico Mattei. During the following years, Eni signed joint venture contracts with foreign companies to supply crude from Egypt to Iran and from Libya to Tunisia. In 1963, Eni acquired

6150-522: Was nominated Eni's chairman. In 1952, the logo of the then nascent Eni was selected. The logo is a six-legged dog, an imaginary animal symbolizing the sum of a car's four wheels and the two legs of its driver. Starting in 1954, Eni acquired extensive exploration rights in North Africa, signing an agreement with the Egyptian government led by Nasser while providing an active and equal role for

6232-517: Was previously and extensively studies by Eni experts, and compared with source rocks of nearby oil fields ( van Dijk et al. ) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_DijkABC ( help ) . The oil in the Pescara Valley has been dug in open mines since ancient Roman times, and Eni is exploring and producing from subsurface satellite anticlines since the fifties of the previous century. Most of these small oil fields are at present depleted. See below for

6314-492: Was reached to produce oil and gas at Cape Three Points in the Western Region of Ghana, in an attempt to enable Ghana to meet its power and energy needs. In August 2015, Eni announced the discovery of a huge gasfield off the coast of Egypt. In 2016, Eni launched Progetto Italia, which aims to redevelop its industrial areas and to create new renewable sources production plants: in 2018 the first photovoltaic plant

6396-624: Was set up and was managed by Temars - Eni-Data, the former software company of Eni , based in Bologna . It was designed by Dott. Luca Benvenuti, and remained active until some years after the closure of the Project in 2006 ( van Dijk 2002c ). The logistic service of the Project was performed by Maria Lanzellotti, and was vital for the contacts with local, regional and national administrations for authorisations, contacts with supporting companies, logistics, organisations of meetings of Working Groups and conferences, public relations, etc. Furthermore, in

6478-453: Was sponsored by a considerable number of oil companies, whereas the GFN was sponsored by only a few companies and focussed on specific genetic relationships in different selected sites. Furthermore, between the three projects there was an overlap in industrial sponsors and stake holders (though Eni was in the privileged position of being the only company involved in all three of them). In this way,

6560-644: Was sponsored by a number of international major oil companies . The area of research was the Majella Mountain in Central Italy , regarded as an analogue of a faulted and fractured hydrocarbon reservoir as can be found in major provinces like the Middle East , Caspian Basin , Mediterranean Basin , and other areas. The scope was to obtain knowledge on the relation between fracture and fault generation, and all types of geological aspects of

6642-501: Was taken in agreement with the Italian government and does not violate the existing sanctions . The European Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni and the competent Russian federal authorities have confirmed that payments will continue to be made in euros and that the conversion operations will be carried out by Russian clearing agents without the involvement of the Russian Central Bank . In June 2022, Eni signed

6724-534: Was technically involved in the Project in order to provide regional subsurface data sets (non sensible seismic and well data ) for the construction of the regional geological model. Furthermore, the data were confronted with the deep crustal seismic profile which passed through the area, acquired in the CROP the Italian National CROP Project, which data were integrated in the construction of

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